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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME OF FORCED MARRIAGE IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JURISDICTION

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 72 - 96, 30.06.2023

Abstract

In armed conflicts in different parts of the world, it is a common practice for women to be abducted and forced to live in marriage without their consent. The Appeals Chamber of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, in its decision in 2008, recognized that forced marriages that took place in the country during the civil war constitute other inhuman acts under crimes against humanity. The decision in question is seen as the emergence of forced marriages as a separate crime in international criminal law. The decision brought with it criticism that forced marriages constitute crime of sexual slavery and that there is no need for a new crime as forced marriage in international criminal law. While the discussions on the crime of forced marriage continued, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia and the International Criminal Court confirmed the existence of the crime of forced marriage and revealed the definition and elements of the crime. In this study, the emergence of the crime of forced marriage in international criminal law, its development with court decisions, its elements and discussions about the crime are examined.

References

  • Adams, Alexandra. “Sexual Slavery: Do We Need This Crime In Addition To Enslavement?”, Criminal Law Forum 29, 2018, s. 279-323.
  • Allain, Jean. The Law And Slavery Prohibiting Human Exploitation, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, 2015.
  • Aptel, Cecile. “Child Slaves and Child Brides”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2016, s. 1-21.
  • Asgari Evlilik Yaşı ve Evliliklerin Kaydı Hakkında Sözleşme. İngilizce tam metin için bkz, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-consent-marriage-minimum-age-marriage-and, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Avrupa Birliği Temel Haklar Ajansı. “Addressing forced marriage in the EU: legal provisions and promising practices”, 29 Ekim 2014, https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/addressing-forced-marriage-eu-legal-provisions-and-promising-practices, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Baines Erin. “Forced marriage as a political project: Sexual rules and relations in the Lord’s Resistance Army”, Journal of Peace Research, 2014, Vol. 51/3, s. 405–417.
  • Bunting, Annie. “Forced Marriage in Conflict Situations: Researching and Prosecuting Old Harms and New Crimes”, Canadian Journal of Human Rights, 2012/1, s. 165-185.
  • Carlson, Khristopher / Mazurana, Dyan. Forced Marriage within the Lord’s Resistance Army Uganda, International Development Research Centre, Canadian International Development Agency, Unicef–Uganda, AVSI–Uganda, and the Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, May 2008.
  • Cassese, Antonio. International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Clark, James M.. “Forced Marriage: The Evolution of a New International Criminal Norm”, Aberdeen Student Law Review, 4, Haziran 2012, s. 4-27.
  • Christensen, Cameron. “Forced Marriage at the Cambodian Crossroads: ECCC Can Develop a New Crime Against Humanity”, Brigham Young University Law Review, Provo Vol. 2015, Iss. 6, 2015, s. 1825-1845.
  • Del Vecchio, Jennifer. “Continuing Uncertainties: Forced Marriage as a Crime Against Humanity”, Rapoport Center Human Rights Working Paper Series 3/2011, The Bernard and Audre Rapoport Center for Human Rights and Justiceat The University of Texas School of Law.
  • Frulli, Micaela. “Advancing International Criminal Law-The Special Court for Sierra Leone Recognizes Forced Marriage as a New Crime Against Humanity”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 6, (2008, s. 1033-1042.
  • Goodfellow, Nicholas Azadi. “The Miscategorization of Forced Marriage as a Crime against Humanity by the Special Court for Sierra Leone”, International Criminal Law Review 11, 2011, s. 831–867.
  • Gong-Gershowitz, Jennifer. “Forced Marriage: A New Crime Against Humanity?”, Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, Volume 8, Issue 1, Article 3, s. 53-76.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath”, September 1996, https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm, (Erişim Tarihi:23.09.2022).
  • Human Rights Watch. “We’ll Kill You If You Cry: Sexual Violence In The Sierra Leone Conflict”, Vol. 15, No. 1 (A), Ocak 2003, s. 43, https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/sierraleone/sierleon0103.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Jain, Neha. “Forced Marriage as a Crime against Humanity - Problems of Definition and Prosecution”, Journal of International Criminal Justice 6, 2008, s. 1013-1032.
  • Jyrkkiö, Terhi. “Other inhumane acts as crimes against humanity”, Helsinki Law Review, January, 2011, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1871883, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Kadınlara Yönelik Her Türlü Ayrımcılığın Önlenmesi Uluslararası Sözleşmesi. Sözleşmenin İngilizce tam metni için bkz, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022). Kerr, Victoria May. “Should Forced Marriages be Categorised as Sexual Slavery or Other Inhumane Acts in International Criminal Law?”, Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, 35/1, 2020, s. 1-19.
  • KMOD, 002/02 Nolu Dava Kararı, Case File/Dossier No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC, 16 Kasım 2018.
  • Kramer, Sophie. “Forced Marriage and the Absence of Gang Rape: Explaining Sexual Violence by the Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda”, The Journal of Politics and Society, 2012/23, s. 11-49.
