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Din, Ahlak, Evrim

Year 2015, , 201 - 228, 30.06.2015
https://doi.org/10.30523/mutefekkir.130255

Abstract

Din nasıl evrimleşmiştir? Din bizlerin ahlaki inanışları ve ahlaki davranışlarımız üzerinde nasıl bir etkiye sahiptir? Bazı akademisyenler dinin özgecilik davranışını bir kimsenin ait olduğu gurubun üyelerine yönelik geliştirmek üzere evrimleştiğini ortaya attığından bu sorular bir biriyle ilişkilidir. Burada anket çalışmalarından, hazırlık deneylerinden ve dinin ırksal ön yargı üzerine etkileri üzerine korelasyon çalışmalarından edinilen verileri gözden geçirip değerlendirdim (hem ülke içi hem de diğer ülkeleri kapsayan). Bu çalışmalardan, dinin iyi ahlaki etkilere ve güçlü kötü ahlaki etkilere sahip olduğu sonucuna vardım. Ama bunlar başka insan uygulamalarıyla birlikte paylaşılan dinin boyutlarına bağlıydı. İlgi çekici bir şekilde, özellikle dini inanışlar için çok az bir delil bulunmaktaydı.

References

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  • » Batson CD. 1976. Religion as prosocial: agent or double agent? J. Sci. Study Religion 15:29– 45
  • » Batson CD, Oleson KC, Weeks JL, Healy SP, Reeves PJ, et al. 1989. Religious prosocial motiva- tion: Is it altruistic or egoistic? J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 57:873–84
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RELIGION, MORALITY, EVOLUTION

Year 2015, , 201 - 228, 30.06.2015
https://doi.org/10.30523/mutefekkir.130255

Abstract

How did religion evolve? What effect does religion have on our moral beliefs andmoral actions? These questions are related, as some scholars propose that religion has evolved to enhance altruistic behavior toward members of one’s group. I review here data from survey studies (both within and across countries), priming experiments, and correlational studies of the effects of religion on racial prejudice. I conclude that religion has powerfully good moral effects and powerfully bad moral effects, but these are due to aspects of religion that are shared by other human practices. There is surprisingly little evidence for a moral effect of specifically religious beliefs.

