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A Systematic View of the Relationship Between Democracy and Democratic Backsliding

Year 2025, Volume: 49 Issue: 3, 385 - 421, 15.09.2025

Abstract

The phenomenon of democratic backsliding has become a central focus for political
scientists in recent years. In this article, the concept of democratic backsliding and
its relationship with democracy are discussed through a systemic approach. Notably,
democratic backsliding has been observed not only in developing countries but also
within established democracies, challenging the earlier paradigm that democratic
development was exclusive to liberal democracies and would proceed in a continuous
and permanent manner. In other words, all states today may experience shorter or
longer phases of ‘democratic backsliding’. However, existing studies have generally
approached the subject inductively, focusing on the “how” through facts yet offering
limited insights into the “why” behind democracy’s decline. The purpose of this
study is to address the problem with a holistic, democratic system design in a way
that seeks answers to the question ‘why’. Instead of merely providing a definition of
democracy, a ‘democratic system design’ is made, defined with its basic functional
areas, considering the ontological and normative aspects of democracy, and the
concept of democratic backsliding is analyzed through this system design, and a
conclusion is tried to be reached. The model builds on Easton’s (1957) political
system design viewing a functioning democratic system as an open system like the
universe, but rather than a closed system, with entropy, which decreases when
energy is given to the system from outside, with a negentropic structure and in
constant interaction with its environment/society/public. This structure, which
interacts with its environment, is fed and continues its functioning with input and
support from the environment. In this normal functioning, the entropy of the
system remains at a normal level, and when the interaction of the system with
its environment is disrupted, the entropy of the system rises, so disrupting the
functioning of the democratic system and causing a democratic backsliding. Within
this process, tensions between actors and structures emerge as one of the most
critical drivers of entropy in democratic systems.

