Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of the Moral Distress Scale for Primary Health Care Workers and the Shortened Hospital Ethical Climate Scale
Year 2024,
Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 631 - 637, 30.09.2024
Meltem Doğan
,
Sibel Balcı
,
Aslıhan Akpınar
Abstract
Aim: The literature extensively covers the moral distress of intensive care and other healthcare workers, along with their perceptions of the ethical climate, but there are few studies concerning primary healthcare workers. This study aims to determine the moral distress and perceptions of ethical climate towards their institutions among family physicians and primary healthcare workers, using the Moral Distress Scale for Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP-TR) developed by Epstein et al. in 2019, and the Hospital Ethical Climate Scale (HECS-S-TR) validated and shortened by Olson based on the work of Hamric et al.
Method: The methodological research was conducted in Istanbul between November 2021 and June 2022. Language validity was ensured in the study. The scale's construct validity was examined through confirmatory factor analysis, and internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The study was compared with the original scale, and studies were conducted using the same scales.
Results: The study included a total of 270 participants. Of these, 209 were female (77.4%) and 61 were male (22.6%). Among the participants, 121 were physicians (44.9%), 72 were midwives (26.6%), 69 were nurses (25.5%), and 8 were other primary healthcare workers. The total reliability alpha coefficient of the Moral Distress Scale for Healthcare Workers (MMD-HP-TR) was found to be 0.931. The total reliability alpha coefficient of the Shortened Hospital Ethical Climate Scale (HECS-S-TR) was found to be 0.935. There was a low level of inverse relationship between MMD-HP-TR and its subscales and HECS-S-TR. As the score of MMD-HP-TR increased, the score of HECS-S-TR decreased.
Conclusion: The Moral Distress Scale for Healthcare Workers (MMD-HP-TR) and the Shortened Hospital Ethical Climate Scale (HECS-S-TR) are suitable measurement tools for primary healthcare professionals. They can be utilized as data collection instruments for future studies.
Project Number
Bu çalışma Kocaeli Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından (Proje No: TDK-2022-2798) desteklenmiştir.
References
- 1. Jameton A. Dilemmas of moral distress: moral responsibility and nursing practice. Awhonn’s Clinical Issues in Perinatal and Women’s Health Nursing 1993; 4(4): 542–551.
- 2. Fourie C. Who Is Experiencing What Kind of Moral Distress? Distinctions for Moving from a Narrow to a Broad Definition of Moral Distress. AMA Journal of Ethics 2017;19(6): 578–584.
- 3. Førde R, Aasland OG. Moral distress among Norwegian doctors. Journal of Medical Ethics 2008; 34(7):521–525.
- 4. Pye K. Exploring moral distress in pediatric oncology; a sample of registered practitioners. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 2013;36(4):248–261.
- 5. Whitehead PB, et al. Moral Distress Among Healthcare Professionals: Report of an Institution‐Wide Survey. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2015;47(2):117–125.
- 6. Austiny CL, et al. Moral Distress in Physicians and Nurses: Impact on Professional Quality of Life and Turnover. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2017;9(4);399–406.
- 7. Delfrate F, et al. Moral Distress (MD) and burnout in mental health nurses: A multicenter survey. Medicina del Lavoro 2018;109(2):97–109.
- 8. Neumann JL, et al. Burnout, Moral Distress, Work–Life Balance, and Career Satisfaction among Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Professionals. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2018;24(4):849–860.
- 9. Almutairi AF, et al. Prevalence of severe moral distress among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 2019;12:107–115.
- 10. Colville GA, et al. A survey of moral distress in staff working in intensive care in the UK. Journal of the Intensive Care Society 2019;20(3);196–203.
- 11. Dodek PM, et al. Moral distress is associated with general workplace distress in intensive care unit personnel. Journal of Critical Care 2019;50:122–125.
- 12. Epstein, EG, et al. Enhancing Understanding of Moral Distress: The Measure of Moral Distress for Health Care Professionals. AJOB Empirical Bioethics, 2019;10(2):113–124.
- 13. Lamiani G, et al. Moral Distress in the Italian PICUs: The Role of Individual and Organizational Factors. Pediatric critical care medicine: A journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies 2022;23(11):872–880.
- 14. Corley MC. Moral distress of critical care nurses. American journal of critical care : an official publication. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 1995;4(4):280–285.
- 15. Corley MC. Nurse Moral Distress: a proposed theory and research agenda. Nursing Ethics 2002;9(6):636–650.
- 16. Corley MC, et al. Nurse moral distress and ethical work environment. Nursing Ethics 2005;12(4):381–390.
- 17. Hamric AB, et al. Development and Testing of an Instrument to Measure Moral Distress in Healthcare Professionals. AJOB Primary Research 2012;3(2):1–9.
- 18. Bozhüyük A, et al. Sağlıklı yaşam biçimi ve aile hekimliği. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 2012;6(1).