References

  • » Alcorta C, Sosis R. 2005. Ritual, emotion, and sacred symbols: the evolution of religion as an adaptive complex. Hum. Nat. 16:323–59
  • » Allport GW. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
  • » Allport GW, Kramer BM. 1946. Some roots of prejudice. J. Psychol. 22:9–39
  • » Allport GW, Ross JM. 1967. Personal religious orientation and prejudice. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 5:432–43
  • » Altemeyer B, Hunsberger B. 1992. Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and pre- judice. Int. J.Psychol. Religion 2:113–33
  • » Appiah K 2006. Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers. New York: Norton
  • » Atran S. 2004. In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  • » Atran S, Norenzayan A. 2004. Religion‘s evolutionary landscape: counterintuition, commit- ment, compassion, communion. Behav. Brain Sci. 27:713–30
  • » Baron-Cohen S. 2003. The Essential Difference: The Truth About the Male and Female Brain. New York: Basic Books
  • » Barrett JL. 2004. Why Would Anyone Believe in God? Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira
  • » Bateson M, Nettle D, Roberts G. 2006. Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real- world setting. Biol. Lett. 3:412–14
  • » Batson CD. 1976. Religion as prosocial: agent or double agent? J. Sci. Study Religion 15:29– 45
  • » Batson CD, Oleson KC, Weeks JL, Healy SP, Reeves PJ, et al. 1989. Religious prosocial motiva- tion: Is it altruistic or egoistic? J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 57:873–84
  • » Batson CD, Stocks EL. 2005. Religion and prejudice. In On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport, ed. JF Dovidio, PS Glick, L Rudman, pp. 413–27. Oxford, UK: Blackwell
  • » Batson CD, Schoenrade P, Ventis WL. 1993. Religion and the Individual: A Social- Psychological Perspective. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  • » Bering JM. 2002. The existential theory of mind. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 6:3–24
  • » Bering JM. 2006. The folk psychology of souls. Behav. Brain Sci. 29:453–98
  • » Bering JM. 2011. The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Li- fe. New York: Norton
  • » Bering JM, McLeod K, Shackelford TK. 2005. Reasoning about dead agents reveals possible adaptive trends. Hum. Nat. 16:360–81
  • » Bloom P. 2007. Religion is natural. Dev. Sci. 10:147–51
  • » Bloom P. 2004. Descartes‟ Baby: How the Science of Child Development Explains What Ma- kes Us Human. New York: Basic Books
  • » Bloom P. 2009. Religion belief as an evolutionary accident. In The Believing Primate, ed. MJ Murray, J Schloss, pp. 118–27. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  • » Bloom P. 2010. How Pleasure Works: The New Science of Why We Like What We Like. New York: Norton
  • » Bloom P, Weisberg DS. 2007. Childhood origins of adult resistance to science. Science 316:996–97
  • » Boyd R, Richerson PJ. 2002. Group beneficial norms spread rapidly in a structured population. J. Theor. Biol. 215:287–96
  • » Boyer P. 2001. Religion Explained. New York: Basic BooksBrooks AC. 2006. Who Really Cares: The Surprising Truth About Compassionate Conservatism. New York: Basic Books
  • » Bulbulia J. 2004. The cognitive and evolutionary psychology of religion. Biol. Philos. 19:655–86
  • » Chartrand TL, Bargh JA. 1999. The chameleon effect: the perception-behavior link and social interaction. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 76:893–910
  • » Cohen AB, Rozin P. 2001. Religion and the morality of mentality. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 81:697–710
  • » Cohen GL. 2003. Party over policy: the dominating impact of group influence on political beli- efs. J. Personal.Soc. Psychol. 85:808–22
  • » Cosmides L. 1989. The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition 31:187–276
  • » Darley J, Batson CD. 1973. From Jerusalem to Jericho: a study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behaviour. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 27:100–8
  • » Dawkins R. 2006. The God Delusion. New York: BantamdeWaalF. 1996. Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals.
  • » Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press de Waal F. 2010. Morals without God? N.Y. Times, Oct. 17
  • » Durkheim E. 1912/1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Free Press
  • » Dyson F. 2006. Religion from the outside. N.Y. Rev. Books, June 22Edgell P, Gerteis J, Hart- mann D. 2006. Atheists as ―other:‖ moral boundaries and cultural membership in American society. Am. Sociol. Rev. 71:211–34
  • » Ernest-Jones M, Nettle D, Bateson M. 2011. Effects of eye images on everyday cooperative behavior: a field experiment. Evol. Hum. Behav. 32:172–78
  • » Evans EM. 2000. Beyond Scopes: why creationism is here to stay. In Imagining the Impossible: Magical, Scientificand Religious Thinking in Children, ed. K Rosengren, C Johnson, P Harris, pp. 305–31.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  • » Evans EM. 2001. Cognitive and contextual factors in the emergence of diverse belief systems: creation versus evolution. Cogn. Psychol. 42:217–66
  • » Festinger L. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, PetersonFinkel D, Swartwout P, Sosis R. 2010. The socio-religious brain: a developmental model. In Procee- dings of theBritish Academy, ed. R Dunbar, C Gamble, J Gowlett, 158:287–312
  • » Ginges J, Hansen I, Norenzayan A. 2009. Religion and support for suicide attacks. Psychol. Sci. 20:224–30
  • » Gould SJ, Lewontin RC. 1979. The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 205(1161):581–98
