Edebiyat ve Tarih Dünyasından Fizyoloji ve Tıp Alanındaki Nobel Ödülüne: Eric Richard Kandel

Abstract

Eric Richard Kandel 7 Kasım, 1929 Viyana‘da dünyaya geldi. Sigmund Freud'dan aldığı motivasyonla; psikanaliz, bilinç kaybı, öğrenme ve bellek biyolojisine derin bir ilgi duydu ve Harvard Üniversitesi’nde edebiyat ve tarih eğitimini tamamladıktan sonra 1952’de New York Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi’ne başladı. Amacı; algıyı, hareketi, hissetmeyi, düşünceyi ve anıların nasıl hatırlandığını, zihnin işleyiş mekanizmasını anlamaktı. Bu nedenle Columbia Üniversitesi'nde nöroloji profesörü olan Harry Grundfest'in laboratuvarında sinir sistemi çalıştı. Kandel, anılarımızın sinir hücreleri tarafından nasıl depolandığını inceledi. Aplysia Californica’nın öğrenme mekanizmasında kimyasal sinyallerin, sinapsların yapısını değiştirdiğini keşfetti. Kısa süreli ve uzun süreli anıların, farklı sinyallerle oluştuğunu açıklamak için deneylerini sürdürdü. "Sinir sisteminde sinyal iletimi ile ilgili keşifleri"nden dolayı 2000 yılında Nobel Fizyoloji ve Tıp Ödülü’ne layık görüldü. Kandel’in çalışmaları sadece fizyolojik bir soruyu cevaplamakla kalmamış sonraki pek çok multidisipliner çalışmanın da temelini oluşturmuştur. Bu nedenle gelecekteki araştırmalara ışık tutan bu bilim insanının tanıtılması amaçlanmıştır. Kandel, hala Columbia Üniversitesi'nde profesördür. Howard Hughes Tıp Enstitüsü’nde araştırmalarına devam ettirmektedir. Nörobiyoloji ve Davranış Merkezi'nin kurucuları arasındadır. Fransa, Avusturya, Yunanistan, Almanya Ulusal Bilim Akademileri ve ABD Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi’nin bir üyesidir. Kandel, 20’nin üzerinde onursal derece almıştır. Bilimin yanı sıra sanatla da ilgilenmekte ve kitapları yayınlanmaktadır. Belleğin Peşinde: Yeni Bir Zihin Biliminin Doğuşu adlı kitabı, 2006 Los Angeles Times Kitap ve Bilim Ödülü'ne layık görülmüştür

Keywords

• Aplysia Californica, Eric Richard Kandel, Öğrenme ve Bellek

From the All World of Letters and History to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Eric R. Kandel

Abstract

Eric Richard Kandel arrived in Vienna on November 7, 1929. With the motivation of Sigmund Freud; he had interest towards psychoanalysis, loss of consciousness, learning and memory biology, and after completing his literature and history studies at Harvard University, he started the New York University Medical Faculty in 1952. His aimed to understand the mechanism of perception, movement, emotion, thought, memories and mind. That's why he worked the nervous system in the laboratory of Harry Grundfest, professor of neurology at Columbia University. Kandel studied how our memories are stored by nerve cells. He discovered that in the Aplysia Californica's learning mechanism, chemical signals changed the structure of synapses. He continued his experiments to explain that short-lived term and long-lived term memories were caused by different signals. In 2000, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine “for his discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system”. His studies have solved not only physiological questions, but also have been the basis for many subsequent multidisciplinary workshops. For this reason, we aimed to introduce the precious scientist who lead the future researches. Kandel is still a professor at Columbia University. He is continuing his researches at Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is among the founders of the Neurobiology and Behavior Center. He is a member of France, Austria, Greece, Germany, the National Academies of Sciences and the US National Academy of Sciences. Kandel has received an honorary degree above 20. Kandel is interested in art as well as science, and his books are published.

