Research Article
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Transmission of Ecological Memory: Lebib’s Kahtiyye on Famine in Diyarbakır

Year 2024, Issue: 6, 71 - 84, 30.04.2024

Abstract

Due to a severe famine in 1803, Timur Paşa, the governor of Diyarbakır, demanded either food supply or his reappointment to another city by a petition including a poem on the famine of 1757. Timur Paşa’s tendency to keep himself away from the famine was considered a lack of human agency by Ottoman historians. However, as this article argues, local officers were active agents in expressing the impact of famines to the center and preserving the memory of famines. To illustrate, this article employs Diyarbakırlı Lebib’s poem included in the petition and its circulation through the petition as a case study. For conceptualizing Timur Paşa’s petition and Lebib’s poem as an illustration of their agency, this paper uses concepts of memory studies informed by literary theory. Utilizing a theoretical toolkit provided by memory studies, this paper argues that to keep a record of the social and ecological impact of famines and preserve their memory, poets employed and formed narrative structures that framed traumatic environmental experiences. These structures of famine narratives in Divan poetry formed the kahtiyye genre. The formation process of kahtiyye as a genre was not independent, but intertextual, as the case study illustrates.

References

  • Ayalon, Yaron. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Doğal Afetler. Translated by Zeynep Rona. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2020.
  • Bergthaller, Hannes, Rob Emmett, Adeline Johns-Putra, Agnes Kneitz, Susanna Lidström, Shane McCorristine, Isabel Pérez Ramos, Dana Phillips, Kate Rigby, and Libby Robin. “Mapping Common Ground: Ecocriticism, Environmental History, and the Environmental Humanities.” Environmental Humanities 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 261–76. https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615505. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), Hattı hümayun (HAT), Dosya No: 127, Gömlek No: 5268, Tarih: 3 Receb 1218 (19 Ekim 1803).
  • Çelik, Semih. “Scarcity and Misery at the Time of ‘Abundance beyond Imagination’ Climate Change, Famines and Empire-Building in Ottoman Anatolia (c. 1800-1850).” PhD Thesis, European University Institute, 2017. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/47944.
  • Dirks, Robert, George J. Armelagos, Charles A. Bishop, Ivan A. Brady, Thierry Brun, Jean Copans, V. S. Doherty, et al. “Social Responses During Severe Food Shortages and Famine [and Comments and Reply].” Current Anthropology 21, no. 1 (1980): 21–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2741740.
  • Erll, Astrid. Memory in Culture. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Erll, Astrid. “Traumatic Pasts, Literary Afterlives, and Transcultural Memory: New Directions of Literary and Media Memory Studies.” Journal of Aesthetics and Culture 3, no. 1 (January 2011): 1-5. doi:10.3402/jac.v3i0.7186.
  • Erll, Astrid. “Travelling Narratives in Ecologies of Trauma: An Odyssey for Memory Scholars.” Social Research: An International Quarterly 87, no. 3 (2020): 533-563. https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2020.0053.
  • Foltz, Richard C. “Does Nature Have Historical Agency? World History, Environmental History, and How Historians Can Help Save the Planet.” The History Teacher 37, no. 1 (November 2003): 9-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/1555594.
  • Kardaş, Sedat. “Divan Şiirinde Kıtlıkla İlgili Manzumeler.” Divan Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi 1, no. 22 (2019): 489-524. https://doi.org/10.15247/dev.2621.
  • Lachmann, Renate. “Mnemonic and Intertextual Aspects of Literature.” In Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook, edited by Astrid Erll and Ansgar Nünning, 301-310. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110207262.5.301.
  • Nash, Linda. “The Agency of Nature or the Nature of Agency?” Environmental History 10, no. 1 (2005): 67–69.
  • Panzac, Daniel. “Doğal Afetler.” In Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Veba 1700-1850, edited by Ayşen Anadol, translated by Serap Yılmaz, 5–15. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1997.
  • Rigney, Ann. “The Dynamics of Remembrance: Texts between Monumentality and Morphing.” In Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook, edited by Astrid Erll and Ansgar Nünning, 345-365. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110207262.5.301.
  • Rutherford, Stephanie, Jocelyn Thorpe, and Anders Sandberg. “Introduction: Methodological Challenges.” In Methodological Challenges in Nature- Culture and Environmental History Research, edited by Jocelyn Thorpe, Stephanie Rutherford, L. Anders Sandberg, 1–11. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Steinberg, Ted. “Down to Earth: Nature, Agency, and Power in History.” The American Historical Review 107, no. 3 (June 2002): 798–820. https://doi.org/10.1086/532497.
  • Ülgener, Sabri. Darlık Buhranları ve İslam İktisat Siyaseti. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1956.
  • Yörür, Ali. “1874 Ankara Kuraklığına Bir Manzume: Kasîde-i Kahtıyye.” RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 14 (March 21, 2019): 289–97. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.541021.

