Trotula, Avrupa’nın İlk Kadın Hekimi: Tarihsel Bir Tartışma

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 314 - 324, 30.05.2023

Özlem Gül

https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1239225

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma kapsamında Avrupada ilk kadın hekim olduğu öne sürülen Trotula'nın, tarihsel bir kişilik olarak varlığı ve Avrupa Eğitim Tarihi serüveni içindeki rolünün değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Araştırmada konuya ilişkin araştırma için literatür taraması 1 Ekim 2017-01 Mayıs 2021 tarihleri arasında PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Library Genesis, Springer, Jstor Ebsco, ProQuest, Social Sciences Index Retrospective veri tabanlarından yapılmıştır. Bununla birlikte Londra, Paris Ulusal Kütüphanesi, Oxford ve Glasgow Üniversitelerinin Kütüphanelerinde araştırma yapılmıştır. Trotulaya atfedilen eserlere ilişkin çalışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Aynı zamanda, XII. yüzyılda kaleme alındığı düşünülen ve the Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum De curis mulierum, ve De ornatu mulierum adlarıyla bilinen ve kadın tıbbı konusunda dönemin en ünlü eserleri arasında yer alan çalışmalar da bu kapsamda incelenmiştir.
Bulgular: XII. Yüzyıl Avrupasında kadın hekimler arasında adı ün kazanan Trotula isimli birisinin gerçekten var olup olmadığı hakkında net bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak mevcut bilgiler ışığında Salerno’da Trotula isminde bir kadın şifacının yaşamış olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Trotulaya atfen kadın sağlığı ve kozmetik alanlarında yazılmış üç eser mevcuttur. Bu eserlerin birleştirilerek hazırlanan Trotula Minor ve Major isimli kitaplar mevcuttur.
Sonuç: Orta Çağ Avrupasında ilk üniversitelerin kurulduğu dönemde Trotula isimli bir hekim ve yazarın kesin olarak yaşadığına ilişkin somut bir bilgiye ulaşılamamıştır. Ancak bu isimle oluşturulan kitaplar Orta Çağ Avrupa tıbbında önemli birer kaynak olarak kullanılmışlardır.

Keywords

Avrupada ilk kadın hekimler, Trotula, Salerno Tıp Okulu

Trotula, The First Female Physician of Europe: A Historiographical Debate

Abstract

Objective: Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to evaluate the existence of Trotula, who is claimed to be the first female physician in Europe, as a historical personality and her role in the adventure of European Education History.
Methods: A literature review was conducted on the subject using various databases including PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Library Genesis, Springer, Jstor Ebsco, ProQuest, and Social Sciences Index Retrospective between October 1, 2017, and May 01, 2021. Additionally, research was done in the libraries of London, Paris National Library, Oxford, and Glasgow universities. The studies on the works attributed to Trotula were evaluated, as well as the most prominent works on women's medicine from the XII. century, including the Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum, De curis mulierum, and De ornatu mulierum.
Results: There is no clear information about whether a person named Trotula lived in Europe in the XII. century. However, in the light of available information, it is highly probable that a female healer named Trotula lived in Salerno. There are three works written in the fields of women's health and cosmetics entitled with Trotula Minor and Major, which are prepared by combining these works.
Conclusion: Despite extensive research, no concrete evidence could be found to confirm the existence of a physician and writer named Trotula during the establishment of the first universities in Medieval Europe. Nevertheless, the books attributed to Trotula were widely circulated and served as an important source of knowledge in medieval European medicine.