References

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  • Almond A G ve Verba S (1963). The Civic Culture, Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Arblaster A (1999). Demokrasi. Çev. N Yılmaz, Ankara: Doruk.
  • Aristotales (2015). Politika. Çev. F Akderin, İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Bakke E ve Sitter N (2020). The EU2s Enfants Teribles: Democratic Backsliding in Central Europe since 2010, American Political Science Association.
  • Bentham J (2000). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Batoche Books Kitchener.
  • Bermeo N (2016). On Democratic Backsliding. Journal of Democracy, 27, 1.
  • Beteille A (2012). Democracy and its Institutions. Oxford University Press. BTI Index 2022. Son erişim tarihi, 30 Mayıs 2024.
  • Byeon H J (2005). A Systems Approach to Entropy Change in Political Systems. System Research and Behavioral Science, 22, 223-231.
  • Collier D (1966). Political System. SSEC Publication No. 103, Social Science Education Consortius, Inc., Boulder.
  • Collier D ve Levitsky S (1997). Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comperative Research. Cambridge University Press, World Politics, 49 (3), 430-451.
  • Conovan M (1999). Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy. Political Studies, XLVII, 2-16.
  • Cox M Ikenberry G J ve Inoguchi T (2000). American Democracy Promotion Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Çınar M (der) (2023). Demokrasi, Kavram, Kurum, Süreç. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Dahl R (1972). Polyarchy. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Dahl R (1982). Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy. Yale University Press.
  • Dahl R (2001). Demokrasi Üstüne. Çev. B Kadıoğlu, Ankara: Phoenix.
  • Dahl R vd. (ed) (2003). The Democracy Sourcebook. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Dahl R (2006). A Preface to Democratic Theory, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Democracy Matrix (DeMax). Lauth, Hans-Joachim and Oliver Schlenkrich. 2020. Conception of the Democracy Matrix. URL: https://www.democracymatrix.com/ conception. Consulted on 01/07/2020. Son erişim tarihi, 1 Kasım 2023.
  • Diamond L ve Plattner M F (ed) (2015). Democracy in Decline. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Diamond L (2021). Democratic regression in comparative perspective: scope, methods, and causes. Democratization, 28(1), 22-42.
  • Easton D (1957). An Approach To The Analysis Of Political Systems. Cambridge University Press, World Politics, 9, 383-400.
  • Easton D (1965). A System Analysis of Political Life. University of Chicago.
  • Esen B ve Gumuscu S (2016). Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 37(9), 1581-1606.
  • Esen B (2020). Türkiye’deki Rekabetçi Otoriter Rejim, Birikim, Haziran-Temmuz Sayısı, 158-175.
  • Esen B vd. (2023). Türkiye’nin Yeni Rejimi: Rekabetçi Otoriterlik. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Foa R S ve Mounk Y (2017). The End of the Consolidation Paradigm. Journal of Democracy Web Exchange. https://roberto.foa.name/ FoaMounkEndofConsolidationParadigm.pdf. Son erişim tarihi: 11 Eylül 2025.
  • Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2024, Research Methodology. Son erişim tarihi, 16 Haziran 2021.
  • Fukuyama F (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. New York: The Free Press.
  • Furlong P ve Marsh D (2002) A Skin Not a Sweater: Ontology and Epistemology in Political Science. İçinde: M David and S Gerry (der), Theory and Methods in Political Science, Palgrave Macmillan, 17-41.
  • Goertz G ve Mahoney J (2012). Concept and Measurements: Ontology and Epistemology. Social Science Information, SAGE, 205-216.
  • Habermans J (2017). Öteki Olmak Ötekiyle Yaşamak. Çev. İ Ata, İstanbul: YKY.
  • Habermans J (2023). Kamusallığın Yeni Bir Yapısal Dönüşümü ve Müzakereci Demokrasi. Çev. T Bora, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Haggard S ve Kaufman R (2021). Backsliding democratic Regress in the Contemporary World. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hett C B (2019). Demokrasinin Ölümü, Hitler’in Yükselişi ve Weimar Cumhuriyeti’nin Çöküşü. Çev. A Kar, İstanbul: Profilkitap.
  • Huntington S P (1991). How Countries Democratize. Political Science Quarterly, 106, 4.
  • Huntington S P (1991). The Third Wave Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press. Jee H vd. (2021). Towards a Unifed Approach to Research on Democratic Backsliding. Democratization.
  • Jefferson T (1787). Notes on the State of Virginia. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_ century/jeffvir.asp. Son erişim tarihi: 10 Eylül 2025.
  • Kaplan M A (1968). Systems Theory And Political Science. The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Kuhn T S (2018). Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. Çev. N Kuyaş, İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
  • Laclau E ve Mouffe C (2017). Hegemonya ve Sosyalist Strateji. Çev. A Kardam, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Lawson S (1993). Conceptual Issues in the Comparative Study of Regime Change and Democratization. Comparative Politics, 25 (2), 183-205.
  • Letvitsky S ve Way L (2006). Competitive Authoritarianism: International Linkage, Organizational Power, and the Fate of Hybrid Regimes. Paper prepared for the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association.
  • Letvitsky S ve Way L (2015). The Myth of Democratic Recession. Journal of Democracy, 26 (1).
  • Letvitsky S ve Ziblatt D (2018). Demokrasiler Nasıl Ölür? Çev. D Dinç, Konya: Salon Yayınları. Letvitsky S ve Way L (2020). New Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 31 (1).
  • Lijphart A (2014). Demokrasi Modelleri. Çev. G Ayas ve U Bulsun, İstanbul: İthaki.
  • Linz J J ve Stepan A (1996). Problems Of Democratic Transition And Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Locke J (2018). Yönetim Üzerine İkinci İnceleme. Çev. F Bakırcı, Ankara: Eksi.
  • Madison J (1787). The Federalist Papers: No. 10. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_ century/fed10.asp. Son erişim tarihi: 10 Eylül 2025.
  • Mahoney J ve Synder R (1999). Rethinking Agency and Structure in the Study of Regime Change. Studies in Comperative International Development.
  • Migdal J S (2009). Researching The State. İçinde: M I Lichbach and A S Zucerman, Comperative Politics Rationality, Culture, and Structure, Cambridge University Press, 162-192.
  • Mill S J (2019). Özgürlük Üzerine. Çev. B Tartıcı, İstanbul: Kutu.
  • Moller J ve Skaaning S E (2011). Requisities of Demeocracy: Conceptualzing. Routledge.
  • Mouffe C (2019). Sol Popülizm. Çev. A Yanık, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Munck G L (2014). What is democracy? A reconceptualization of the quality of democracy. University of Southern California.
  • Norris P (2011). Democratic deficit: Critical Citizens revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Norris P (2016). It’s not just Trump. Authoritarian populism is rising across the West. Here’s why. The Washington Post, March 11. Son erişim tarihi, 3 Mart 2024.
  • O’Donnell G (1994). Delegative Democracy. The John Hopkins University Press.
  • O’Donnell G (2010). Democracy, Agency and the State. Oxford University Press.
  • Parkinson J ve Mansbridge J (2012). Deliberative Systems, Cambridge University Press.
  • Pateman C (1976). Recent Theories of democracy And The ‘Classical Myth’. Cambridge University Press.
  • Popper Kl R (2005). Hayat Problem Çözmektir. Çev. A Nalbant, İstanbul: YKY.
  • Prigogine l ve Stengers I (1984). Order Out Of Chaos: Man’s New Dıalogue With Nature. Toronto, New York, London, Sydney: Bantam Books.
  • Przeworski A (1995). Demokrasi ve Piyasa. Çev. İ Turan, İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi.
  • Przeworski A (2019). Crises of Democracy. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rawls J (2020). Bir Adalet Teorisi. Çev. V A Coşar, Ankara: Phoenix.
  • Rosenthal I (2018). Democracy and Ontology, Agonism between Political Liberalism, Foucault and Psychoanalysis, Hart Publishing.
  • Rousseau J J (2006). Toplum Sözleşmesi. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
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Demokrasi ve Demokraside Gerileme Arasındaki İlişkiye Sistemsel Bir Bakış

