The Use of Immersive Technologies as a Representation Tool in the Protection of Archaeological Heritage

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 817 - 836, 20.12.2023

Merve Öztürk

https://doi.org/10.26835/my.1352984

Abstract

The preservation of the archaeological heritage with appropriate techniques and methods ensures that it is transferred to future generations in a sustainable way. Various laws, charters and regulations at the national and international level serve as a guide for the right conservation approaches in these areas. However, ensuring sustainability in the protection of cultural heritage is possible by transferring information to society through correct presentation techniques and creating awareness and consciousness in individuals. With the rapid developments in technology, computer-based visualization techniques are used in the presentation of cultural heritage. It has been seen in digital applications that started to be developed in the 2000’s that immersive technologies such as VR and AR, which are applied in fields such as education, health, automotive, entertainment, etc., can be used effectively in the presentation of cultural heritage. In this article, international steps taken in the protection of archaeological heritage and immersive technologies are mentioned, the purposes of using these technologies as a presentation technique in the protection of archaeological heritage are classified and evaluated through examples. Technologies such as VR and AR have been found to be an effective tool in the representation of archaeological heritage and it is aimed that the examples presented will have an encouraging effect for more effective studies in the future.

Keywords

Archaeological Heritage, Conservation, Immersive Technologies, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality

Arkeolojik Mirasın Korunmasında Saran Teknolojilerin Temsil Aracı Olarak Kullanımı

Abstract

Arkeolojik mirasın uygun teknik ve yöntemlerle korunması gelecek kuşaklara sürdürülebilir bir şekilde aktarılmasını sağlamaktadır. Ulusal ve uluslararası düzeydeki çeşitli yasalar, tüzükler ve yönetmelikler bu alanlarda doğru koruma yaklaşımlarının izlenmesi için rehber niteliği taşımaktadır. Bununla birlikte kültürel mirasın korunmasında sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması, doğru sunum teknikleri aracılığıyla topluma bilginin aktarılarak bireylerde farkındalık ve bilinç oluşturulması ile mümkün olmaktadır. Teknolojide yaşanan hızlı gelişmelerle birlikte kültürel mirasın sunumunda da bilgisayar temelli görselleştirme teknikleri kullanılmaktadır. Eğitim, sağlık, otomotiv, eğlence vb. alanlarda uygulanan VR ve AR gibi saran teknolojilerin kültürel mirasın sunumunda da etkili bir şekilde kullanılabileceği 2000’li yıllarda geliştirilmeye başlanan dijital uygulamalarda görülmüştür. Bu makalede arkeolojik mirasın korunmasında uluslararası ölçekte atılan adımlar ve saran teknolojilerden bahsedilmiş, bu teknolojilerin arkeolojik mirasın korunmasında bir sunum tekniği olarak kullanım amaçları sınıflandırılmış ve örnekler üzerinden incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir. VR ve AR gibi teknolojilerin arkeolojik mirasın temsilinde etkili bir araç olduğu görülmüş ve sunulan örneklerin gelecekte daha etkili çalışmaların üretilmesinde cesaretlendirici bir etki oluşturması hedeflenmiştir.

Keywords

Arkeolojik Miras, Koruma, Saran Teknolojiler, Sanal Gerçeklik, Artırılmış Gerçeklik