  • Law On The Establishment Of Extraordinary Chambers In The Courts Of Cambodia For The Prosecution Of Crimes Committed During The Period Of Democratic Kampuchea, https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/legal-documents/KR_Law_as_amended_27_Oct_2004_Eng.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Lilja, Mona / Baaz, Mikael. “The unfortunate omission of entangled resistance in the local turn in peace-building: the case of forced marriage in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)”, Conflict, Security & Development, 2021:3, s. 273-292.
  • Medeni ve Siyasi Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşme. tam metin için bkz, https://inhak.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/Dokuman/2312020093321bm_05.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • OHCHR. “Preventing and Eliminating Child, Early and Forced Marriage”, UN Doc. A/HRC/26/22, 2 Nisan 2014.
  • Oosterveld Valerie. “Forced Marriage and the Special Court for Sierra Leone: Legal Advances and Conceptual Difficulties”, International Humanitarian Legal Studies 2, 2011, s. 127–158.
  • Oosterveld, Valerie. “The Special Court for Sierra Leone, Child Soldiers and Forced Marriage: Providing Clarity or Confusion?”, The Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 2007, 45, s. 131-172.
  • O’Brien, Melanie. “Don't kill them, let's choose them as wives: the development of the crimes of forced marriage, sexual slavery and enforced prostitution in international criminal law”, The International Journal of Human Rights, October 2015, 20:3, s. 386-406.
  • O’Brien, Melanie. “Gender Dimensions of Forced Marriage in International Criminal Law,” içinde Gender and International Criminal Law, Chapter 8, Ed.: Indira Rosenthal, Valerie Oosterveld ve Susana SáCouto, (OUP 2022).
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, 4. Kitap, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2016.
  • Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War. Brussels, 27 August 1874, tam metin için bkz. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=71F5F42E64ABDF9DC12563CD00515682, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Park, Augustine S. J.. “Other Inhumane Acts: Forced Marriage, Girl Soldiers And The Special Court For Sierra Leone”, Social & Legal Studies, 2006, 15/3, s. 315-337.
  • Revkin, Mara Redlich / Wood, Elisabeth Jean. “The Islamic State’s Pattern of Sexual Violence: Ideology and Institutions, Policies and Practices”, Journal of Global Security Studies, Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3654558, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Scharf, Michael P.. “Forced Marriage as a Separate Crime against Humanity”, içinde The Sierra Leone Special Court and Its Legacy: The Impact for Africa and International Criminal Law, Ed.: C. Jalloh, Cambridge University Press, 2014, s. 193-214.
  • Scharf, Michael P. / Mattler, Suzanne.” Forced Marriage: Exploring the Viability of the Special Court for Sierra Leone's New Crime Against Humanity”, Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies, Working Paper 05-35, Ekim 2005, https://ssrn.com/abstract=824291, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Shanahan, Fiona / Veale, Angela. “How mothers mediate the social integration of their children conceived of forced marriage within the Lord’s Resistance Army”, Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 2016 Ocak; s. 72-86.
  • Sierra Leone Gerçek ve Uzlaşma Komisyonu. “Gerçeğin Tanığı: Sierra Leone Gerçek ve Uzlaşma Komisyonu Raporu”, https://www.sierraleonetrc.org/index.php/view-the-final-report/table-of-contents, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Sellers, Patricia Viseur. “Wartime Female Slavery: Enslavement”, 44 Cornell Int'l L.J. 115, 2011, s. 115-143.
  • Slater, Rachel. “Gender Violence Or Violence Against Women? The Treatment Of Forced Marriage In The Special Court For Sierra Leone”, Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol. 13, 2012, s. 732-773.
  • SLÖM 1 Nolu Dava Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon ve Gbao Kararı, Case No. SCSL-04-15-T, 2 Mart 2009.
  • SLÖM 2 Nolu Dava Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara, Kanu Kararı, Case No. SCSL-04-16-T, 20 Haziran 2007.
  • SLÖM 2 Nolu Dava Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Charles Ghankay Taylor Kararı, SCSL-03–01-T, 18 Mayıs 2012.
  • SLÖM Temyiz Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara, Kanu Kararı, Case No. SCSL-2004-16-A, 22 Şubat 2008.
  • SLÖM Temyiz Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon ve Gbao Kararı, Case No. SCSL-04-15-A, 26 Ekim 2009.
  • SLÖM Temyiz Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Charles Ghankay Taylor Kararı, SCSL-03–01-A, 26 Eylül 2013.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş/Erdem, M. Ruhan/ Önok, R. Murat. Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku, 4. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2017.
  • UCM Ön Yargılama Dairesi, Suçlamaların Onayı Kararı, Situation In Uganda, In The Case Of The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, No: ICC-02/04-01/15, Date: 23 March 2016.
  • UCM IX Nolu Dava Dairesi Kararı, Situation In Uganda, In The Case Of The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, No: ICC-02/04-01/15, Date: 4 February 2021.
  • UNICEF. The Impact Of Conflict On Women And Girls In West And Central Africa And The Unicef Response, 2005, 7, https://www.alnap.org/help-library/the-impact-of-conflict-on-women-and-girls-in-west-and-central-africa-and-the-unicef, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Wilt, H. Van Der. “Slavery Prosecutions in International Criminal Jurisdictions”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 14, 2016, s. 269-283.
  • 1899 ve 1907 Lahey Sözleşmeleri. İngilizce tam metin için bkz, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/vwTreatiesByTopics.xsp, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/publication/eccc-glance, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • https://www.icc-cpi.int/CaseInformationSheets/ongwenEng.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • http://www.rscsl.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).

