Stephen Herbert Hymer: Küreselleşme ve Çok Uluslu Şirket Kuramı

Year 2011, Volume: 35 Issue: 271, 101 - 136, 28.02.2014

Ali Fıkırkoca Gülnur Yıldırım

Abstract

Özet
Şirketlerin uluslararasılaşma süreçleri özellikle son yirmi yıldır çeşitli araştırma ve
tartışmalara konu olmaktadır. Çokuluslu şirket (ÇUŞ) olarak adlandırılan bazı şirketlerin devasa
boyutlara ulaşması, onları hem akademik hem de siyasi alanlarda ilgi odağı haline getirmiştir.
Bu makalede; çokuluslu şirketlerin uluslararası faaliyetleri hakkındaki başlıca kuramlardan
birisi olan Hymer’in kuramı incelenmiştir. Hymer’in görüşlerinin genel bir tanıtımı, ÇUŞ
kuramı ve küreselleşmenin politik ekonomisine dair temel savları ele alınmıştır. Buna ek olarak
yazarın çalışmalarının özellikle uluslararası işletmecilik ve Marksist yazın açsından katkıları
geliştirilen kurama yönelik olumsuz eleştirilerle beraber değerlendirilmektedir.
Anahtar sözcükler: Uluslararasılaşma, çokuluslu şirket, doğrudan yabancı yatırım,
Stephen Hymer.

 

Abstract
Internationalization processes of firms have been subject to several studies and debates
especially over the last twenty years. The growth of the multinational companies (MNC) into
vast dimensions; has brought them into focus both in the academic and political fields. In
this article; Hymer’s theory which is one of the main theories on multinational enterprises’
international activities had been analysed. The basic tenets of Hymer’s arguments about MNC
theory and the political economy of globalisation are summarised. Finally an evaluation of
his contributions to international business and marxist literature together with some opposing
critics is being offered.
Keywords: Internationalization, multinational enterprise, foreign direct investment,
Stephen Herbert Hymer.