Keywords

• Aplysia Californica, Eric Richard Kandel, Learning and Memory

References

1. Berkley GE. Vienna and its Jews: the tragedy of success, 1880s-1980s. Madison Books 1988.
2. Hamann B. Hitler's Vienna: a dictator's apprenticeship. Oxford University Press, USA 2000.
3. Young JE. Reconstructions of history: From Jewish memory to nationalized commemoration of Kristallnacht in Germany. Jews, Germans, Memory: Reconstructions of Jewish Life in Germany 1996; 179.
4. Zuckmayer CA. Part of Myself. Translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston 1966.
5. Blakemore C. Mechanics of the Mind, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1977.
6. Milner B, Corkin S, Teuber HL. Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of HM. Neuropsychologia 1968; 6(3): 215-234.
7. Kandel ER, Spencer WA, Brinley FJ. Electrophysiology of hippocampal neurons: I. Sequential invasion and synaptic organization. Journal of Neurophysiology 1961; 24(3): 225-242.
8. Kandel ER, Spencer WA. Electrophysiology of hippocampal neurons: II. After-potentials and repetitive firing. Journal of Neurophysiology 1961; 24(3): 243-259.

9. Spencer WA, Kandel ER. Electrophysiology of hippocampal neurons: IV. Fast prepotentials. Journal of Neurophysiology 1961; 24(3): 272-285.
10. Pavlov IP, Gleb VA. Conditioned reflexes. Courier Corporation 2003.
11. Kandel ER, Tauc L. Heterosynaptic facilitation in neurones of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia depilans. The Journal of Physiology 1965; 181(1): 1-27.
12. Castellucci V. Neuronal mechanisms of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science 1970; 167(3926):1745-8.
13. Pinsker HM, Hening WA, Carew TJ, Kandel ER. Long-term sensitization of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science 1973; 182(4116): 1039-1042.
14. Bailey CH, Chen M. Long-term memory in Aplysia modulates the total number of varicosities of single identified sensory neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1988; 85(7): 2373-2377.
15. Castellucci V, Kandel ER. Presynaptic facilitation as a mechanism for behavioral sensitization in Aplysia. Science 1976; 194(4270): 1176-1178.
16. Siegelbaum SA, Camardo JS, Kandel ER. Serotonin and cyclic AMP close single K+ channels in Aplysia sensory neurones. Nature 1982; 299(5882): 413-417.
17. Kistler HB, Hawkins RD, Koester J, Steinbusch HW, Kandel ER, Schwartz JH. Distribution of serotonin- immunoreactive cell bodies and processes in the abdominal ganglion of mature Aplysia. Journal of Neuroscience 1985; 5(1):72-80.
18. Schwartz JH, Castellucci VF, Kandel ER. Functioning of identified neurons and synapses in abdominal ganglion of Aplysia in absence of protein synthesis. Journal of Neurophysiology 1971; 34(6): 939-953.
19. Benzer S. Behavioral mutants of Drosophila isolated by countercurrent distribution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1967; 58(3): 1112-1119.
20. Goelet P, Castellucci VF, Schacher S, Kandel ER. The long and the short of long-term memory: a molecular framework. Nature 1986; 322(6078):419-22.
21. Bacskai BJ et al. Spatially resolved dynamics of cAMP and protein kinase A subunits in Aplysia sensory neurons. Science-New York Then Washington 1993; 260: 222-222.
22. Dash PK, Hochner B, Kandel ER. Injection of the cAMP-responsive element into the nucleus of Aplysia sensory neurons blocks long-term facilitation. Nature 1990; 345(6277): 718-721.
23. Bartsch D et al. Aplysia CREB2 represses long-term facilitation: relief of repression converts transient facilitation into long-term functional and structural change. Cell 1995; 83(6): 979-992.
24. Tully T, Preat T, Boynton SC, Del Vecchio M. Genetic dissection of consolidated memory in Drosophila. Cell 1994; 79(1): 35-47.
25. Yin JCP et al. Induction of a dominant negative CREB transgene specifically blocks long-term memory in Drosophila. Cell 1994; 79(1): 49-58.