- 19. İlgün G, Şahin B. Aile hekimliği çalışanlarının aile hekimliği uygulaması hakkındaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 2016;19(2):115–130.
- 20. Yurt S. Aile sağlığı hemşireliği uygulamalarında COVID-19 yönetimi. Türkiye Klinikleri COVID – 2020; 19:1(32), 35–41.
- 21. Akpınar A, et al. Düzce İli Aile Hekimlerinin Yaşadığı Etik Sorunlara Dayanan Bir Etik Eğitim Programı Önerisi. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi 2013;5(1):3–10.
- 22. Bentzen BG, et al. The Role of the General Practitioner / Family Physician in Health Care Systems: a Statement From Wonca 1991;1–7.
- 23. Olson L. Ethical climate in health care organizations. International Nursing Review 1995;42(3):85–90.
- 24. Görpelioğlu S, et al. Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Health Belief Questionnaire. Turkish Journal of Family Practice 2022;26(3):102–107.
- 25. Yildiz D, Uzunsakal E. Alan araştırmalarında güvenilirlik testlerinin karşılaştırılması ve tarımsal veriler üzerine bir uygulama. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2018;2(1):14–28.
- 26. Rodriguez-Ruiz E, et al. Validation and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Measure of Moral Distress for Health Care Professionals (MMD-HP-SPA). Medicina Intensiva (English Edition) 2022;46(3):169–170.
- 27. Donkers MA, et al. Moral distress and ethical climate in intensive care medicine during COVID-19: a nationwide study. BMC Med Ethics 2021;22(1):1–12.
- 28. Pergert P, et al. Translating and culturally adapting the shortened version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (HECS-S) – retaining or modifying validated instruments. BMC Medical Ethics 2018;19(1):35.
Birinci Basamak Sağlık Çalışanları İçin Ahlaki Sıkıntı Ölçeği ve Kısaltılmış Hastane Etik İklim Ölçeği'nin Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Year 2024,
Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 631 - 637, 30.09.2024
Meltem Doğan
,
Sibel Balcı
,
Aslıhan Akpınar
Abstract
Amaç: Yoğun bakım ve diğer sağlık çalışanlarının ahlaki sıkıntılarını ve etik iklim algılarını ele alan literatür geniş kapsamlıdır, ancak birinci basamak sağlık hizmeti çalışanları ile ilgili az sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, aile hekimleri ve aile sağlığı çalışanlarının ahlaki sıkıntısını ve kurumlarına karşı etik iklim algılarını belirlemek için Epstein ve diğerleri tarafından 2019'da geliştirilen Ahlaki Sıkıntı Ölçeği-Sağlık Çalışanları (ASÖ-SÇ-TR) ile Olson tarafından geliştirilen ve Hamric ve arkadaşları tarafından kısaltılan Hastane Etik İklim Ölçeği'nin (HEİÖ-K-TR) geçerlilik-güvenilirlik çalışmasını yapmaktır.
Yöntem: Metodolojik araştırma türünde olan araştırma; İstanbul ilinde Kasım 2021-Haziran 2022 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada dil geçerliliği uyumu sağlanmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliği doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile, iç tutarlılık güvenirliği ise “Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı” ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın karşılaştırılması orijinal ölçek ve aynı ölçeklerin kullanıldığı çalışmalar ile yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Araştırmada toplam 270 katılımcı yer aldı. Katılımcıların 209’u kadın (%77,4), 61’i erkek (%22,6) olup; 121’i hekim (%44,9), 72’i ebe (%26,6), 69’u hemşire (%25,5), ve 8’i diğer sağlık aile sağlığı çalışanından (%3) oluşmaktaydı. Ahlaki Sıkıntı Ölçeği-Sağlık Çalışanları (ASÖ-SÇ-TR) ölçeğinin toplam güvenirlik alfa katsayısı 0,931 olarak bulundu. Kısaltılmış hastane Etik İklim (HEİÖ-K-TR) ölçeğinin toplam güvenirlik alfa katsayısı 0,935 olarak bulundu. ASÖ-SÇ-TR ve alt boyutları ile HEİÖ-K-TR arasında düşük düzeyde ters ilişki olduğu görüldü. ASÖ-SÇ-TR puan değeri artarken HEİÖ-K-TR puan değeri düştü.
Sonuç: Ahlaki Sıkıntı Ölçeği-Sağlık Çalışanları (ASÖ-SÇ-TR) ve Kısaltılmış Hastane Etik İklim Ölçeği (HEİÖ-K-TR) birinci basamak sağlık profesyonelleri için uygun bir ölçme aracıdır. Bundan sonraki yapılacak çalışmalar için veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılabilir.
Ethical Statement
Bu çalışma Kocaeli Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Etik Kurulu’ndan 21/10/2021 tarihli, 2021/301 proje numarası GOKAEK-2021/18.15 kararı ile etik onay alındı.