Year 2025, Volume: 49 Issue: 3, 385 - 421, 15.09.2025

Abstract

Demokraside gerileme olgusu günümüzde birçok siyaset bilimci tarafından ele
alınan bir konu olarak dikkati çekmektedir. Bu makalede, demokraside gerileme
kavramı ve bu kavramın demokrasiyle ilişkisi sistemsel bir yaklaşımla ele
alınmaktadır. İlginç olan, demokraside gerilemenin gelişmiş demokrasiler de dahil
olmak üzere çok sayıda ülkede görülmesidir. Bu sebeple, birçok ülkede yaşanan
demokraside gerileme olgusu günümüzde adeta bir fenomene dönüşerek, geçmişte
demokratik gelişmişliğin sadece çağdaş liberal demokrasilere özgü bir kavram
olduğu ve bu gelişmişliğin sürekli olacağı ve kalıcı olacağı şeklindeki paradigmanın
da değişmesine neden olmuştur. Diğer bir ifadeyle, günümüzde her ülke, kısa
ya da uzun ‘demokraside gerileme’ süreci yaşayabilmektedir. Bununla beraber
şimdiye dek yapılan çalışmalarda konunun genellikle tümevarımcı bir yaklaşımla,
olgular üzerinden “nasıl” sorusuna yanıt arayacak şekilde ele alındığı ve konu ile
ilgili yapılan çalışmaların demokraside gerilemenin ‘neden/niçin’ oluştuğuyla
ilgili doyurucu veriler sunmadığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın maksadı ise ‘nasıl’
sorusundan farklı olarak ‘neden/niçin’ sorusuna yanıt arayacak şekilde bütüncül,
bir demokratik sistem tasarımıyla sorunsala yaklaşmaktır. Bu bağlamda makalede,
düz bir demokrasi tanımından ziyade, demokrasinin ontolojik ve normatif yönleri
de dikkate alınarak, temel fonksiyon alanlarıyla birlikte tanımlanan bir ‘demokratik
sistem tasarımı’ yapılmakta, demokraside gerileme kavramı bu sistem tasarımıyla
birlikte ele alınarak analiz edilmekte ve bir sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılmaktadır.
Yazıda kullanılan demokratik sistem tasarımında Easton’ın (1957) politik sistem
tasarımından yararlanılmaktadır. Buna göre normal işleyen bir demokratik sistem
evren gibi ancak kapalı bir sistemden ziyade, entropisi olan, sisteme dışarıdan
enerji verildiğinde entropisi azalan, negentropik yapıda ve çevresiyle/toplumla/
halkla sürekli etkileşim içinde açık bir sistem olarak varsayılmaktadır. Çevresiyle
etkileşen bu yapı, çevreden gelen girdi ve destekle beslenmekte ve işleyişini
sürdürmektedir. Bu normal işleyişte, sistemin entropisi de normal bir seviyede
kalmakta, sistemin çevresiyle olan etkileşimi bozulduğunda ise sistemin entropisi
yükselerek, demokratik sistemin işleyişi bozulmakta ve demokraside gerileme
meydana gelmektedir. Bu süreçte demokratik bir sistemin entropisini en fazla
artıran faktörlerin başında aktör-yapı gerilimi gelmektedir.

