FROM AELIA TO AL-QUDS: THE NAMES OF ISLAMIC JERUSALEM IN THE EARLY MUSLIM PERIOD

Year 2011, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 1 - 42, 01.04.2011

Khalid El-awaisi

Abstract

Keywords

-

FROM AELIA TO AL-QUDS: THE NAMES OF ISLAMIC JERUSALEM IN THE EARLY MUSLIM PERIOD

Abstract

Aelia’dan Kudüs’e: Erken İslamî Dönemde Beytü’l Makdis’in Adları Kudüs’ün ve Filistin’in adları yüzyıllar boyunca bir çok kez değişmiş ve bugün de değişmeye devam etmektedir. Bu değişiklikler, bazen yöneticilerin baskısı sonucu bazen de doğal seyri içerisinde gerçekleşmiştir. Erken İslamî dönemde Müslümanlar, daha önce kullanılan isimleri kullanmaya devam etmişlerdir. Fakat Kur’an-ı Kerim’de bu mekanların yeni isimlerle zikredildiği, Hz. Peygamber’in de başka yeni isimler kullandığı bilinmektedir. Müslümanlar, Kudüs’ü fethettikten sonra yeni bir isim dayatmasında bulunmamış, eski isimlerin kullanılmasına müsaade etmişlerdir. Ancak doğal seyir sonucu bu mekanın adı Kudüs olarak kalmıştır. Kudüs ismi, bu toprakların kutsallığına ve bereketliliğine işaret etmektedir. Bu makale, Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra şehrin ve bölgenin Aelia, Beytü’l Makdis ve Kudüs isimlerini ve bunların çağrışımlarını, Kudüs olarak kesinleşene kadarki sürecini, ele almaktadır. Araştırma esnasında erken dönem İslam tarihi kaynaklarından, o dönemde basılmış çeşitli paralardan ve kitabelerden istifade edilmiştir

