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Türkiye Siyasetini Bir İstisna Olarak Kurmak: Kapitalizm ve Demokrasi Tanımlarının Sürekliliği

Year 2025, Issue: 1, 155 - 189, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Kapitalizm ve demokrasi kavramlarının tanımlanışı Türkiye siyasetini anlamak için alternatif açıklamalar sunduklarını iddia eden bazı yaklaşımlarda süreklilik göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, kapitalizm ve demokrasi tanımlarındaki metodolojik ve ontolojik ortak noktaları tespit edip, bu noktaların teorik ön kabullerini eleştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla merkez-çevre analizi ile rekabetçi otoriterlik kavramı örnek olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu iki yaklaşım hem kapitalizm hem de demokrasi kavramını iki temel ontolojik ayrım çerçevesinde tanımlar. Bir taraftan kapitalizm ekonomik ile politik olan arasındaki ontolojik ayrımın üzerinde yükselir. Bu tanımlama ilk olarak tarih dışı bir analize yaslandığı için problemlidir. İdealleştirilmiş Batı vakasında bu ontolojik ayrımı yaratan burjuvazinin Türkiye’deki eksikliği üzerinden bir değerlendirme yapılarak tarihsel bir anlatı kurulmaktadır. İkinci problem ise tarih dışı tanımlanması dolayısıyla kapitalizmin toplumsal ve siyasal etkilerinin, özellikle sömürü ilişkilerinin, üzerinin örtülmesidir. Kapitalizm, muhalif ama hegemonik yaklaşımların liberal teorik kökenleriyle de uyumlu bir biçimde, burjuvazinin rasyonel ve iktisadi eylemleri aracılığıyla yaratılan zenginleşme ile tanımlanır. Üçüncü problem, Türkiye vakasında bu zenginleşmenin önüne konulan engel ile ilgilidir. Fetişleştirilmiş bir devlet tanımına yaslanarak, devletin siyasal eylemlerinin rasyonel ve ekonomik eylemleri kirletmesi sonucunda kapitalizmin istisnai olduğu ifade edilir. Böylelikle devlet-sermaye ilişkilerinin politik tarafı görmezden gelinmektedir. Diğer taraftan, bu yaklaşımların demokrasi tanımı devlet ile sivil toplum arasındaki ontolojik ayrıma dayanır. İlk olarak bu tanımlama, tarih dışı olduğu için problemlidir. Burjuvaziye ve devlete biçilen idealize edilmiş ve çatışan roller, burjuvazinin kendiliğinden demokratik siyaseti getireceğine ilişkin bir anlatıya dönüşmektedir. Bunun doğal sonucu da liberal demokrasi teorisinin etkilerinin sonucunda, siyasetin elitler arası bir oyuna indirgenmesidir. Temel odak noktası burjuvazinin demokratik kurum ve süreçleri kurma ve güçlendirme konusundaki içsel kapasitesinin gerçekleşmesi olduğu için, demokratik siyaset seçim prosedürü ve kurumsal düzenlemelerle kısıtlıdır. Demokrasi tanımının üçüncü problemi de bu demokratik siyaset kurgusunda halkın sosyal problemlerin politize edilmesiyle kurulan bir özneden ziyade, halihazırda var olan eğilimleriyle temsil edilmesi gereken bir nesneye dönüşmesidir. Sonuç olarak, merkez-çevre ve rekabetçi otoriterlik yaklaşımları, kapitalizm ve demokrasi tanımlarıyla süreklilik yaratmaktadır. Kavramsallaştırmaları toplumsal mücadeleleri ve sömürü karşıtı emek hareketlerini siyaset alanının dışında bırakmaktadır.

Thanks

Çalışmaya dair önerileri ve eleştirileri için Menderes Çınar'a teşekkür ederiz.

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Making Turkish Politics an Exception: The Persistence of Definitions of Capitalism and Democracy

Year 2025, Issue: 1, 155 - 189, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Certain approaches claiming to offer alternative explanations for understanding Turkish politics persistently adhere to specific definitions of capitalism and democracy. This study aims to identify the methodological and ontological commonalities in these definitions and to criticize their theoretical presuppositions. To this end, the center-periphery analysis and the concept of competitive authoritarianism are taken as examples. Both approaches define capitalism and democracy through two key ontological distinctions. On the one hand, capitalism relies on the ontological distinction between the economic and the political. This is problematic primarily because it relies on an ahistorical analysis. A historical narrative is constructed by evaluating Turkey in the absence of the bourgeoisie, who created the ontological distinction in the idealized Western case. The second issue is that, due to the ahistorical definition, the socio-political effects of capitalism, particularly relations of exploitation, are overlooked. Capitalism, in line with the liberal theoretical roots of the dissident but hegemonic approaches, is defined as enrichment through the rational and economic behavior of the bourgeoisie. The third problem concerns the obstacle to this enrichment in the case of Turkey. Capitalism is exceptional in Turkey due to a fetishized definition of the state that distorts rational and economic actions. Thus, the political aspect of state-capital relations is neglected. On the other hand, the notion of democracy is based on the ontological distinction between the state and civil society. First, this definition is problematic because it is ahistorical. The idealized and conflicting roles assigned to the bourgeoisie and the state produce a narrative in which the former is assumed to constitute democratic politics. The natural consequence of this is the reduction of politics to a game among elites as a result of the influence of the liberal theory of democracy. Since the main focus is on realizing the bourgeoisie’s inherent capacity to establish and strengthen democratic institutions and processes, democratic politics is limited to the electoral procedure and institutional arrangements. The third issue with this conceptualization of democracy is that people are transformed into objects with pre-existing tendencies needing representation, rather than as subjects constructed through the politicization of social problems in the formation of democratic politics. Consequently, both the center-periphery and competitive authoritarianism approaches reproduce continuity in their definitions of capitalism and democracy. Their frameworks exclude social struggles and anti-exploitation labor movements from the realm of politics.