Supporting Institution
Kocaeli Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi
Project Number
Bu çalışma Kocaeli Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından (Proje No: TDK-2022-2798) desteklenmiştir.
References
- 1. Jameton A. Dilemmas of moral distress: moral responsibility and nursing practice. Awhonn’s Clinical Issues in Perinatal and Women’s Health Nursing 1993; 4(4): 542–551.
- 2. Fourie C. Who Is Experiencing What Kind of Moral Distress? Distinctions for Moving from a Narrow to a Broad Definition of Moral Distress. AMA Journal of Ethics 2017;19(6): 578–584.
- 3. Førde R, Aasland OG. Moral distress among Norwegian doctors. Journal of Medical Ethics 2008; 34(7):521–525.
- 4. Pye K. Exploring moral distress in pediatric oncology; a sample of registered practitioners. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 2013;36(4):248–261.
- 5. Whitehead PB, et al. Moral Distress Among Healthcare Professionals: Report of an Institution‐Wide Survey. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2015;47(2):117–125.
- 6. Austiny CL, et al. Moral Distress in Physicians and Nurses: Impact on Professional Quality of Life and Turnover. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2017;9(4);399–406.
- 7. Delfrate F, et al. Moral Distress (MD) and burnout in mental health nurses: A multicenter survey. Medicina del Lavoro 2018;109(2):97–109.
- 8. Neumann JL, et al. Burnout, Moral Distress, Work–Life Balance, and Career Satisfaction among Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Professionals. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2018;24(4):849–860.
- 9. Almutairi AF, et al. Prevalence of severe moral distress among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 2019;12:107–115.
- 10. Colville GA, et al. A survey of moral distress in staff working in intensive care in the UK. Journal of the Intensive Care Society 2019;20(3);196–203.
- 11. Dodek PM, et al. Moral distress is associated with general workplace distress in intensive care unit personnel. Journal of Critical Care 2019;50:122–125.
- 12. Epstein, EG, et al. Enhancing Understanding of Moral Distress: The Measure of Moral Distress for Health Care Professionals. AJOB Empirical Bioethics, 2019;10(2):113–124.
- 13. Lamiani G, et al. Moral Distress in the Italian PICUs: The Role of Individual and Organizational Factors. Pediatric critical care medicine: A journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies 2022;23(11):872–880.
- 14. Corley MC. Moral distress of critical care nurses. American journal of critical care : an official publication. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 1995;4(4):280–285.
- 15. Corley MC. Nurse Moral Distress: a proposed theory and research agenda. Nursing Ethics 2002;9(6):636–650.
- 16. Corley MC, et al. Nurse moral distress and ethical work environment. Nursing Ethics 2005;12(4):381–390.
- 17. Hamric AB, et al. Development and Testing of an Instrument to Measure Moral Distress in Healthcare Professionals. AJOB Primary Research 2012;3(2):1–9.
- 18. Bozhüyük A, et al. Sağlıklı yaşam biçimi ve aile hekimliği. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 2012;6(1).
- 19. İlgün G, Şahin B. Aile hekimliği çalışanlarının aile hekimliği uygulaması hakkındaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 2016;19(2):115–130.
- 20. Yurt S. Aile sağlığı hemşireliği uygulamalarında COVID-19 yönetimi. Türkiye Klinikleri COVID – 2020; 19:1(32), 35–41.
- 21. Akpınar A, et al. Düzce İli Aile Hekimlerinin Yaşadığı Etik Sorunlara Dayanan Bir Etik Eğitim Programı Önerisi. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi 2013;5(1):3–10.
- 22. Bentzen BG, et al. The Role of the General Practitioner / Family Physician in Health Care Systems: a Statement From Wonca 1991;1–7.
- 23. Olson L. Ethical climate in health care organizations. International Nursing Review 1995;42(3):85–90.
- 24. Görpelioğlu S, et al. Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Health Belief Questionnaire. Turkish Journal of Family Practice 2022;26(3):102–107.
- 25. Yildiz D, Uzunsakal E. Alan araştırmalarında güvenilirlik testlerinin karşılaştırılması ve tarımsal veriler üzerine bir uygulama. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2018;2(1):14–28.
- 26. Rodriguez-Ruiz E, et al. Validation and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Measure of Moral Distress for Health Care Professionals (MMD-HP-SPA). Medicina Intensiva (English Edition) 2022;46(3):169–170.
- 27. Donkers MA, et al. Moral distress and ethical climate in intensive care medicine during COVID-19: a nationwide study. BMC Med Ethics 2021;22(1):1–12.
- 28. Pergert P, et al. Translating and culturally adapting the shortened version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (HECS-S) – retaining or modifying validated instruments. BMC Medical Ethics 2018;19(1):35.