Keywords

Kudüs’ün isimleri, Beytü’l Makdis, Filistin

References

• Al-A‘shā, M. (2003). Dīwān al-A‘shā (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ṣadr) 3rd Ed.
• ‘Abd al-Muhdī, A. 2002, "Bayt al-Maqdis fī al-Adāb al-‘Arabī al-Qadīm Ḥatā Nihayat al-‘Aṣr al-‘Abbasī", in T.Abū ‘Arjah (ed.), Nadwat al-Quds bayn al-Maḍī wal-Ḥāḍir: Buḥūth Nadwat Jami‘at al-Batrā: 21-22/5/2001 (Amman, Jordan: Jami‘at al-Batrā), 231-324.
• Abū ‘Ubaydah, M. (d.824CE) nd. Majāz al-Qur’an,[e-book], al-Waraq <http://www.alwaraq.com>, accessed September 2005.
• Abū Dawūd, S. (2000). Sunnan Abū Dāwūd (Vaduz, Liechtenstein Thesaurus Islamicus Foundation).
• Abu Munshar, M. 2003, "A Historical Study of Muslim Treatment of Christians in Islamic Jerusalem at the Time of ‘Umar Ibn al-Khaṭṭāb and Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn with special reference to the Islamic value of Justice", PhD Thesis (Al- Maktoum Instiute: University of Abertay Dundee).
• Abū Nuwās, H. (2005). Dīwān Abi Nuwās (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ṣadr) 2nd Ed.
• Abū Ṣafiyah, J. (2004). Bardiyāt Qurrah Ibn Sharīk al-‘Absī (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Markaz al-Malik Faisal lil-Buḥuth wal-Dirāsat al-Islamiyah).
• Abū Sarah, N. (1993). "al-Nuqush al-‘Arabiyah al-Islamiyah fī Khalīl al- Raḥmān", Master dissertation (Jordan University).
• Album, S. & Goodwin, T. (2002). Sylloge of Islamic Coins in the Ashmolean, Volume 1: The Pre-Reform Coinage of the Early Islamic Period Ashmolean Museum http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/sasania/sas_mint/abyz_mint_table.html). (Oxford, UK:
• Al-‘Asalī, K. (1984). Makhṭuṭat Faḍā’il Bayt al-Maqdis: Dirasah wa- babliypgraphya (Amman, Jordan: Dār al-Bashīr) 2nd edn. Al-Aṣfahānī, M. nd. Ḥulyat
• al-Awliyā’,[e-book], Jami‘ al-Ḥadīth
• >, accessed September 2005.
• Al-Azdī, M. (1970). Tarīkh Futūḥ al-Sham, ed. A.‘Amir (Cairo, Egypt: Mu’assasat Sajil al-‘Arab). Al-Azharī nd. Tahdhīb al-Lugha, [e-book], al-Waraq <http://www.alwaraq.com>, accessed November 2005.
• Al-Balādhurī, A. (d.884CE) (1987). Futūḥ al-Buldān, ed. A.al-Ṭabbā‘ & ‘U.al- Ṭabbā‘ (Beirut, Lebanon: Mu’asasat al-Ma‘ārif).
• Bell, H.I. (1908). "The Aphrodito Papyri", Journal of Hellenic Studies, I (XXVIII).
• ──. (1911). "Translation of the Greek Aphrodito Papyri (1-5) in the British Museum", Der Islam, II (4: November 1911).
• ──. (1912). "Translation of the Greek Aphrodito Papyri in the British Museum", Der Islam, III (2: March 1912).
• al-Bukhārī, M. (2000). Ṣaḥiḥ al-Bukhārī: al-Musnad al-Ṣaḥiḥ al-Mukhtaṣar min ’Umūr Rasul Allah Ṣalā Allah ‘Aliyh wa-Sallam wa-Sunnanih wa Ayyāmih (Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Thesaurus Islamicus Foundation).
• Duri, A. (1990). "Jerusalem in the Early Islamic Period", in K.J.‘Asalī (ed.), Jerusalem in History (New York, United States: Olive Branch Press), 105- 29.
• El-Awaisi, A. (2005). Introducing Islamicjerusalem (Dundee, UK: Al-Maktoum Academic Press) 1st edn.
• El-Awaisi, K. (2003). "Geographical Boundaries of Islamic Jerusalem", MLitt Dissertation (Al-Maktoum Institute: University of Abertay).
• ──. (2007). Mapping Islamicjerusalem: a rediscovery of geographical boundaries (Dundee, UK: ALMI Press) 1st edn.
• ──. (2007b). The names of Islamicjerusalem in the Prophetic period. Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, vol. 8, summer 2007.
• El-Awaisi, K. (ed.) 2008. Geographical Dimensions of Islamicjerusalem. (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing)
• Al-Fakihī, M. (d.~888CE) (1998). Akhbār Makkah: fī Qadīm al- Dahr wa- Ḥadīthuh, ed. A.Dhaish (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Khaḍr).
• Al-Farazdaq, H. (d.733CE) (2006). Dīwān al-Farazdaq (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ṣadr) 1st Ed.
• Foucart, M.G. (1922). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum: Jerusalem, Mémoires Publiés Par Les Membres De L’institut Français D’archéologie Orientale Du Caire (Cairo, Egypt: Imprimerie de l’Institut Français D’archéologie Orientale).