Ekolojik Hafızanın Aktarımı: Diyarbakır Kıtlığı ve Lebib’in Kahtiyyesi

Year 2024, Issue: 6, 71 - 84, 30.04.2024

Abstract

1803 yılında yaşanan şiddetli kıtlık nedeniyle, Diyarbakır Valisi Timur Paşa, 1757 kıtlığını konu alan bir şiirin yer aldığı bir dilekçe ile gıda yardımı yerine getirilmezse başka bir şehre atanmasını talep etti. Osmanlı tarihçilerine göre bu, ekolojik bir kriz karşısında insan failliğinin söz konusu olmadığına işaretti. Ancak bu makalenin de iddia ettiği gibi devlet görevlileri, kıtlığın etkilerinin merkeze bildirilmesinde ve kıtlığın hafızasının korunmasında aktif aktörlerdi. Timur Paşa'nın dilekçesini ve Lebib'in şiirini bir faillik olarak kavramsallaştırmak için bu makale, edebiyat teorisi ve bellek çalışmalarının kavramlarını kullanmaktadır. Bellek çalışmalarının sağladığı teorik çerçeve sayesinde bu makale, kıtlığın sosyal ve ekolojik etkisinin hafızasını kaydetmek ve sonraki nesillere aktarmak için şairlerin travmatik ekolojik deneyimleri anlatı yapıları aracılığıyla düzenleyerek anlatılabilir kıldığını ileri sürmektedir. Divan şiirindeki kıtlık anlatıları bu yapıları içeren kahtiyye türünü oluşturmuştur. Kahtiyye'nin bir tür olarak oluşum süreci, vaka çalışmasının da gösterdiği gibi bağımsız değil, metinlerarası bir süreçtir.

References

  • Ayalon, Yaron. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Doğal Afetler. Translated by Zeynep Rona. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2020.
  • Bergthaller, Hannes, Rob Emmett, Adeline Johns-Putra, Agnes Kneitz, Susanna Lidström, Shane McCorristine, Isabel Pérez Ramos, Dana Phillips, Kate Rigby, and Libby Robin. “Mapping Common Ground: Ecocriticism, Environmental History, and the Environmental Humanities.” Environmental Humanities 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 261–76. https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615505. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), Hattı hümayun (HAT), Dosya No: 127, Gömlek No: 5268, Tarih: 3 Receb 1218 (19 Ekim 1803).
  • Çelik, Semih. “Scarcity and Misery at the Time of ‘Abundance beyond Imagination’ Climate Change, Famines and Empire-Building in Ottoman Anatolia (c. 1800-1850).” PhD Thesis, European University Institute, 2017. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/47944.
  • Dirks, Robert, George J. Armelagos, Charles A. Bishop, Ivan A. Brady, Thierry Brun, Jean Copans, V. S. Doherty, et al. “Social Responses During Severe Food Shortages and Famine [and Comments and Reply].” Current Anthropology 21, no. 1 (1980): 21–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2741740.
  • Erll, Astrid. Memory in Culture. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Erll, Astrid. “Traumatic Pasts, Literary Afterlives, and Transcultural Memory: New Directions of Literary and Media Memory Studies.” Journal of Aesthetics and Culture 3, no. 1 (January 2011): 1-5. doi:10.3402/jac.v3i0.7186.
  • Erll, Astrid. “Travelling Narratives in Ecologies of Trauma: An Odyssey for Memory Scholars.” Social Research: An International Quarterly 87, no. 3 (2020): 533-563. https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2020.0053.
  • Foltz, Richard C. “Does Nature Have Historical Agency? World History, Environmental History, and How Historians Can Help Save the Planet.” The History Teacher 37, no. 1 (November 2003): 9-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/1555594.
  • Kardaş, Sedat. “Divan Şiirinde Kıtlıkla İlgili Manzumeler.” Divan Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi 1, no. 22 (2019): 489-524. https://doi.org/10.15247/dev.2621.
  • Lachmann, Renate. “Mnemonic and Intertextual Aspects of Literature.” In Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook, edited by Astrid Erll and Ansgar Nünning, 301-310. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110207262.5.301.
  • Nash, Linda. “The Agency of Nature or the Nature of Agency?” Environmental History 10, no. 1 (2005): 67–69.
  • Panzac, Daniel. “Doğal Afetler.” In Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Veba 1700-1850, edited by Ayşen Anadol, translated by Serap Yılmaz, 5–15. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1997.
  • Rigney, Ann. “The Dynamics of Remembrance: Texts between Monumentality and Morphing.” In Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook, edited by Astrid Erll and Ansgar Nünning, 345-365. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110207262.5.301.
  • Rutherford, Stephanie, Jocelyn Thorpe, and Anders Sandberg. “Introduction: Methodological Challenges.” In Methodological Challenges in Nature- Culture and Environmental History Research, edited by Jocelyn Thorpe, Stephanie Rutherford, L. Anders Sandberg, 1–11. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Steinberg, Ted. “Down to Earth: Nature, Agency, and Power in History.” The American Historical Review 107, no. 3 (June 2002): 798–820. https://doi.org/10.1086/532497.
  • Ülgener, Sabri. Darlık Buhranları ve İslam İktisat Siyaseti. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1956.
  • Yörür, Ali. “1874 Ankara Kuraklığına Bir Manzume: Kasîde-i Kahtıyye.” RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 14 (March 21, 2019): 289–97. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.541021.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Literary Studies (Other), Classical Turkish Literature
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aslınur Memiş This is me 0009-0003-0699-9513

Publication Date April 30, 2024
Submission Date January 27, 2024
Acceptance Date March 16, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 6

Cite

Chicago Memiş, Aslınur. “Transmission of Ecological Memory: Lebib’s Kahtiyye on Famine in Diyarbakır”. Nesir: Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 6 (April 2024): 71-84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10990784.

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