References

• Ahunbay, Z. (2010). Arkeolojik Alanlarda Koruma Sorunları Kuramsal ve Yasal Açılardan Değerlendirme. TÜBA-KED 8, 103-118.
• Alberts, H.C. & Hazen, H.D. (2010). Maintaining Authenticity and Integrity at Cultural World Heritage Sites. Geographical Review, 100 (1), 56-73.
• Arena, F., Collotta, M., Pau, G. & Termine, F. (2022). An Overview of Augmented Reality. Computers 2022, 11, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/ computers11020028
• Argiolas, R., Bagnolo, V., Cera, S. & Cuccu, S. (2022).Virtual Environments to Communicate Built Cultural Heritage: A HBIM Based Virtual Tour. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing Spatial Information Sciences. XLVI-5/W1-2022, 21–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs- archives-XLVI-5- W1-2022-21-2022, 2022.
• Bekele, M., Pierdicca, R., Frontoni, E., Malinverni, E. & Gain, J., (2018). A survey of augmented, virtual, and mixed reality for cultural heritage. Journal of Computing and Cultural Heritage, 11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3145534.
• Bruno, F., Barbieri, L., Mangeruga, M., Cozza, M., Lagudi, A., Čejka, J., Liarokapis, F. & Skarlatos, D. (2019). Underwater augmented reality for improving the diving experience in submerged archaeological sites. Ocean Engineering, 190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106487
• Council of Europe. (1969). European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage.
• Council of Europe. (1992). European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised).
• De Paolis, L. T., Aloisio, G., Celentano, M. G., Oliva, L. & Vecchio, P. A. (2010). A game-based 3d simulation of otranto in the middle ages. Third International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, 130–133.
• De Paolis, L.T., Chiarello, S., D’Errico, G., Gatto, C., Nuzzo, B.L. & Sumerano, G. (2021). Mobile Extended Reality for the Enhancement of an Underground Oil Mill: A Preliminary Discussion. In: De Paolis, L.T., Arpaia, P., Bourdot, P. (eds) Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Computer Graphics. AVR 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12980. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87595-4_24
• De Paolis, L.T., Chiarello, S., Gatto, C., Liaci, S. & De Luca, V. (2022). Virtual reality for the enhancement of cultural tangible and intangible heritage: The case study of the Castle of Corsano. Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 27.
• Dewailly, J.-M. (1999). Sustainable tourist space: From reality to virtual reality?. Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 1(1), 41-55.
• Eres, Z. & Özdoğan, M. (2016). Kültür Turizminde Arkeolojik Mirasın Yeri: Türkiye’deki Arkeolojik Alanlar Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme. Mimari ve Arkeolojik Koruma Kültürü Üzerine Yazılar. 115-155. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. Gaitatzes, A., Christopoulos, D. & Papaioannou, G. (2004). The ancient olympic games: being part of the experience. In Proceedings of the 5th International conference on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Intelligent Cultural Heritage. 19–28.
• Güleç Korumaz, A., Dülgerler, O. N. & Yakar, M. (2011). Kültürel Mirasın Belgelenmesinde Dijital Yaklaşımlar. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 26 (3), 67-83.
• Güleç Özer, D., Nagakura, T. & Vlavianos, N. (2016). Augmented reality (AR) of historic environments: Representation of Parion Theater, Biga, Turkey. A|Z ITU, 13(2), 185-193.
• Hajirasouli, A., Banihashemi, S., Kumarasuriyar, A., Talebi, S. & Tabadkani, A. (2021). Virtual reality-based digitisation for endangered heritage sites: theoretical framework and application. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 49, 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
• ICOMOS. (1964). The Venice Charter.
• ICOMOS. (1990). Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage.
• ICOMOS. (1996). Charter on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage.
• López-Menchero, V.M. & Grande, A. (2011). The Principles of the Seville Charter. Proceedings of CIPA SYMPOSIUM 23, Prague, Czech Republic, 12 September–16 September 2011.
• Palma, V., Spallone, R. & Vitali, M. (2019). Augmented Turin baroque atria: AR experiences for enhancing cultural heritage. International Archives Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W9, pp. 557-564.
• Panou, C., Ragia, L., Dimelli, D. & Mania, K. (2018). An Architecture for Mobile Outdoors Augmented Reality for Cultural Heritage. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(463), pp. 1-24.
• Pervolarakis, Z., Zidianakis, E., Katzourakis, A., Evdaimon, T., Partarakis, N., Zabulis, X. & Stephanidis, C. (2023). Visiting Heritage Sites in AR and VR. Heritage 2023, 6, 2489–2502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ heritage6030131
• Pierdicca, R., Frontoni, E., Zingaretti, P., Malinverni, E.S., Colosi, F. & Orazi, R. (2015). Making visible the invisible. Augmented Reality visualization for 3D reconstructions of archaeological sites. In Proceedings of the Augmented and Virtual Reality: Second International Conference, AVR 2015, Lecce, Italy, 31 August–3 September 2015; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 25–37.
• Pietroni, E. & Ferdani, D. (2021). Virtual Restoration and Virtual Reconstruction in Cultural Heritage: Terminology, Methodologies, Visual Representation Techniques and Cognitive Models. Information 2021, 12, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ info12040167
• Plecher, D. A., Keil, L., Kost, G., Fiederling, M., Eichhorn, C. & Klinker, G. (2022). Exploring underwater archaeology findings with a diving simulator in virtual reality. Frontiers Virtual Reality. 3:901335. doi: 10.3389/ frvir.2022.901335
• Shackelford, L., Huang, W. D., Craig, A., Merrill, C. & Chen, D. (2019). Relationships between motivational support and game features in a game-based virtual reality learning environment for teaching introductory archaeology. Educational Media International, 56(1), 1-18. DOI: 10.1080/09523987.2019.1669946
• Spallone, R., Lamberti, F., Guglielminotti Trivel, M., Ronco, F. & Tamantini, S. (2021). 3D Reconstruction and presentation of cultural heritage: AR and VR experiences at the Museo d’Arte Orientale di Torino. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLVIM- 1-2021, 697–704.
• Spallone, R., Lamberti, F., Olivieri, L.M., Ronco, F. & Castagna, L. (2022) AR and VR for enhancing museums heritage through 3D reconstruction of fragmented statue and architectural context. International Archives of the Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XLVI-2/W1, 473–480.
• Tom Dieck, M. C., & Jung, T. (2018). A theoretical model of mobile augmented reality acceptance in urban heritage tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 18,1–21.
• Tussyadiah, I., Wang, D., & Jia, C. H. (2017). Virtual reality and attitudes toward tourism destinations. In R. Schegg, & B. Stangl (Eds.). Information and communication technologies in tourism 2017: Proceedings of the international conference in Rome, Italy, January 24-26, 2017 (pp. 229 –239). Cham: Springer.
• UNESCO. (1956). Recommendation on International Principles Applicable to Archaeological Excavations. Retrieved from https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-international-principlesapplicable-archaeological-excavations?
• UNESCO. (2003). Records of the General Conference.
• Verdiani, G., Gira, C. & Pisani, A. (2017). Augmented Reality to Evoke a Site at the Origin of the Information Technology Age. Case study on the Guglielmo Marconi’s Radio Station in Coltano, Pisa. Kultur und Informatik: Mixed Reality. pp.169-183.