  • » Graham J, Haidt J. 2010. Beyond beliefs: religion binds individuals into moral communities. Personal. Soc.Psychol. Rev. 14:140–50
  • » Greenwald A. 1975. Does the Good Samaritan parable increase helping? A comment on Dar- ley and Batson‘s no-effect conclusion. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 32:578–83
  • » Guthrie S. 1993. Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  • » Haidt J. 2001. The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychol.Rev. 108:814–34Haidt J. 2007. Moral psychology and the misunders- tanding of religion.http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/haidt07/haidt07_index.html
  • » Haidt J. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Pantheon
  • » Haidt J, Kesebir S. 2010. Morality. In Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. S Fiske, D Gilbert, pp. 797–832. New York: McGraw Hill. 5th ed.
  • » Haley KJ, Fessler DMT. 2005. Nobody‘s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anony- mous economic game. Evol. Hum. Behav. 26:245–56
  • » Hall DL, Matz DC, Wood W. 2010. Why don‘t we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic re- view of religious racism. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 14:126–39
  • » Hamlin JK, Wynn K, Bloom P. 2007. Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature 450:557– 59
  • » Harris S. 2004. The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. New York: Norton
  • » Hitchens C. 2007. God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. New York: Twelve Books
  • » Hoffman M. 2000. Empathy and Moral Development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  • » Hume D. 1956 [1757]. The Natural History of Religion. London: Black
  • » Irons W. 2004. An evolutionary critique of the created co-creator concept. Zygon: J. Religion Sci. 39:773–90
  • » James W. 1960 [1902]. The Varieties of Religious Experience. London: Fontana
  • » Jensen GF. 2006. Religious cosmologies and homicide rates among nations: a closer look. J. Religion Soc.8:1–14
  • » Johnson DDP. 2005. God‘s punishment and public goods: a test of the supernatural punish- ment hypothesis in 186 world cultures. Hum. Nat. 16:410–46
  • » Johnson DDP, Bering JM. 2006. Hand of God, mind of man: punishment and cognition in the evolution of cooperation. Evol. Psychol. 4:219–33
  • » Johnson MK, Rowatt WC, LaBouff JP. 2010. Priming Christian religious concepts increases ra- cial prejudice. Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci. 1:119–26
  • » Jost JT, Nosek BA, Gosling SD. 2008. Ideology: its resurgence in social, personality, and politi- cal psychology. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3:126–36
  • » Kelemen D. 2004. Are children ―intuitive theists‖? Psychol. Sci. 15:295–301
  • » Keltner D. 2009. Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life. New York: Norton
  • » Lane JD, Wellman HM, Evans ME. 2010. Children‘s understanding of ordinary and extraordi- nary minds. Child Dev. 81:1475–89
  • » Larson EJ, Witham L. 1997. Scientists are still keeping the faith. Nature 389:435–36
  • » Larson EJ, Witham L. 1998. Leading scientists still reject God. Nature 394:313
  • » Liddle JR, Machluf K, Shackelford TK. 2010. Understanding suicide terrorism: premature dis- missal of the religious-belief hypothesis. Evol. Psychol. 10:343–45
  • » Lindholm JA, Astin HS, Astin AW. 2006. Spirituality and the Professoriate. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Higher Educ. Res. Inst.
  • » Locke J. 1983/1689. A Letter Concerning Toleration. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett
  • » Mazar N, Amir O, Ariely D. 2008. The dishonesty of honest people: a theory of self-concept ma- intenance. J. Mark. Res. 45:633–44
  • » McCauley RN, Whitehouse H. 2005. Introduction: new frontiers in the cognitive science of reli- gion. J. Cogn.Cult. 5:1–13
  • » Myers DG. 2008. A Friendly Letter to Skeptics and Atheists: Musings on Why God Is Good and Faith Isn‟t Evil. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Wiley
  • » Myers PZ. 2007. Commentary on ―Moral psychology and the misunderstanding of religion,‖ by Jonathan Haidt. http://www.edge.org/discourse/moral_religion.html#myersNapier JL, Jost JT. 2008. The ―antidemocratic personality‖ revisited: a cross-national investigation of wor- kingclass authoritarianism. J. Soc. Issues 64:595–617
  • » Norenzayan A, Gervais W. 2012. The cultural evolution of religion. In Creating Consilience: In- tegrating Scienceand the Humanities, ed. E Slingerland, M Collard. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press. In press
  • » Norenzayan A, Shariff AF. 2008. The origin and evolution of religious prosociality. Science 322(5898):58–62
  • » Paul GS. 2005. Cross-national correlations of quantifiable societal health with popular religio- sity and secularism in the prosperous democracies. J. Religion Soc. 7:1–17
  • » Paul GS. 2010. Religiosity tied to socioeconomic status. Science 327(5966):642
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There are 102 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Çeviri
Authors

Nuri Çiçek

Publication Date June 30, 2015
Submission Date May 20, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015

Cite

ISNAD Çiçek, Nuri. “Din, Ahlak, Evrim”. Mütefekkir 2/3 (June 2015), 201-228. https://doi.org/10.30523/mutefekkir.130255.

Aksaray Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi dergisi Mütefekkir, her yılın 15 Haziran ve 15 Aralık tarihlerinde olmak üzere basılı ve online olarak yayınlanan, uluslararası akademik ve hakemli bir dergidir.