Uluslararası Ceza Yargısında Zorla Evlilik Suçunun Gelişimi

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 72 - 96, 30.06.2023

Abstract

Dünyanın farklı bölgelerindeki silahlı çatışmalarda kadınların kaçırılarak, rızaları dışında evlilik birliği içinde yaşamaya zorlanması yaygın bir uygulama olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Sierra Leone Özel Mahkemesi Temyiz Dairesi, 2008 yılında verdiği kararla iç savaş esnasında ülkede gerçekleşen zorla evliliklerin insanlığa karşı suçlar altında diğer insanlık dışı eylem oluşturduğunu kabul etmiştir. Söz konusu karar, uluslararası ceza hukukunda zorla evliliklerin ayrı bir suç olarak ortaya çıkışı olarak görülmektedir. Karar, zorla evliliklerin cinsel kölelik suçunu oluşturduğu ve uluslararası ceza hukukunda zorla evlilik şeklinde yeni bir suça gereksinim olmadığı şeklindeki eleştirileri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Zorla evlilik suçuna ilişkin tartışmalar devam ederken Kamboçya Mahkemeleri Olağanüstü Daireleri ile Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi kararlarıyla zorla evlilik suçunun varlığını teyit etmiş, suçun tanımını ve unsurlarını ortaya koymuştur. Çalışmada zorla evlilik suçunun uluslararası ceza hukukunda ortaya çıkışı, mahkeme kararlarıyla gelişimi, unsurları ve suça ilişkin tartışmalar ele alınmıştır.