References

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  • Arblaster A (1999). Demokrasi. Çev. N Yılmaz, Ankara: Doruk.
  • Aristotales (2015). Politika. Çev. F Akderin, İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Bakke E ve Sitter N (2020). The EU2s Enfants Teribles: Democratic Backsliding in Central Europe since 2010, American Political Science Association.
  • Bentham J (2000). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Batoche Books Kitchener.
  • Bermeo N (2016). On Democratic Backsliding. Journal of Democracy, 27, 1.
  • Beteille A (2012). Democracy and its Institutions. Oxford University Press. BTI Index 2022. Son erişim tarihi, 30 Mayıs 2024.
  • Byeon H J (2005). A Systems Approach to Entropy Change in Political Systems. System Research and Behavioral Science, 22, 223-231.
  • Collier D (1966). Political System. SSEC Publication No. 103, Social Science Education Consortius, Inc., Boulder.
  • Collier D ve Levitsky S (1997). Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comperative Research. Cambridge University Press, World Politics, 49 (3), 430-451.
  • Conovan M (1999). Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy. Political Studies, XLVII, 2-16.
  • Cox M Ikenberry G J ve Inoguchi T (2000). American Democracy Promotion Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Çınar M (der) (2023). Demokrasi, Kavram, Kurum, Süreç. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Dahl R (1972). Polyarchy. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Dahl R (1982). Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy. Yale University Press.
  • Dahl R (2001). Demokrasi Üstüne. Çev. B Kadıoğlu, Ankara: Phoenix.
  • Dahl R vd. (ed) (2003). The Democracy Sourcebook. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Dahl R (2006). A Preface to Democratic Theory, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
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  • Diamond L ve Plattner M F (ed) (2015). Democracy in Decline. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Diamond L (2021). Democratic regression in comparative perspective: scope, methods, and causes. Democratization, 28(1), 22-42.
  • Easton D (1957). An Approach To The Analysis Of Political Systems. Cambridge University Press, World Politics, 9, 383-400.
  • Easton D (1965). A System Analysis of Political Life. University of Chicago.
  • Esen B ve Gumuscu S (2016). Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 37(9), 1581-1606.
  • Esen B (2020). Türkiye’deki Rekabetçi Otoriter Rejim, Birikim, Haziran-Temmuz Sayısı, 158-175.
  • Esen B vd. (2023). Türkiye’nin Yeni Rejimi: Rekabetçi Otoriterlik. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
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  • Goertz G ve Mahoney J (2012). Concept and Measurements: Ontology and Epistemology. Social Science Information, SAGE, 205-216.
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  • Huntington S P (1991). How Countries Democratize. Political Science Quarterly, 106, 4.
  • Huntington S P (1991). The Third Wave Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press. Jee H vd. (2021). Towards a Unifed Approach to Research on Democratic Backsliding. Democratization.
  • Jefferson T (1787). Notes on the State of Virginia. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_ century/jeffvir.asp. Son erişim tarihi: 10 Eylül 2025.
  • Kaplan M A (1968). Systems Theory And Political Science. The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Kuhn T S (2018). Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. Çev. N Kuyaş, İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
  • Laclau E ve Mouffe C (2017). Hegemonya ve Sosyalist Strateji. Çev. A Kardam, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Lawson S (1993). Conceptual Issues in the Comparative Study of Regime Change and Democratization. Comparative Politics, 25 (2), 183-205.
  • Letvitsky S ve Way L (2006). Competitive Authoritarianism: International Linkage, Organizational Power, and the Fate of Hybrid Regimes. Paper prepared for the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association.
  • Letvitsky S ve Way L (2015). The Myth of Democratic Recession. Journal of Democracy, 26 (1).
  • Letvitsky S ve Ziblatt D (2018). Demokrasiler Nasıl Ölür? Çev. D Dinç, Konya: Salon Yayınları. Letvitsky S ve Way L (2020). New Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 31 (1).
  • Lijphart A (2014). Demokrasi Modelleri. Çev. G Ayas ve U Bulsun, İstanbul: İthaki.
  • Linz J J ve Stepan A (1996). Problems Of Democratic Transition And Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Locke J (2018). Yönetim Üzerine İkinci İnceleme. Çev. F Bakırcı, Ankara: Eksi.
  • Madison J (1787). The Federalist Papers: No. 10. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_ century/fed10.asp. Son erişim tarihi: 10 Eylül 2025.
  • Mahoney J ve Synder R (1999). Rethinking Agency and Structure in the Study of Regime Change. Studies in Comperative International Development.
  • Migdal J S (2009). Researching The State. İçinde: M I Lichbach and A S Zucerman, Comperative Politics Rationality, Culture, and Structure, Cambridge University Press, 162-192.
  • Mill S J (2019). Özgürlük Üzerine. Çev. B Tartıcı, İstanbul: Kutu.
  • Moller J ve Skaaning S E (2011). Requisities of Demeocracy: Conceptualzing. Routledge.
  • Mouffe C (2019). Sol Popülizm. Çev. A Yanık, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Munck G L (2014). What is democracy? A reconceptualization of the quality of democracy. University of Southern California.
  • Norris P (2011). Democratic deficit: Critical Citizens revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Norris P (2016). It’s not just Trump. Authoritarian populism is rising across the West. Here’s why. The Washington Post, March 11. Son erişim tarihi, 3 Mart 2024.
  • O’Donnell G (1994). Delegative Democracy. The John Hopkins University Press.
  • O’Donnell G (2010). Democracy, Agency and the State. Oxford University Press.
  • Parkinson J ve Mansbridge J (2012). Deliberative Systems, Cambridge University Press.
  • Pateman C (1976). Recent Theories of democracy And The ‘Classical Myth’. Cambridge University Press.
  • Popper Kl R (2005). Hayat Problem Çözmektir. Çev. A Nalbant, İstanbul: YKY.
  • Prigogine l ve Stengers I (1984). Order Out Of Chaos: Man’s New Dıalogue With Nature. Toronto, New York, London, Sydney: Bantam Books.
  • Przeworski A (1995). Demokrasi ve Piyasa. Çev. İ Turan, İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi.
  • Przeworski A (2019). Crises of Democracy. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rawls J (2020). Bir Adalet Teorisi. Çev. V A Coşar, Ankara: Phoenix.
  • Rosenthal I (2018). Democracy and Ontology, Agonism between Political Liberalism, Foucault and Psychoanalysis, Hart Publishing.
  • Rousseau J J (2006). Toplum Sözleşmesi. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Rustow D A (1970). Transition to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model, Comperative Politics, 2 (3), 337-363.
  • Sartori G (1970). Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics. The American Political Science Review, 64 (4), 1033-1053.
  • Sartori G (1987). The Theory Of Democracy Revisited, Chatham House Publishers, Inc.
  • Sartori G (1991). Comparing and Miscomparing. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 3, 243.
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There are 88 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science Methodology
Journal Section Makale /Articles
Authors

