Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri

Year 2015, Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 179 - 216, 20.06.2015

Esra Akgemci

Abstract

Neoliberal ekonomi politikalarının ilk kez denendiği Şili’de 2006 ve 2011’de gelişen öğrenci hareketi, Latin Amerika’daki direniş deneyimleri arasında ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Önce Pinochet diktatörlüğünün baskı ortamında dayatılan, ardından demokrasiye geçiş sürecinde merkez-sol koalisyon (Concertación) hükümetlerinin “uzlaşı siyasetiyle” yeniden düzenlenen neoliberal reformlar, derin ve sancılı bir toplumsal dönüşüm sürecini beraberinde getirmiştir. Latin Amerika ülkeleri 1982 borç krizinin ardından IMF ve Dünya Bankası aracılığıyla uygulanan neoliberal reçetelere uyum sağlamaya çalışırken, Şili’de çoktan derinleşme aşamasına giren neoliberal yeniden yapılanma süreci, bölgenin geri kalanına örnek bir model olarak sunulmuştur. 1990’lar boyunca Latin Amerika’yı dünyanın en eşitsiz bölgesi haline getiren neoliberal politikalar 2000’li yıllarla birlikte iflas ederken, Şili’nin erken deneyimi ve sonrasındaki süreç, Küresel Güney’de neoliberal modelin bir “başarı hikâyesi”ne dönüştüğü tek istisna olarak gösterilmiştir. Güney Amerika’nın en istikrarlı ve müreffeh ülkelerinden biri olan Şili, bölgenin diğer ülkelerine kıyasla daha yüksek rekabet gücüne, daha yüksek kişi başı gelir ve daha düşük yolsuzluk ve suç oranlarına sahiptir. Ne var ki 2006’da “Penguen Devrimi” ve 2011’de “Şili Kışı”na yol açan öğrenci hareketi, istikrarlı ve yüksek büyüme oranlarının ardındaki toplumsal eşitsizliği ve adaletsizliği gözler önüne sermiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, neoliberalizmin Şili deneyinin sonuçlarını öğrenci hareketi açısından tartışmak ve Şili öğrenci hareketini Latin Amerika’nın post-neoliberal dönüşüm süreci bağlamında incelemektir. Koyu renk pantolonları ve beyaz gömleklerinden dolayı “penguenler” olarak anılan lise öğrencilerinin, Pinochet döneminin miraslarından birine, neoliberal eğitim sistemine karşı mücadeleleri, 2011’de farklı toplumsal kesimlerin desteğiyle, neoliberal gündeme karşı büyük bir muhalefet hareketi olarak süreklilik kazanmıştır. Makale, öğrenci hareketinin gelişim sürecini inceleyerek, Şili Kışı’na yol açan nedenleri “neoliberalizmin baharında” arayacaktır.

Keywords

Şili Kışı, Penguen Devrimi, Şili öğrenci hareketi, neoliberal eğitim modeli, post-neoliberal dönüşüm süreci

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