References

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  • Çınar M (2018). Turkey’s ‘Western’ or ‘Muslim’ Identity and the AKP’s Civilizational Discourse. Turkish Studies, 19(2), 176-197.
  • Dağı İ D (2005). Transformation of Islamic Political Identity in Turkey: Rethinking the West and Westernization. Turkish Studies, 6(1), 21-37.
  • Dağı İ (2008). Islamist Parties and Democracy: Turkey’s AKP in Power. Journal of Democracy, 19(3), 25-30.
  • Dahl R A (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. Londra: Yale University Press.
  • De Leon C, Desai M ve Tuğal C (2009). Political Articulation: Parties and the Constitution of Cleavages in the United States, India, and Turkey. Sociological Theory, 27(3), 193-220.
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  • Ercan M R ve Öniş Z (2001). Turkish Privatization: Institutions and Dilemmas. Turkish Studies, 2(1), 109-134.
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  • Esen B ve Gümüşçü Ş (2021). Why Did Turkish Democracy Collapse? A Political Economy Account of AKP’s Authoritarianism. Party Politics, 27(6), 1075-1091.
  • Esen B ve Gümüşçü Ş (2023). How Erdoğan’s Populism Won Again. Journal of Democracy, 34(3), 21-32.
  • Esen B, Gümüşçü Ş ve Yavuzyılmaz H (2023). Türkiye’nin Yeni Rejimi: Rekabetçi Otoriterlik. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
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  • Gençoğlu-Onbaşı F (2013). Şerif Mardin ve İdris Küçükömer’de “Sivil Toplum” Kavramı. İçinde: T Takış (der), Şerif Mardin Okumaları, İstanbul: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 42-70.
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  • Göle N (1997). Secularism and Islamism in Turkey: The Making of Elites and Counter-Elites. Middle East Journal, 51(1), 46-58.
  • Gramsci A (1971). State and Civil Society. İçinde: Q Hoare ve G N Smith (der), Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, Çev. Q Hoare ve G N Smith, New York: International Publishers, 206-277.
  • Gümüşçü Ş ve Sert D (2009) The Power of the Devout Bourgeoisie: The Case of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(6), 953-968.
  • Güngen A R ve Erten Ş (2005). Approaches of Şerif Mardin and Metin Heper on State and Civil Society in Turkey. Journal of Historical Studies, 3, 1-14.
  • Hall S (1988). The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left. Londra: Verso.
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There are 83 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Turkish Political Life
Journal Section Makale /Articles
Authors

Berkay Kabalay 0000-0002-9878-1081

Yunus Yücel This is me 0000-0001-6156-9522

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date December 10, 2024
Acceptance Date April 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kabalay, B., & Yücel, Y. (2025). Türkiye Siyasetini Bir İstisna Olarak Kurmak: Kapitalizm ve Demokrasi Tanımlarının Sürekliliği. Mülkiye Dergisi(1), 155-189. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1598941
AMA Kabalay B, Yücel Y. Türkiye Siyasetini Bir İstisna Olarak Kurmak: Kapitalizm ve Demokrasi Tanımlarının Sürekliliği. Mülkiye Dergisi. June 2025;(1):155-189. doi:10.25064/mulkiye.1598941
Chicago Kabalay, Berkay, and Yunus Yücel. “Türkiye Siyasetini Bir İstisna Olarak Kurmak: Kapitalizm Ve Demokrasi Tanımlarının Sürekliliği”. Mülkiye Dergisi, no. 1 (June 2025): 155-89. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1598941.
EndNote Kabalay B, Yücel Y (June 1, 2025) Türkiye Siyasetini Bir İstisna Olarak Kurmak: Kapitalizm ve Demokrasi Tanımlarının Sürekliliği. Mülkiye Dergisi 1 155–189.
IEEE B. Kabalay and Y. Yücel, “Türkiye Siyasetini Bir İstisna Olarak Kurmak: Kapitalizm ve Demokrasi Tanımlarının Sürekliliği”, Mülkiye Dergisi, no. 1, pp. 155–189, June2025, doi: 10.25064/mulkiye.1598941.
ISNAD Kabalay, Berkay - Yücel, Yunus. “Türkiye Siyasetini Bir İstisna Olarak Kurmak: Kapitalizm Ve Demokrasi Tanımlarının Sürekliliği”. Mülkiye Dergisi 1 (June2025), 155-189. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1598941.
JAMA Kabalay B, Yücel Y. Türkiye Siyasetini Bir İstisna Olarak Kurmak: Kapitalizm ve Demokrasi Tanımlarının Sürekliliği. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2025;:155–189.
MLA Kabalay, Berkay and Yunus Yücel. “Türkiye Siyasetini Bir İstisna Olarak Kurmak: Kapitalizm Ve Demokrasi Tanımlarının Sürekliliği”. Mülkiye Dergisi, no. 1, 2025, pp. 155-89, doi:10.25064/mulkiye.1598941.
Vancouver Kabalay B, Yücel Y. Türkiye Siyasetini Bir İstisna Olarak Kurmak: Kapitalizm ve Demokrasi Tanımlarının Sürekliliği. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2025(1):155-89.