Total Fenolic Contents of Ferula elaeochytris Root Extract and Its Effect on Glucose Levels

Abstract

Nowadays, diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia by a problem in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is known that oxidative damage plays an important role in the development of vascular and neurogenic complications of diabetes and antioxidants are effective on these pathologies. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Ferula elaeochytris root extract, commonly known as “ÇAKŞIR” in South and Southeastern Anatolia. Ferula elaeochytris was collected from the Engizek plateau of Kahramanmaraş. The plant root was prepared on a clean and dry surface and ground for grinding. The inhibitory effect of Ferula eleaochytris on glucose was determined electrochemically with the biosensor device, and total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method as an indicator of antioxidant activity. In this study, according to electrochemical analysis with biosensor device, a linear decrease in glucose levels was observed depends on the decrease of enzyme-substrate interaction as a result of the addition of 100 µl cumulatively 1 minute (min) intervals of Ferula elaeochytris root extract (N=120). In addition, the total phenolic content of this plant was detected (41.45±2.38 mg GAE/g, n:3) by Folin-Ciocalteu method. It can be concluded that Ferula elaeochytris may have a hypoglycemic effect owing to its inhibitory effect on glucose levels and Ferula elaeochytris may also have a possible antioxidant source by means of the plant has a high capacity of total phenolic content. With the advanced studies to be done, it will be able to provide a more conscious utilization in accordance with the purpose of this unconsciously used plant by many people. 

Keywords

• Ferula elaeochytris,biosensor,phenolic compounds,glucose

Ferula elaeochytris Kök Ekstresinin Toplam Fenolik Bileşikler ve Glukoz Seviyesi Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Günümüzde önemli bir sorun haline gelen diyabet, insülin sekresyonu, insülin etkisi veya her ikisindeki sorunlardan kaynaklanan hiperglisemi ile karakterize bir metabolik hastalıktır. Diyabet hastalığının vasküler ve nörojenik komplikasyonlarının gelişiminde oksidatif hasarın önemli rol oynadığını ve bu patolojiler üzerinde antioksidanların etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Güney ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde sıkça kullanılan “ÇAKŞIR” diye bilinen Ferula elaeochytris kök ekstresinin toplam fenolik içeriği ve glukozu inhibe edici etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Kahramanmaraş Engizek yaylasından toplatılan Ferula elaeochytris bitkisinin kök kısmı temiz ve kuru bir zeminde kurutulduktan sonra öğütülerek, işleme alınmak üzere hazırlanmıştır. Ferula eleaochytris’in glukoz üzerine etkisi biyosensör cihazı ile elektrokimyasal olarak; antioksidan etkinliğinin bir göstergesi olarak da Folin-Ciocalteu yöntemi ile toplam fenolik içeriği tayin edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, biyosensör cihazı ile elektrokimyasal incelemesinde, Ferula elaeochytris kök ekstresinin 100’er µl kümülatif olarak 1 dakika (dk) aralıkla eklenmesi sonucu enzim-substrat etkileşiminin azalmasına bağlı olarak glukoz seviyeleri üzerinde doğrusal bir düşüş olduğu gözlemlenmiştir (N=120). Ayrıca, bu bitkinin Folin-Ciocalteu yöntemi ile toplam fenolik içeriği 41.45±2.38 mg GAE/g (n:3) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ferula elaeochytris’in glukoz seviyesini inhibe edici etkisinden dolayı hipoglisemik ve toplam fenolik içeriğinin yüksek kapasiteye sahip olması yönüyle ise antioksidan kaynağına sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Yapılacak olan ileri çalışmalarla, insanlar tarafından bilinçsizce kullanılan bu bitkinin yerinde ve amacına uygun daha bilinçli bir kullanımı sağlanabilir. 

Keywords

• Ferula elaeochytris,biyosensör,fenolik bileşikler,glukoz

References

1. 1. Cahill GF. The physiology of insulin in man. Diabetes 1971;20(12):785–99.
2. 2. Atalay M, Laaksonen DE. Diabetes, oxidative stres and physical exercise. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2002;1:1-14.
3. 3. de M Bandeira S, et al. Oxidative stress as an underlying contributor in the development of chronic complications in diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2013;14(2):3265-84.
4. 4. Azadzoi KM, Saenz de Tejada I. Diabetes mellitus impairs neurogenic and endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. Journal of Urology 1992;148:1587-91.
5. 5. Keegan A, Cotter MA, Cameron NE. Effects of diabetes and treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on endothelial and neurogenic responses of corpus cavernosum in rats. Diabetologia 1999;42(3):343–350.
6. 6. Gocmen C, et al. Effects of vitamin E and sodiumselenate on neurogenic and endothelial relaxation of corpus cavernosum in the diabetic mouse. European Journal of Pharmacology 2000;398(1):93–8.
7. 7. Saenz de Tejada I, et al. Impaired neurogenic and endothelium-mediated relaxation of penile smooth muscle from diabetic men with impotence. New England Journal of Medicine 1989;320:1025-30.
8. 8. Cameron NE, Cotter MA. Metabolic and vascular factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 1997;46(2):31–7.

