Modelling Results Of Liquefaction Tests On A Nonplastic Silt

Abstract

Liquefaction is simply defined as the sudden incre-ase in pore water pressure as a result of cyclic loa-ding, which causes excessive ground settlements and damage in overlying or buried structures. Many studies in literature focused on evaluation of liquefaction susceptibility. These methods can be classified as a) stress-based b) strain based c) energy based methods d) numerical modelling ba-sed analysis and e) Arias-intensity based methods. In this study, an alternative approach for assess-ment of liquefaction susceptibility is aimed by use of clustering algorithms. In this regard, results of 54 cyclic triaxial tests results on a nonplastic silt inc-luding post-liquefaction volume changes was used for evaluation and classification of liquefaction be-havior after cyclic triaxial testing. In the experimen-tal part, specimens prepared at increasing relative densities between 30% and 80%, at a step of 10% were consolidated under 100 kPa effective confi-ning pressure. The results revealed that, unsupervi-sed clustering algorithms are reliable tools in clas-sification of liquefaction state and post-liquefaction volumetric strains of nonplastic silts. In this regard, cyclic stress ratio and number of cycles are useful inputs for classification of liquefaction state. In ad-dition, cyclic stress ratio, number of cycles, pore water pressure ratio and cyclic axial strain can be used to classify the post-liquefaction volumetric strains. Use of ANFIS depending on combinations of cyclic stress ratio, number of cycles, pore water pressure ratio, initial relative density and cyclic axial strain end up with promising results in esti-mation of post-liquefaction volumetric strain, however, these parameters are far from modelling factor of safety to liquefaction.

Keywords

• Hard k-means classifier
• fuzzy c-means algorithm
• self organising maps
• ANFIS
• liquefaction
• silt
• cyclic triaxial tests

Nonplastik Silt Üzerinde Gerçekleştirilen Sıvılaşma Deneylerinin Modellenmesi

Öz

Sıvılaşma, çevrimsel yükleme sırasında boşluksu-yu basıncında meydana gelen ani yükselmesi so-nucunda zeminin kayma dayanımında kayda de-ğer düşüşlerin ve buna bağlı olarak yüksek düzey-lerde oturmalar ve üst yapıda da hasarın meydana geldiği bir olgudur. Literatürde zeminlerin sıvıla-şabilirlikleri a) gerilme tabanlı b) deformasyon ta-banlı c) energy tabanlı d) sıvılaşma bünye modelle-rinin kullanıldığı sayısal modelleme teknikleri ve e) Arias yoğunluğu yöntemleri ile belirlenebilmekte-dir. Bu çalışmada, sıvılaşabilirliğin belirlenebilme-si için sınıflandırma (clustering) algoritmaları kul-lanılmıştır. Bu amaçla, non-plastik silt üzerinde yapılmış olan 54 tane dinamik üç eksenli basınç deneyinin sonuçları kullanılmıştır. Bu deney so-nuçları sıvılaşma sonrası oturma verilerini de kap-samaktadır. Deneyler, sıkılığı 30% ile 80% arasında 10% aralıklarla değişen ve 100 kPa altında konso-lide edilmiş non-plastik silt örnekleri üzerinde ger-çekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, eğitmen-siz sınıflandırma algoritmaları, non-plastik silt örneklerinin sıvılaşabilirliklerinin ve sıvılaşma sonrası hacimsel birim deformasyonlarının belir-lenmesinde etkili bir teknik olarak karşımıza çık-maktadır. Buna göre, çevrimsel gerilme oranı ve çevrim sayısı parametrelerinin sıvılaşma durumu-nun belirlenmesinde uygun girdiler olduğu görül-mektedir. Öte yandan, çevrimsel gerilme oranı, çev-rim sayısı, aşırı boşluksuyu basıncı oranı, çevrim-sel eksenel birim deformasyon parametrelerinin ise sıvılaşma sonrası hacimsel birim deformasyonla-rın sınıflandırılmasında etkili parametreler olduk-ları görülmektedir. Çevrimsel gerilme oranı, çevrim sayısı, aşırı boşluksuyu basıncı oranı, sıkılık ve çevrimsel eksenel birim deformasyon parametrele-rinin kombinasyonundan oluşan ANFIS’in kulla-nımı sıvılaşma sonrası hacimsel birim deformas-yonların tahmin edilmesinde kayda değer bir rol oynarken, bu parametreler sıvılaşmaya karşı güven sayısının tahmininde zayıf kalmaktadırlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• K ortalamaları yöntemi
• Bulanık c ortalamaları yöntemi
• Kendini ayarlayabilen haritalar
• ANFIS (Uygulamalı ağ tabanlı bulanık çıkarım sistemi)
• Silt
• Sıvılaşma
• Dinamik üç eksenli basınç deneyi

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