• Goussous, N. (1996). Ummayyad Coinage of Bilād al-Sham (Amman, Jordan: Aquamedia).
• Hajī Khalīfah, M. (d.1657CE) (1990). Kashf al-Ẓunun ‘An Asamī al-Kutub wal- Funun (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Fikr).
• Al-Ḥakim, M. (d.1014CE) (1990). al-Mustadrak ‘Alā al-Ṣaḥiḥayn, ed. M.‘Atā (Beirut, Lebanon Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah)1st edn.
• Al-Ḥamawī, Y. (d. 1229CE) nd. Mu‘jam al-Buldān, ed. F.al-Jundī (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah).
• Al-Ḥilū, A. (1999). Taḥqiqāt Tārīkhiyah Lughawiyah fī al-Asmā’ al-Jugrafiyah al-Suriyah: Istinādan lil-Jografīn al-‘Arab (Beirut, Lebanon: Beisān).
• Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Y. (d.1071CE) (2002). al-Istī‘āb fī Ma‘ifat al-Aṣḥāb ed. A.Mu‘awaḍ & A.Abd al-Mawjūd (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al- ‘Ilmiyah).
• Ibn ‘Asākir, A. (d.1176CE) (1996). Tarīkh Madinat Dimashq, ed. O.al-‘Amrawī (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Fikr). Ibn ‘Aṣim nd. al-Aḥād
• wal-Mathanī,[e-book], Jami‘ al-Ḥadīth
• <http://www.alsunnah.com/Hadith.aspx?HadithID=239301&book=3>,
• accessed September 2005. ──.nd2. al-Sunnah, [e-book], Jami‘ al-Ḥadīth accessed
• <http://www.alsunnah.com/Hadith.aspx?HadithID=244289>,
• September 2005. Ibn Abī ‘Arubah nd. al-Manāsik,
• <http://www.alsunnah.com/Hadith.aspx?HadithID=5293&book=>,
• accessed September 2005. [e-book], Jami‘ al-Ḥadīth
• Ibn Abī Shaybah, A. (1994). al-Muṣanaf fī al-Aḥādīth wal-Āthār (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Fikr).
• Ibn al-Biṭriq, S. (Eutychius) (1905). al-Tārīkh al-Majmu‘ ‘ala al-Taḥqiq wa al- Taṣdiq (Beruit, Lebanon).
• Ibn al-Faqīh, A. (d.904CE) (1885). Kitab al-Buldān, ed. M.J. De Goeje (Leiden: Brill).
• Ibn al-Firkāḥ, I. (d.1329CE) (1935). Ba‘ith al-Nufus ed. C.D.Matthews (Jerusalem: Palestine: Syrian Orphanage Press).
• Ibn al-Jawzī, A. (d. 1201CE) (1979). Faḍā’il al-Quds, ed. J.Jabbur (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Afaq al-Jadidah) 1st edn.
• ──. 1989. Tārīkh Bayt al-Maqdis, ed. M.‘Azab (Cairo, Egypt: Maktabat al- Thaqafah al-Dīniyah).
• Ibn al-Murajja, I. (1995). Faḍā’il Bayt al-Maqdis wal-Khalīl wa-Faḍā’il al- Sham, ed. O.Livne-Kafri (Shfaram: Al-Mashreq Ltd). Ibn Baṭah nd. al-Ibanah
• al-Kubrā,[e-book], Jami‘ al-Ḥadīth
• <http://www.alsunnah.com/Hadith.aspx?HadithID=514583&book=3>,
• accessed September 2005. Ibn Ḥammād, N. nd.
• al-Fitan,[e-book], Jami‘ al-Ḥadīth
• >, accessed September 2005.
• Ibn Ḥanbal, A. (d.855CE) (1995). al-Musnad, ed. A.Shākir (Cairo, Egypt: Dār al-Ḥadīth)1st edn.
• Ibn Kathīr, I. (1997). al-Bidayah wal-Nihayah, ed. A.Mu‘awadh & A.‘Abd al- Mawjūd (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah) 2nd edn.
• Ibn Khayaṭ, K. (d.854CE) 1993. Tārīkh Khalīfah Ibn Khayaṭ, ed. S.Zakār (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Fikr).
• Ibn Khurdādhabah, A. (1906). al-Masālik wal-Mamālik (Leiden: Brill).
• Ibn Manṣūr, S. nd. Sunnan Sa‘id Ibn Manṣūr,[e-book], Jami‘ al-Ḥadīth <http://www.alsunnah.com/BookTabweeb.aspx?book=3&RootID=48975>, accessed September 2005.
• Ibn Sa‘d, M. (d.845CE) (1997). al-Ṭabaqat al-Kubrā, ed. M.‘Aṭā (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah).
• Ibn Tamīm al-Maqdisī, M. (d.1363CE) 1994. Muthīr al-Gharām ilā Ziyārat al- Quds wal-Sham, ed. A.al-Khaṭimī (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Jīl) 1st edn.
• ’Imr’u al-Qays, I. (1998). Dīwān ’Imr’u al-Qays (Beirut, Lebanon: al-Maktab al- Islamī) 1stEd.
• Al-Iṣṭakhrī, I. (1927). Kitāb Masālik al-Mamālik, ed. M.J.De Goeje (Leiden: Brill). Al-Jāḥiẓ, (d.869-70CE) nd.
• al-Rasā’il,[e-book], al-Waraq
• <http://www.alwaraq.com>, accessed September 2005.
• Al-Jawaliqi, Abu Manṣūr, 1969. Al-Mu‘arab min al-Kalam al-’A‘jamī ‘Alā ḥuruf al-Mu‘jam. ed. A.M. Shakir. (Cairo, Egypt: Maṭba‘at Dār al-Kutub) 2nd Ed.
