Performance Evaluation of Flywheel, Battery and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems on Frequency Regulation in the Context of Renewable Energy Integration

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 26 - 55, 29.05.2025

Ahmet Mete Vural , Aliyu Garba Ibrahim

Abstract

Frequency regulation is a crucial aspect of power system operation as it ensures that the power systems operate in a stable manner. Variations in load and renewable energy generation are the main causes of frequency instability due to weather uncertainty. This paper investigates the effects of variations in load and renewable energy generation on frequency control in power systems. Also, three different energy storage technologies (Flywheel, Battery, and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) are integrated to test systems to investigate their effects on frequency control. To enhance the dynamic performance of the frequency controller, three recent optimization methods (Artificial Rabbit Optimization, Lightning Search Algorithm, and Whale Optimization Algorithm) are utilized when the test systems are subjected to different operating conditions and disturbances. The superiority of the Artificial Rabbit Optimization in comparison with other optimization methods is shown in effectively mitigating frequency oscillations in both single-area and two-area test systems. The energy storage solutions are evaluated in terms of damping effect, transient stability, and integral time absolute error index in two test systems. A compressive simulation study is conducted, and the results are presented and discussed.

Keywords

Battery energy storage , Flywheel energy storage , Superconducting energy storage , Wind turbine , Photovoltaic , Artificial rabbit optimization , Lightning search algorithm , Whale optimization algorithm