Keywords

Uluslararasılaşma, çokuluslu şirket, doğrudan yabancı yatırım, Stephen Hymer

Stephen Herbert Hymer: Globalization and the Theory of Multinational Corporation

Abstract

References

• Aharoni, Yair (1997). Changing Roles of State Intervention in Services in an Era of Open International Markets, New York: State University of New York Press.
• Bailey, David ve Driffield, Nigel (2002). “Hymer and Uneven Development Revisited: Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Inequalities”, Contributions to Political Economy, C.1, S.1, s.55-68.
• Bain, John (1956). Barriers to New Competition, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Univ. Press. 134 mülkiye 2011 Cilt: XXXV Sayı:271
• Baran, P. ve Paul Sweezy (1966). Monopoly Capital, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
• Barnard, Helena ve Cantwell, John (2006). “Knowledge in the Theory of the Firm and MNC: Asset or Action ? A Commentary on Foss N. Knowledge and Organisation in the Theory of the MNC”, Journal of Management Governance, C.10, S.1, s.21-27.
• Buckley, Peter J. (2006). “Stephen Hymer: Three Phases, One Approach?” International Business Review C.15, S.2, s.140-147.
• Buckley, Peter ve Mark C. Casson (2009). “The internalisation theory of the multinational enterprise: A review of the progress of a research agenda after 30 years”. Journal of International Business Studies. C.1, S.1, s.55-68.
• Buckley, P. ve Mark Casson (1976). The future of the multinational enterprise, London: Macmillan. Buckley, Peter (2006). “Stephen Hymer: Three phases, one approach?”, International Business Review, C 15, S. 2, s. 140-147.
• Casson, Mark (1990). Multinational Corporations, Hants: Edward Elgar Publishing
• Chandler, Alfred D. (1962). Strategy and Structure, MIT Press., Cambridge, MA. Chandler, Alfred D. ve Redlich, Fritz (1961) “Recent Developments in American Business Administration and their conceptualization”. Business History Review, Spring, s..103-128.
• Coase, Ronald Harry. (1937). The Nature of the Firm. Economica.
• Contractor, Farok J. (1993). “Choosing between Direct Investment and Licensing: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Tests”, John H. Dunning (der.), The Theory of Transnational Corporations, Londra: Routledge
• Cowling, K. ve Sudgen, Roger (1987). Transnational Monopoly Capitalism, Brighton: Wheatsheaf.
• Cowling, K. ve Sugden, Roger (1994). Beyond Capitalism, Towards a New World Economic Order. Londra: PinterDunning.
• DeGennaro, Ramon P. (2005). “Market imperfections,” Journal of Financial Transformation, C. 14, s. 107-117.
• Dunning, John H. (2006). “When I Met Hymer: Some Personal Recollections.” International Business Review, C.15, S.2, s.115-123.
• Dunning John H. (2001). “The Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production: Past, Present and Future”, International Journal of the Economics of Business, C.8, S.2, s.173-190.
• Dunning, John H. (2003). “The Key Literature on IB activities”, Rugman, Alan M. ve Thomas L. Brewer (der.) The Oxford Handbook of International Business. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Dunning John ve Alan M. Rugman (1985). “The Influence of Hymer’s Dissertation on the Theory of Foreign Direct Investment”, American Economic Review, C.75, S.2, s.228-232.
• Dunning John ve Christos Pitelis (2008). “Stephen Hymer’s contribution to international business scholarship: as assessment and extension”, Journal of International Business Studies, C.39, S.1, s.167- 176.
• Dunning John ve Christos Pitelis (2009). “The Political Economy of Globalization - Revisiting Stephen Hymer 50 Years On”, Personal RePEc Archive no 23184, Munich, s 1-31..
• Easterby-Smith, M. ve A. Lyles Marjorie (2005) The Blackwell Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management, Malden: Blackwell Publishing. mülkiye 2011 Cilt: XXXV Sayı:271 135
• Eden, L. (1991). “Bringing the firm back in: Multinationals in international political economy”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, C.20, s.197.
• Erdost, Cevdet (1982). Sermayenin Uluslararasılaşması ve Teknoloji Transferi. Ankara : Savaş Yayınları.
• Forsgren, Mats. (2008) .Theories of the Multinational Firm: A Multidimensional Creature in the Global Economy, Northampton: Edward Elgar.
• Foss, Nicolai J. (2003). “Knowledge and Organization in the Theory of Multinational Corporation: Some Foundational Issues”, Keynote Speech to the European International Business Academy.
• Graham, Edward Monty (2002). “The Contributions of Stephen Hymer: One View.», Contributions to Political Economy, C.21, s.27-41.
• Graham, Edward Monty (2006). “Comment on Peter J. Buckley: “Stephen Hymer: Three Phases, One Approach?”, International Business Review, C.15, S.2, s.140-147.