• Al-Kanji, M. (1985). "Kitab Fīh Faḍā’il Bayt al-Maqdis wa-Faḍā’il al-Ṣalah fīha", in M.Ibrahim (ed.), Faḍā’il Bayt al-Maqdis fī Makhṭut ‘Arabiyah Qadimah (1st edn.; Kuwait, Kuwait: al-Munadhamah al-‘Arabiyah lil- Tarbiyah wal-Thaqafah wal-‘Ulum).
• Al-Khawarizmī, M. (2000). Itharat al-Targhīb wal-Tashwīq īla Tarīkh Al- Masājid al-Thalatha wal-Bayt al-‘Atīq, ed. S.Hassan (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah).
• Khisroo, N. (d.1088CE) (1983). Safr Namah, ed.Y.al-Khashāb (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kitāb al-Jadīd) 3rd Ed.
• Krachkovski, I. (1963). Tārīkh al-Adab al-Jography al-‘Arabī, ed. S.O.Hāshim (Cairo, Egypt: Maṭba‘at lajnat al-Ta’lif wa al-Tarjamah wa al-Nashir).
• Le Strange, G. (1975). Palestine under the Moslems: A description of the Holy Land from 650 to 1500 (New York, USA: AMS Press).
• Maḥmoud, M. (1979). Tārīkh Madinat al-Quds (Dar al-Andalus) 1st edn.
• Mālik, M. (d.795CE) (2000). Al-Muwaṭa’ (Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Thesaurus Islamicus Foundation).
• Al-Maqdisī, M. (d. 1000CE) (1906). Aḥsan al-Taqāsīm fī Ma‘rifat al-Aqālīm, ed. M.Goeje (Leiden: Brill) 2nd edn.
• Meshorer, Y. (1996), "Coinage of Jerusalem Under the Umayyads and the Abbāsids", in H.Ben-Shammai & J.Prawer (eds), The History of Jerusalem: the early Muslim Period 638-1099 (New York, United States: New York University Press).
• Al-Miknasī, I. (1985), "Kitab fīh Faḍā’il Bayt al-Maqdis", in M.Ibrahim (ed.), Faḍā’il Bayt al-Maqdis fī Makhṭut ‘Arabiyah Qadimah (1st edn.; Kuwait, Kuwait: al-Munadhamah al-‘Arabiyah lil-Tarbiyah wal-Thaqafah wal- ‘Ulum).
• Mufḍī, N. (1988). "al-‘Amarah al-Umawiyah fī Filasṭīn wal-Urdun", Master dissertation (Jordan University).
• Muslim, M.(d.875CE) (2000). Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim: al-Musnad al-Ṣaḥiḥ al-Mukhtaṣar min al-Sunnan bi-Naql al-‘Adl ‘An al-‘Adl ‘An Rasul Allah Ṣalā Allah ‘Aliyh wa-Sallam (Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Thesaurus Islamicus Foundation).
• Al-Nabulsī, A. (d.1731CE) (1990). al-Ḥaḍrah al-Unsiyah fī al-Riḥlah al- Qudsiyah ed. A.al-'Ulabī (Beirut, Lebanon: al-Maṣādīr) 1st edn.
• Omar, A. (2005). "Towards the Conquest of Islamicjerusalem: the three main practical steps taken by Prophet Muhammad: analytical study", Mlitt Dissertation (Al-Maktoum Institute: University of Aberdeen).
• Al-San‘anī, A. (d.827CE) (2000). al-Muṣanaf, ed. A.al-Azharī (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah).
• Shurrāb, M. (1994). Bayt al-Maqdis wa al-Masjid al-Aqṣa: Dirasah Tārīkhiyah Muwathaqah (Damascus, Syria: Dār al-Qalam).
• Al-Ṭabarānī, S. nd. al-Mu‘jam al-Kabīr, ed. Ḥ.al-Salafī (Cairo, Egypt: Dār al- Bayan al-‘Arabī).
• Al-Ṭabarī, M. (d.923CE) (1998). Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī: Tārīkh al-Rusul wal-Mulūk wa-man kān fī Zaman kul minhum, ed. Ṣ.al-‘Aṭār (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al- Fikr).
• Al-Tirmidhī, M. (d.892CE) (2000). Sunan al-Tirmidhī:al-Mukhtaṣar min al- Sunnan ‘An Rasul Allah Ṣalā Allah ‘Aliyh wa-Sallam wa Ma‘rifat al-Ṣaḥiḥ wal-Ma‘lul wa mā ‘Alyh al-‘Amal (Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Thesaurus Islamicus Foundation).
• Van Berchem, M. (1992). Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum: Jerusalem, Ville, Mémoires Publiés Par Les Membres De L’institut Français D’archéologie Orientale Du Caire (Cairo, Egypt: Imprimerie de L’institut Français D’archéologie Orientale).
• Al-Wāqidī, M. (d.822CE) nd., Futūh al-Sham, ed. H.al-Hajj (Cairo, Egypt: al- Maktabah al-Tawfiqiyah).
• Al-Wāṣiṭī, M. (1979). Faḍā’il al-Bayt al-Muqddas, ed. I.Hasson (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press).
• Al-Ya‘qūbī, A. (d.897CE) nd. Tārīkh al-Ya‘qūbī (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Ṣādir).
• Wilkinson, J. (1990). "Jerusalem under Rome and Byzantium", in K.J.‘Asalī (ed.), Jerusalem in History (New York, United States: Olive Branch Press), 75-104.