9. 9. Poli F, et al. Antiproliferative effects of daucane esters from Ferula communis and Ferula arrigonii on human colon cancer cell lines. Phytotherapy 2005;19(2):152-7.
10. 10. Low PA, Nickander KK, Tritschler HJ. The roles of oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 1997;46(2):38-42.
11. 11. Kose EO, et al. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of essential oil of endemic Ferula lycia Boiss. Journal of medicinal plant research 2010;4(17):1698-703.
12. 12. Lhuillier A, et al. Daucane sesquiterpenes from Ferula hermonis. Journal of Natural Products 2005;68(3):468–71.
13. 13. Macho A, et al. Calcium ionophoretic and apoptotic effects of ferutinin in the human Jurkat T-cell line. Biochemical Pharmacology 2004;68(5):875–83.
14. 14. Abu-Zaiton AS. Anti-diabetic activity of Ferula assafoetida extract in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 2010;13(2):97-100.
15. 15. Fatehi M, Farifteh F, Fatehi-Hassanabad Z. Antispasmodic and hypotensive effects of Ferula asafoetida gum extract. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2004;91(2-3):321-4.
16. 16. Singh R. In vitro evaluation of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of spices for antifungal properties. Indian journal of animal sciences 2007;77:675-7.
17. 17. Agrawal AK, et al. Effect of Piper longum Linn, Zingiber officinalis Linn and Ferula species on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2000;38(10):994-8.
18. 18. Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1989;26(4):254–8.
19. 19. Geroushi A, et al. Antiinflammatory sesquiterpenes from the root oil of Ferula hermonis. Phytotherapy Research 2011;25(5):774-7.
20. 20. Keegan A, Cotter MA, Cameron NE. Corpus cavernosum dysfunction in diabetic rats: effects of combined alpha-lipoic acid and gamma-linoleic acid treatment. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2001;17(5):380–6.
21. 21. Kareparamban JA, et al. Ferula foetida Hing A Review. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 2012;3(2):775.
22. 22. Kartlaşmış K, Kökbaş U, Kayrın L. Glukoz oksidaz enziminin elektrokimyasal çalışmalarda optimizasyon koşullarının belirlenmesi. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi. 2016;41:3.
23. 23. Cicco N, et al. A reproducible, rapid and inexpensive Folin-Ciocalteu micro-method in determining phenolics of plant methanol extracts. Microchemical Journal 2009;91:107–10.
24. 24. Arslan M, Sözen Şahne B, Şar S. Dünya’daki geleneksel tedavi sistemlerinden örnekler: genel bir bakış. Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 2016;6(3):100-105.
25. 25. Güzel S, et al. Vincetoxicum canescens subsp. canescens ve Vincetoxicum cancescens subsp. pedunculata Tohumlarının Antimikrobiyal ve Antiproliferatif Aktiviteleri Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 2019;9(3):367-375.
26. 26. Kaşık M. Peripheral Analgesic Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Ferulic Acid. Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 2019; 9 (3): 385-392.
27. 27. Singleton VL, Rossi JAJ. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. The American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 1965;16:144–58.
28. 28. Yeşilsu A. The effects of natural antioxidants on oxidatıve stability of microencapsulated anchovy oil. Çukurova University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Fishing and Seafood Processing Technology, PhD Thesis, 2018.
29. 29. Abeysinghe, D C, et al. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities in different edible tissues of citrus fruit of four species. Food chemistry 2007;104 (4):1338-1344.
30. 30. Deveci E, Tel-Çayan G, Duru ME. Phenolic profile, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and anti-tyrosinase activities of the various extracts of Ferula elaeochytris and Sideritis stricta. International journal of food properties 2018;21(1):771-783.
31. 31. Zhao H, Zhang H, Yang S. Phenolic compounds and its antioxidant activities in ethanolic extracts from seven cultivars of Chinese jujube. Food Science and Human Wellness 2014;3(3–4):183-90.
32. 32. Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga G. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in Plant Science 1997;2(4):152-9.
33. 33. Sendogdu N, et al. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Vitis vinifera L. leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006;3:7–18.
34. 34. Helal E, et al. Hyperglycemic and Hyperinsulinemic effects of Ferula assofetida on diabetic male albino rats. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 2005;21:95-108. 35. Yusufoglu HS, et al. Antioxidant and antihyperglycemic effects of Ferula drudeana and Ferula huber-morathii in experimental diabetic rats. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2015;11(7):738-48.
35. 36. Kassis E, et al. Efficacy and Safety Assessments of Ferula assa-foetida L., Traditionally used in Greco-Arab Herbal Medicine for Enhancing Male Fertility, Libido and Erectile Function. The Open Complementary Medicine Journal 2009;1:102-9.
36. 37. Eser N, et al. The effect of Ferula elaeochytris root extract on erectile dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. International journal of impotence research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-019-0137-8.
37. 38. Vessal M, Hemmati M, Vasei M. Antidiabetic effects of quercetin in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C 2003;135(3): 357–64.
38. 39. Yoshikawa M, et al. Medicinal flowers. III. Marigold (1): hypoglycemic, gastric emptying inhibitory, and gastroprotective principles and new oleanane type triterpene oligoglycosides, calendasaponins A, B, C and D from Egyptian Calendula officinalis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2001;49:863–70.
39. 40. Aslan M, et al. In vivo antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Helichrysum plicatum ssp. plicatum capitulums in streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2007;109(1):54-9.
40. 41. Tiedge M, et al. Relation between antioxidant enzyme gene expression and antioxidative defense status of insulin producing cells. Diabetes 1997;46(11):1733–42.
41. 42. Drews G, Krippeit-Drews P, Düfer M. Oxidative stress and beta-cell dysfunction. European Journal of Physiology 2010;460(4):703–18.
42. 43. Hii CS, Howell SL. Effects of flavonoids on insulin secretion and 45Ca2+ handling in rat islets of Langerhans. Journal of Endocrinology 1985;107(1):1-8.
43. 44. Chika A, Bello SO. Antihyperglycaemic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Combretum micranthum (Combretaceae) in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2010;129(1):34-7.
44. 45. Eser N, Yoldas A. Identification of heat-resistant chemical components of Ferula elaeochytris root extracts by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2019;18(1):55-60.211.