References

  • Adams, Alexandra. “Sexual Slavery: Do We Need This Crime In Addition To Enslavement?”, Criminal Law Forum 29, 2018, s. 279-323.
  • Allain, Jean. The Law And Slavery Prohibiting Human Exploitation, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, 2015.
  • Aptel, Cecile. “Child Slaves and Child Brides”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2016, s. 1-21.
  • Asgari Evlilik Yaşı ve Evliliklerin Kaydı Hakkında Sözleşme. İngilizce tam metin için bkz, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-consent-marriage-minimum-age-marriage-and, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Avrupa Birliği Temel Haklar Ajansı. “Addressing forced marriage in the EU: legal provisions and promising practices”, 29 Ekim 2014, https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/addressing-forced-marriage-eu-legal-provisions-and-promising-practices, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Baines Erin. “Forced marriage as a political project: Sexual rules and relations in the Lord’s Resistance Army”, Journal of Peace Research, 2014, Vol. 51/3, s. 405–417.
  • Bunting, Annie. “Forced Marriage in Conflict Situations: Researching and Prosecuting Old Harms and New Crimes”, Canadian Journal of Human Rights, 2012/1, s. 165-185.
  • Carlson, Khristopher / Mazurana, Dyan. Forced Marriage within the Lord’s Resistance Army Uganda, International Development Research Centre, Canadian International Development Agency, Unicef–Uganda, AVSI–Uganda, and the Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, May 2008.
  • Cassese, Antonio. International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Clark, James M.. “Forced Marriage: The Evolution of a New International Criminal Norm”, Aberdeen Student Law Review, 4, Haziran 2012, s. 4-27.
  • Christensen, Cameron. “Forced Marriage at the Cambodian Crossroads: ECCC Can Develop a New Crime Against Humanity”, Brigham Young University Law Review, Provo Vol. 2015, Iss. 6, 2015, s. 1825-1845.
  • Del Vecchio, Jennifer. “Continuing Uncertainties: Forced Marriage as a Crime Against Humanity”, Rapoport Center Human Rights Working Paper Series 3/2011, The Bernard and Audre Rapoport Center for Human Rights and Justiceat The University of Texas School of Law.
  • Frulli, Micaela. “Advancing International Criminal Law-The Special Court for Sierra Leone Recognizes Forced Marriage as a New Crime Against Humanity”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 6, (2008, s. 1033-1042.
  • Goodfellow, Nicholas Azadi. “The Miscategorization of Forced Marriage as a Crime against Humanity by the Special Court for Sierra Leone”, International Criminal Law Review 11, 2011, s. 831–867.
  • Gong-Gershowitz, Jennifer. “Forced Marriage: A New Crime Against Humanity?”, Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, Volume 8, Issue 1, Article 3, s. 53-76.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath”, September 1996, https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm, (Erişim Tarihi:23.09.2022).
  • Human Rights Watch. “We’ll Kill You If You Cry: Sexual Violence In The Sierra Leone Conflict”, Vol. 15, No. 1 (A), Ocak 2003, s. 43, https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/sierraleone/sierleon0103.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Jain, Neha. “Forced Marriage as a Crime against Humanity - Problems of Definition and Prosecution”, Journal of International Criminal Justice 6, 2008, s. 1013-1032.
  • Jyrkkiö, Terhi. “Other inhumane acts as crimes against humanity”, Helsinki Law Review, January, 2011, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1871883, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Kadınlara Yönelik Her Türlü Ayrımcılığın Önlenmesi Uluslararası Sözleşmesi. Sözleşmenin İngilizce tam metni için bkz, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022). Kerr, Victoria May. “Should Forced Marriages be Categorised as Sexual Slavery or Other Inhumane Acts in International Criminal Law?”, Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, 35/1, 2020, s. 1-19.
  • KMOD, 002/02 Nolu Dava Kararı, Case File/Dossier No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC, 16 Kasım 2018.
  • Kramer, Sophie. “Forced Marriage and the Absence of Gang Rape: Explaining Sexual Violence by the Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda”, The Journal of Politics and Society, 2012/23, s. 11-49.
  • Law On The Establishment Of Extraordinary Chambers In The Courts Of Cambodia For The Prosecution Of Crimes Committed During The Period Of Democratic Kampuchea, https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/legal-documents/KR_Law_as_amended_27_Oct_2004_Eng.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Lilja, Mona / Baaz, Mikael. “The unfortunate omission of entangled resistance in the local turn in peace-building: the case of forced marriage in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)”, Conflict, Security & Development, 2021:3, s. 273-292.
  • Medeni ve Siyasi Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşme. tam metin için bkz, https://inhak.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/Dokuman/2312020093321bm_05.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • OHCHR. “Preventing and Eliminating Child, Early and Forced Marriage”, UN Doc. A/HRC/26/22, 2 Nisan 2014.
  • Oosterveld Valerie. “Forced Marriage and the Special Court for Sierra Leone: Legal Advances and Conceptual Difficulties”, International Humanitarian Legal Studies 2, 2011, s. 127–158.