References

• Akram, U., Nadarajah, M., Shah, R., and Milano, F. (2020). A review on rapid responsive energy storage technologies for frequency regulation in modern power systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 120, 109626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109626
• Ali, G., Aly, H., and Little, T. (2024). Automatic generation control of a multi-area hybrid renewable energy system using a proposed novel GA-fuzzy logic self-tuning PID controller. Energies, 17(9), 2000. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092000
• Altayf, A., Trabelsi, H., Hmad, J., and Benachaiba, C. (2024). Multi-criteria decision-making approach to the intelligent selection of PV-BESS based on cost and reliability. International Journal of Energy Production and Management, 9(2), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijepm.090203
• Cañizares, C. A., E, N. S. G., Bhattacharya, K., andSohm, D. (2021). Frequency regulation model of bulk power systems with energy storage. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 37(2), 913–926. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3108728
• Hutchinson, A. J., Harrison, C. M., Bryden, T. S., Alahyari, A., Hu, Y., Gladwin, D. T., ... and Forsyth, A. (2025). A comprehensive review of modeling approaches for grid-connected energy storage technologies. Journal of Energy Storage, 109, 115057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.115057
• Cansiz, A., Faydaci, C., Qureshi, M. T., Usta, O., and McGuiness, D. T. (2017). Integration of a SMES–battery-based hybrid energy storage system into microgrids. Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, 31(5), 1449–1457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-017-4338-4
• El-Saady, G., Ibrahim, E. A., and Okilly, A. H. (2018). HVDC FACTS controller for load frequency control system. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Energy Engineering (ICEE-4), Aswan University, Egypt.
• Elsisi, M., Aboelela, M., Soliman, M., and Mansour, W. (2018). Design of optimal model predictive controller for LFC of nonlinear multi-area power system with energy storage devices. Electric Power Components and Systems, 46(11–12), 1300–1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2018.1469056
• Georgious, R., Refaat, R., Garcia, J., and Daoud, A. A. (2021). Review on energy storage systems in microgrids. Electronics, 10(17), 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172134
• Hajiaghasi, S., Salemnia, A., and Hamzeh, M. (2019). Hybrid energy storage system for microgrids applications: A review. Journal of Energy Storage, 21, 543–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.12.017
• Ibraheem, M. I., Edrisi, M., Gholipour, M., and Alhelou, H. H. (2022). A novel frequency regulation in islanded microgrid using sliding mode control with disturbance observers considering storages and EVs. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 105, 108537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108537
• Chakraborty, M. R., Dawn, S., Saha, P. K., Basu, J. B., and Ustun, T. S. (2022). A comparative review on energy storage systems and their application in deregulated systems. Batteries, 8(9), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8090124
• Ibrahim, L. O., In-Young, C., Jang, Y., Shim, J. W., Sung, Y. M., Yoon, M., and Suh, J. (2022). Coordinated frequency control of an energy storage system with a generator for frequency regulation in a power plant. Sustainability, 14(24), 16933. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416933
• Jaffal, H., Guanetti, L., Rancilio, G., Spiller, M., Bovera, F., and Merlo, M. (2024). Battery energy storage system performance in providing various electricity market services. Batteries, 10(3), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10030069
• Julius, A., Corigliano, S., Merlo, M., and Dan, Z. (2022). BESS primary frequency control strategies for West African power pool. Energies, 15, 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030990
• Ramesh Kumar, S., and Ganapathy, S. (2013). Design of load frequency controllers for interconnected power systems with superconducting magnetic energy storage units using bat algorithm. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 6(4), 42–47.
• Khalil, A. E., Boghdady, T. A., Alham, M. H., and Ibrahim, D. K. (2023). Enhancing the conventional controllers for load frequency control of isolated microgrids using proposed multi-objective formulation via artificial rabbits optimization algorithm. IEEE Access, 11, 3472–3493. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3234043
• Li, M., Shan, R., Abdullah, A., Tian, J., and Gao, S. (2023). High energy capacity or high energy rating: Which is the more important performance metric for battery energy storage systems at different penetrations of variable renewables? Journal of Energy Storage, 59, 106560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106560
• Lin, X., and Zamora, R. (2022). Controls of hybrid energy storage systems in microgrids: Critical review, case study and future trends. Journal of Energy Storage, 47, 103884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103884
• Lu, R. (2022). Sustainability and environmental efficiency of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 26, 365–371. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.4005
• McIlwaine, N., Foley, A. M., Kez, D. A., Best, R., Lu, X., and Zhang, C. (2021). A market assessment of distributed battery energy storage to facilitate higher renewable penetration in an isolated power system. IEEE Access, 10, 2382–2398. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3139159
• Mirjalili, S., and Lewis, A. (2016). The whale optimization algorithm. Advances in Engineering Software, 95, 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008
• Moradi-Shahrbabak, Z., and Jadidoleslam, M. (2023). A new index for techno-economical comparison of storage technologies considering effect of self-discharge. IET Renewable Power Generation, 17, 1699–1712. https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12704
• Mugyema, M., Botha, C. D., Kamper, M. J., Wang, R.-J., and Sebitosi, A. B. (2023). Levelised cost of storage comparison of energy storage systems for use in primary response application. Journal of Energy Storage, 59, 106568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106573
• Nguyen, X. P., and Hoang, A. T. (2020). The flywheel energy storage system: An effective solution to accumulate renewable energy. In 2020 6th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) (pp. 1322–1328). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACCS48705.2020.9074469
• Nguyen-Huu, T., Nguyen, V. T., Hur, K., and Shim, J. W. (2020). Coordinated control of a hybrid energy storage system for improving the capability of frequency regulation and state-of-charge management. Energies, 13(23), 6304. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236304
• Oskouei, M. Z., Seker, A. A., Tunçel, S., Demirbaş, E., Gözel, T., Hocaoğlu, M. H., ... and Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B. (2022). A critical review on the impacts of energy storage systems and demand-side management strategies in the economic operation of renewable-based distribution network. Sustainability, 14, 2110. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042110
• Patel, V., Guha, D., and Purwar, S. (2019). Frequency regulation of an islanded microgrid using integral sliding mode control. In 2019 8th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS) (pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS48983.2019.9067402
• Peralta, D., Canizares, C., and Bhattacharya, K. (2021). Practical modeling of flywheel energy storage for primary frequency control in power grids. In 2021 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM) (pp. 1–5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2018.8585844
• Qu, H., and Ye, Z. (2023). Comparison of dynamic response characteristics of typical energy storage technologies for suppressing wind power fluctuation. Sustainability, 15(3), 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032437
• Ray, P. K., and Mohanty, A. (2019). A robust firefly–swarm hybrid optimization for frequency control in wind/PV/FC based microgrid. Applied Soft Computing, 85, 105823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105823
• Rouniyar, A., and Karki, M. (2021, October). Energy management system for hybrid PV-Wind-Battery based standalone system. In Proceedings of the 10th IOE Graduate Conference. (pp. 131-138). https://conference.ioe.edu.np/ioegc10/papers/ioegc-10-018-10024.pdf
• Saadat, H. (2002). Power system analysis (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
• Sahu, R. K., Gorripotu, T. S., and Panda, S. (2015). Automatic generation control of multi-area power systems with diverse energy sources using Teaching Learning Based Optimization algorithm. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 19(1), 113–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.07.011
• Santhi, R. V., Sudha, K., and Devi, S. P. (2013). Robust load frequency control of multi-area interconnected system including SMES units using type-2 fuzzy controller. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE) (Vol. 5, pp. 1–7). https://doi.org/10.1109/FUZZ-IEEE.2013.6622324
• Sassi, A., Zaidi, N., Nasri, O., and Slama, J. B. H. (2017). Energy management of PV/wind/battery hybrid energy system based on batteries utilization optimization. In 2017 International Conference on Green Energy Conversion Systems (GECS) (pp. 1–7). https://doi.org/10.1109/GECS.2017.8066133
• Shareef, H., Ibrahim, A. A., and Mutlag, A. H. (2015). Lightning search algorithm. Applied Soft Computing, 36, 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2015.07.028
• Simpa, N. P., Solomon, N. N. O., Adenekan, N. O. A., and Obasi, N. S. C. (2024). The safety and environmental impacts of battery storage systems in renewable energy. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 22(2), 564–580. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.2.1398
• Vishnuvardhan, V. Y., and Saravanan, B. (2023). Multimachine stability improvement with hybrid energy renewable system using a superconducting magnetic energy storage in power systems. Journal of Energy Storage, 57, 106255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106255
• Wang, S., Li, F., Zhang, G., and Yin, C. (2022a). Analysis of energy storage demand for peak shaving and frequency regulation of power systems with high penetration of renewable energy. Energy, 267, 126586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.126586
• Wang, L., Cao, Q., Zhang, Z., Mirjalili, S., and Zhao, W. (2022b). Artificial rabbits optimization: A new bio-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm for solving engineering optimization problems. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 114, 105082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2022.105082
• Worku, M. Y. (2022). Recent advances in energy storage systems for renewable source grid integration: A comprehensive review. Sustainability, 14, 5985. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105985
• Xie, D., Wei, X., Ning, Y., Yang, S., and Zhou, Z. (2023). Power system restoration method with the flywheel energy storage support. In 2023 8th International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE) (pp. 1028–1032). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPRE59655.2023.10353641
• Yao, J., Yu, M., Gao, W., and Zeng, X. (2016). Frequency regulation control strategy for PMSG wind‐power generation system with flywheel energy storage unit. IET Renewable Power Generation, 11(8), 1082–1093. https://doi.org/10.1049/IET-RPG.2016.0047
• Zhang, K., Mo, J., Liu, Z., Yin, W., Wu, F., and You, J. (2025). Life cycle environmental and economic impacts of various energy storage systems: Eco-efficiency analysis and potential for sustainable deployments. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. https://doi.org/10.1093/inteam/vjaf035