Tayyar Süngü 0000-0002-1197-0438

Early Pub Date September 20, 2025
Publication Date September 15, 2025
Submission Date June 14, 2024
Acceptance Date September 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 49 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Süngü, T. (2025). Demokrasi ve Demokraside Gerileme Arasındaki İlişkiye Sistemsel Bir Bakış. Mülkiye Dergisi, 49(3), 385-421. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1501241
AMA Süngü T. Demokrasi ve Demokraside Gerileme Arasındaki İlişkiye Sistemsel Bir Bakış. Mülkiye Dergisi. September 2025;49(3):385-421. doi:10.25064/mulkiye.1501241
Chicago Süngü, Tayyar. “Demokrasi Ve Demokraside Gerileme Arasındaki İlişkiye Sistemsel Bir Bakış”. Mülkiye Dergisi 49, no. 3 (September 2025): 385-421. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1501241.
EndNote Süngü T (September 1, 2025) Demokrasi ve Demokraside Gerileme Arasındaki İlişkiye Sistemsel Bir Bakış. Mülkiye Dergisi 49 3 385–421.
IEEE T. Süngü, “Demokrasi ve Demokraside Gerileme Arasındaki İlişkiye Sistemsel Bir Bakış”, Mülkiye Dergisi, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 385–421, 2025, doi: 10.25064/mulkiye.1501241.
ISNAD Süngü, Tayyar. “Demokrasi Ve Demokraside Gerileme Arasındaki İlişkiye Sistemsel Bir Bakış”. Mülkiye Dergisi 49/3 (September2025), 385-421. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1501241.
JAMA Süngü T. Demokrasi ve Demokraside Gerileme Arasındaki İlişkiye Sistemsel Bir Bakış. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2025;49:385–421.
MLA Süngü, Tayyar. “Demokrasi Ve Demokraside Gerileme Arasındaki İlişkiye Sistemsel Bir Bakış”. Mülkiye Dergisi, vol. 49, no. 3, 2025, pp. 385-21, doi:10.25064/mulkiye.1501241.
Vancouver Süngü T. Demokrasi ve Demokraside Gerileme Arasındaki İlişkiye Sistemsel Bir Bakış. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2025;49(3):385-421.