  • Oosterveld, Valerie. “The Special Court for Sierra Leone, Child Soldiers and Forced Marriage: Providing Clarity or Confusion?”, The Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 2007, 45, s. 131-172.
  • O’Brien, Melanie. “Don't kill them, let's choose them as wives: the development of the crimes of forced marriage, sexual slavery and enforced prostitution in international criminal law”, The International Journal of Human Rights, October 2015, 20:3, s. 386-406.
  • O’Brien, Melanie. “Gender Dimensions of Forced Marriage in International Criminal Law,” içinde Gender and International Criminal Law, Chapter 8, Ed.: Indira Rosenthal, Valerie Oosterveld ve Susana SáCouto, (OUP 2022).
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, 4. Kitap, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2016.
  • Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War. Brussels, 27 August 1874, tam metin için bkz. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=71F5F42E64ABDF9DC12563CD00515682, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Park, Augustine S. J.. “Other Inhumane Acts: Forced Marriage, Girl Soldiers And The Special Court For Sierra Leone”, Social & Legal Studies, 2006, 15/3, s. 315-337.
  • Revkin, Mara Redlich / Wood, Elisabeth Jean. “The Islamic State’s Pattern of Sexual Violence: Ideology and Institutions, Policies and Practices”, Journal of Global Security Studies, Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3654558, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Scharf, Michael P.. “Forced Marriage as a Separate Crime against Humanity”, içinde The Sierra Leone Special Court and Its Legacy: The Impact for Africa and International Criminal Law, Ed.: C. Jalloh, Cambridge University Press, 2014, s. 193-214.
  • Scharf, Michael P. / Mattler, Suzanne.” Forced Marriage: Exploring the Viability of the Special Court for Sierra Leone's New Crime Against Humanity”, Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies, Working Paper 05-35, Ekim 2005, https://ssrn.com/abstract=824291, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Shanahan, Fiona / Veale, Angela. “How mothers mediate the social integration of their children conceived of forced marriage within the Lord’s Resistance Army”, Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 2016 Ocak; s. 72-86.
  • Sierra Leone Gerçek ve Uzlaşma Komisyonu. “Gerçeğin Tanığı: Sierra Leone Gerçek ve Uzlaşma Komisyonu Raporu”, https://www.sierraleonetrc.org/index.php/view-the-final-report/table-of-contents, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Sellers, Patricia Viseur. “Wartime Female Slavery: Enslavement”, 44 Cornell Int'l L.J. 115, 2011, s. 115-143.
  • Slater, Rachel. “Gender Violence Or Violence Against Women? The Treatment Of Forced Marriage In The Special Court For Sierra Leone”, Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol. 13, 2012, s. 732-773.
  • SLÖM 1 Nolu Dava Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon ve Gbao Kararı, Case No. SCSL-04-15-T, 2 Mart 2009.
  • SLÖM 2 Nolu Dava Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara, Kanu Kararı, Case No. SCSL-04-16-T, 20 Haziran 2007.
  • SLÖM 2 Nolu Dava Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Charles Ghankay Taylor Kararı, SCSL-03–01-T, 18 Mayıs 2012.
  • SLÖM Temyiz Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara, Kanu Kararı, Case No. SCSL-2004-16-A, 22 Şubat 2008.
  • SLÖM Temyiz Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon ve Gbao Kararı, Case No. SCSL-04-15-A, 26 Ekim 2009.
  • SLÖM Temyiz Dairesi, Prosecutor v. Charles Ghankay Taylor Kararı, SCSL-03–01-A, 26 Eylül 2013.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş/Erdem, M. Ruhan/ Önok, R. Murat. Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku, 4. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2017.
  • UCM Ön Yargılama Dairesi, Suçlamaların Onayı Kararı, Situation In Uganda, In The Case Of The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, No: ICC-02/04-01/15, Date: 23 March 2016.
  • UCM IX Nolu Dava Dairesi Kararı, Situation In Uganda, In The Case Of The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, No: ICC-02/04-01/15, Date: 4 February 2021.
  • UNICEF. The Impact Of Conflict On Women And Girls In West And Central Africa And The Unicef Response, 2005, 7, https://www.alnap.org/help-library/the-impact-of-conflict-on-women-and-girls-in-west-and-central-africa-and-the-unicef, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Wilt, H. Van Der. “Slavery Prosecutions in International Criminal Jurisdictions”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 14, 2016, s. 269-283.
  • 1899 ve 1907 Lahey Sözleşmeleri. İngilizce tam metin için bkz, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/vwTreatiesByTopics.xsp, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/publication/eccc-glance, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • https://www.icc-cpi.int/CaseInformationSheets/ongwenEng.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • http://www.rscsl.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri (Research Articles)
Authors

Selçuk Koca 0000-0001-8511-5146

Early Pub Date January 7, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

MLA Koca, Selçuk. “Uluslararası Ceza Yargısında Zorla Evlilik Suçunun Gelişimi”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, 2023, pp. 72-96.

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