• Hennart, Jean-François.(2003).“Theories of the Multinational Enterprise” (der. Alan M. Rugman ve Thomas L. Brewer) The Oxford Handbook of International Business, s. 127-149. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Hymer, Stephen Herbert (1960). The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
• Hymer, Stephen Herbert (1968). “The Large Multinational ‘Corporation”. Mark Casson (der.) (1990) Multinational Corporations içinde, Hants: Edward Elgar, s. 6-31.
• Hymer, Stephen Herbert (1970). “The efficiency (contradictions) of multinational corporations”, American Economic Review, C.60, S.2, s. 441-448.
• Hymer, Stephen Herbert (1972). “The Internationalization of Capital.» The Journal of Economic Issues C.6, S.1, s. 91-111.
• Hymer, Stephen ve Pashigian, Peter (1962). “Firm Size and the Rate of Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, C.70, S.4, s. 556-569.
• Ietto-Gillies, Grazia (2002). “Hymer, The Nation-State and The Determinants of Multinational Corporations’ Activities”, Contributions to Political Economy, C.21 s. 43-54.
• Ietto-Gillies, Grazia (2004). “The nation-state and the theory of the transnational corporation.», Contributions to Political Economy, C. 21, S.1, s. 43-54.
• Ietto-Gillies, Grazia (2005). Transnational Corporations and International Production: Concepts, Theories and Effect,. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Kindleberger, Charles Poor. (2002). “Stephen Hymer and the Multinational Corporation”, Contributions to Political Economy, C. 21, S.1, s. 5-7.
• Knickerbocker, Frederick T. (1973). Oliogopolistic Reaction of Multinational Enterprise ,Boston: Harvard.
• Kogut, Bruce ve Zander, Udo (1993). “Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation”. Journal of International Business Studies, C. 9, s. 319-332.
• Lenin, Vladimir I. (1917). Imperialism—The highest stage of capitalism. London: Progress Publishers. (1970 baskısı).
• Levitt-Polanyi, Kari (1982). “A Memoir. Stephen Hymer on the. Multinational Corporation”, Review, C. 6, S.2, s. 253-279.
• 136 mülkiye 2011 Cilt: XXXV Sayı:271
• Luxembourg, Rosa (1913). (İngilizce baskı 1951) The accumulation of capital. London: Routledge.
• McManus, J. C. (1972). “The theory of the multinational firm”, G. Paquet (derleyen), The multinational firm and the nation state, Toronto: Collier Macmillan
• Michalet, Charles A. (1976). “The international transfer of technology and the multinational enterprise”, Development and Change, C. 7, s. 157-174.
• Nolan Peter, Sutherland, Dylan ve Zhang, Jin (2002). “The challenge of the global business revolution”, Contributions to Political Economy, C.21, S.1, s. 91-110.
• Palloix, Christian (1975) L’internationalisation du capital, Paris, Maspero.
• Palloix, Christian (2009). “Mondialisation et Firmes multinationales à l’aune de la crise économique et financière”, Colloque ‘Globalization y problemas del desarrollo’, La Havane-Cuba, 2-6 mart. Pearce, Robert ve Marina, Papanastassiou (2006). “To ‘almost see the world’: Hierarchy and strategy in Hymer’s view of the multinational” . International Business Review, C.15, S.2, s.151-165.
• Peoples, J and Sugden, R. (2000). “Divide and Rule by Transnational Corporations”, Roger Sugden ve Christos N.Pitelis (der.) The Nature of the Transnational Firm içinde, s. 174-192, London: Routledge.
• Pitelis, Christos N. (1991). “Beyond the Nation State: The Transnational Firm and the Nation State”, Capital and Class, C. 22, S. 1, s. 98-114,
• Pitelis, Christos N. (2002). “Stephen Hymer: Life and the Political Economy of Multinational Corporate Capital” . Contributions to Political Economy, C.21, S.1, s. 9-26.
• Pitelis, Christos ve Roger Sugden.(2002). “Preface”. Contributions to Political Economy, C.21, S.1, s. 1-4.
• Scherer, F.M. ve Ross, David (1990). Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, Houghton-Mifflin, Boston.
• Teece David J. (1977). “Technology transfer by multinational firms: the resource cost of transferring technological know-how”. The Economic Journal, C.87, s.242-261.
• Teece, David J. (2006). “Reflections on the Hymer Thesis and the multinational enterprise”. International Business Review. C.15, S.2, s. 124-139.
• Williamson, Oliver E. (1998). “Transaction Cost Economics: How it works; where it is headed”, De Economist, C.146, s.23-58.
• Williamson, Oliver E.(1981a). “The modern corporation - Origins, Evolution, Attributes”. Journal of Economic Literature. C.19, S.4, s.1537-1568.
• Williamson, Oliver (1981b). “The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach”. The American Journal of Sociology, C.87, S.3, s. 548-577.
• Yamin, Mohammad (1993). “A Reassessment of Hymer’s Contribution to the Theory of Transnational Corporations.” Christos Pitelis ve Roger Sugden (der.), The Nature of the Transnational Firm içinde, London: Routledge, s. 64-80.
• Yamin, Mohammad ve Forsgren, Mats (2006). “Hymer’s analysis of the multinational organization: Power retention and the demise of the federative MNE”. International Business Review, C.15, S.2, s. 166-179.