Keywords

First Woman Physician, Trotula, Salerno Medical School

References

• 1. Hurd-Mead K. Trotula. Isis 1930;14(2):349-67.
• 2. Benton JF. Trotula, women's problems, and the professionalization of medicine in the middle ages. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1985;59(1):30–53.
• 3. Prioreschi P. History of medicine volume V, medieval medicine. Omaha: Horatius Press; 2003.
• 4. Cavallo p, et al. The first cosmetic treatise of history. A female point of view. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2008;30(2):79–86.
• 5. De Renzi S. Storia documentata della scuola medica di salerno. 2nd ed. Napoli: Nobile; 1857. 6. Green HM. In search of an "authentic" women's medicine: the strange fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen. Dynamis 1999;19:25–54.
• 7. Walsh J. Old-Time makers of medicine. New York: Fordham University Press; 1911. pp:189-93.
• 8. Somerville LS. Rise and early constitution of universities, with a survey of mediaeval education. New York: D. Appleton and Company; 1887. pp: 87-92.
• 9. Terraris ZA, Ferraris VA. The women of Salerno: contribution to the origins of surgery from medieval Italy. Ann Thorac Surgery 1997;64(6):1855-57.
• 10. Green HM. The Trotula: an English translation of the medieval compendium of women’s medicine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press;2002. pp: 63-72.
• 11. Mengi N. Bir edebi tür olarak deneme ve Türk edebiyatındaki yeri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2005;14(2):353-68.
• 12. Green HM. The fate of muscio’s gynecology in England. Proceedings of 47th International Congress on Medieval Studies; 2012; May 10-13; Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications Western Michigan University; 2012. P:118.
• 13. Green HM. Obstetrical and gynecological texts in middle English. Studies in the Age of Chaucer 1997;14:53–88.
• 14. Green HM. Who/What is Trotula? [updated 2020; cited 2020 April 2]. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/34558710/Who_What_is_Trotula_2017_.
• 15. Bailey M, Meek KL, Kerry L. Women and science an annotated bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing; 1996.
• 16. Siraisi NG. Medieval & early renaissance medicine an introduction to knowledge and practice, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1990.
• 17. Ahvensalmi JK. Reading the manuscript page: the use of supra-textual devices in the middle English trotula-manuscripts, University of Glasgow College of Arts. Doktora Tezi; 2013.
• 18. Jones PM. Medieval Medical Illustrations, London: The British Library; 1984. p:34.
• 19. Green, HM. Women’s medical practice and health care in medieval Europe. Signs 1989;14 (2):434–73.
• 20. Saunders JB, De CM. A history of women in medicine from the earliest times to the beginning of the nineteenth century Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead. Isis 1938;29(2):307-10.
• 21. Cavollo P, Proto MC, Patruno C, et al. The first cosmetic treatise of history. A female point of view. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2008:30(2):79–86.
• 22. Mason-Hohl E. The diseases of women by Trotula of Salerno. Hollywood: Ward Ritchie Press; 1940.
• 23. Bifulco M, Ciaglia E, Marasco M, et al. A Focus on Trotula de’ Ruggiero: a pioneer in women and children health in history of medicine. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;27(2):204-5.
• 24. Green HM. Making Women's Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male in Pre-Modern Gynaecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.
• 25. Kleinhenz C. Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge; 2004.
• 26. Chaucer G. Chaucer's wife of bath's prologue and tale: An annotated bibliography, 1900 to 1995. Edited by Peter G. Beidler and Elizabeth M. Biebel. University of Toronto Press; 1998.
• 27. Brooke E. Women healers through history revised and expanded edition. London: Aeon Books; 2020.
• 28. Harding F. Breast cancer: Cause, prevention, cure. UK: Tekline Publishing; 2006.
• 29. Sauer MM. Gender in medieval culture. USA: Bloomsbury Academic; 2015.
• 30. Schaus M. Women and gender in medieval Europe: An encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis; 2006.
• 31. Castigliglioni A. A history of medicine. New York: Knopf; 1941.
• 32. Bayon, HP. Trotula and the ladies of Salerno: A contribution to the knowledge of the transition between ancient and mediæval physick (abridged): (Section of the history of medicine). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1940;33(8):471–75.
• 33. Jones, PM. Medieval medical illustrations, London: The British Library; 1984.
• 34. Prioreschi P. A history of medicine: Roman medicine. Omaha: Horatius Press; 1996.
• 35. Hiersemann C. Die abschnitte aus der practica des trottus in der salernitanischen sammelschrift “de aegritudinum curatione”. Leipzig: Inaug-Diss, Institut für Geschichte der Medizin; 1921.