KRİTİK MİNERALLER, MİNERAL GÜVENLİK ORTAKLIĞI VE TÜRKİYE

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 540 - 599

Cemal Dursun , Zeynep Erhan Bulut

Abstract

21. yüzyıldaki teknolojik ilerlemeler ve küreselleşme, dünya çapında inovasyon ve ekonomik yapıyı köklü bir şekilde dönüştürmüştür. Bu değişimle birlikte kritik minerallere olan talep hızla artmış ve özellikle COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında yaşanan tedarik problemleri uluslararası diplomasinin temel konularından biri haline gelmiştir. Kritik mineraller, enerji jeopolitiğinin önemli bir unsuru olarak öne çıkmış ve devletler, uluslararası kuruluşlar ile özel sektör arasında iş birliği zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Mineral Güvenliği Ortaklığı (MGO) da bu zorunluluğun bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir iş birliği platformu olan MGO, geleneksel iş birliği yöntemlerinden oldukça farklıdır. Zira Soğuk Savaş sonrası iş birliği paradigmaları önemli ölçüde dönüşmüştür. Soğuk Savaş döneminde devletler genellikle resmi ve bağlayıcı andlaşmalar ile uluslararası örgütler aracılığıyla iş birliği yaparken, günümüzün hızla değişen küresel dinamikleri devletleri daha esnek ve kısa vadeli iş birliği modellerine yöneltmektedir. Siyasi ve teknolojik değişimlerin hız kazanması, devletlerin uzun vadeli ve bağlayıcı andlaşmalara yönelik öngörülerini zorlaştırmaktadır. Geleneksel uluslararası örgütlerin karmaşık ve yavaş işleyişi, daha esnek iş birliği mekanizmalarının doğmasına neden olmuştur. MGO, bu doğrultuda oluşan, birçok bilinmezi barındıran gayriresmî bir yapıdır. Bu nedenle bu çalışma, MGO’nun oluşum sürecini ve yapısını ele alarak iş birliği yöntemlerindeki dönüşümü ve uluslararası hukuk açısından statüsünü inceleyecektir.

Keywords

Mineral , Kritik , Stratejik , Güvenlik , Tedarik , Hükümetler Ötesi İş Birliği , Uluslararası Örgüt , Yumuşak Hukuk

CRITICAL MINERALS, MINERALS SECURITY PARTNERSHIP AND TÜRKİYE

Abstract

Technological advances and globalization in the 21st century have radically transformed innovation and economic structure worldwide. With this change, the demand for critical minerals has increased rapidly, and supply problems, in particular during the COVID-19 pandemic, have become one of the main issues of international diplomacy. Critical minerals have emerged as an important element of energy geopolitics, and cooperation between states, international organizations, and the private sector has become imperative. The Mineral Security Partnership (MSP) has emerged as a result of this exigency. MSP, a cooperation platform, is quite different from traditional cooperation methods. For cooperation paradigms have transformed significantly after the Cold War. While states have generally cooperated through international organizations with formal and binding agreements during the Cold War, today’s rapidly changing global dynamics are directing states to more flexible and short-term cooperation models. The acceleration of political and technological changes makes it difficult for states to foresee long-term and binding agreements. The complex and slow functioning of traditional international organizations has led to the emergence of more flexible cooperation mechanisms. MSP is an informal structure that is formed in this direction and contains many unknowns. This study will therefore examine, by taking a closer look at the formation process and structure of MSP, the transformation in cooperation methods and its status in terms of international law.

Keywords

Mineral , Critical , Strategic , Security , Supply , Transgovernmental Networks , International Organization , Soft Law

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• Jeolojik Araştırmalar ve Madenler Bürosu (le BRGM, Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières). https://www.brgm.fr/fr, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• https://english.motie.go.kr/#anchor1, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• https://mines.gov.in/webportal/home, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• Milli Kritik Mineraller Misyonu. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2097309, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• Kritik Mineraller Tespit Komisyonu Raporu (Report the Committee on Identification of Critical Minerals). https://mines.gov.in/admin/download/649d4212cceb01688027666.pdf, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• Geological Survey of Sweden, https://www.sgu.se/en/mineral-resources/critical-raw- materials/#:~:text=In%20Sweden%20there%20are%20known,REE)%2C%20bismuth%20and%20tungsten, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• Girişimler ve İtalya’da Üretildi Bakanlığı (Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy), https://www.mimit.gov.it/it/, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• https://www.meti.go.jp/english/index.html, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• Doğal Kaynaklar ve Enerji Ajansı (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy), https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/critical-minerals-in-canada/critical-minerals-an-opportunity-for- canada.html, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• Geological Survey of Norway, https://www.ngu.no/en, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• Türkiye Kritik ve Stratejik Madenler Raporu. https://enerji.gov.tr//Media/Dizin/TKDB/tr/Belgeler/Tu%CC%88rkiye_Kritik_ve_Stratejik_Madenler_Raporu.pd f, (ET: 28.02.2025).
• European Commission, EU and US welcome new members to Minerals Security Partnership, https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-us-welcome-new-members-minerals-security- partnership-2024-09-27_en. (ET: 7.11.2024).
• US Department of State, Statement on the First High-Level Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) Forum Event, 18 July 2024, https://www.state.gov/statement-on-the-first-high-level-minerals-security-partnership-msp- forum-event/. (ET: 07.11.2024).
• Joint Statement on the High-Level Minerals Security Partnership Forum Event in New York City, Media Note, Office of the Spokesperson, https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-the-high-level-minerals-security- partnership-forum-event-in-new-york-city/. (ET: 10.10.2024).
• U.S Department of State, Mineral Security Partnership, https://www.state.gov/minerals-security-partnership/. (ET: 23.10.2024).
• US Department of State, Joint Statement on Establishment of the Minerals Security Partnership Finance Network, 23 September 2024, https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-establishment-of-the-minerals- security-partnership-finance-network/. (ET: 12.11.2024).
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Silahların Kontrolü ve Silahsızlanma, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/silahlarin- kontrolu-ve-silahsizlanma.tr.mfa. (ET: 5.11.2024).
• US Department of State, G8 Frequently Asked Questions, https://2009- 2017.state.gov/e/eb/ecosum/2012g8/faqs/index.htm. (ET: 06.11.2024).
• Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) Principles for Responsible Critical Mineral Supply Chains (Sorumlu Kritik Mineral Tedarik Zincirleri İlkeleri) https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/MSP-Principles-for- Responsible-Critical-Mineral-Supply-Chains-Accessible.pdf. (ET: 6.11.2024).
• Bryce Baschuk, What ‘friend-shoring’ means for trade in a less-friendly world, The Washington Post, 6 December 2022, https://www.bilaterals.org/?what-friend-shoring-means-for. (ET: 14.11.2024).
• Küresel İş Dünyasında Gezinmek: Offshoring, Nearshoring ve Friendshoring Dünyasını Keşfetmek, https://www.easycargo3d.com/tr/blog/kuresel-is-dunyasinda-gezinmek-offshoring-nearshoring-ve- friendshoring-dunyasini-kesfetmek/. (ET: 13.11.2024).
• What is ‘friendshoring’? The New York Times, 18 November 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/business/friendshoring-jargon-business.html. (ET: 13.11.2024).
• Michael Wurmser, A NATO for minerals & metals, Norge Mining, 22 November 2022, https://www.norgemineraler.com/en/media/a-nato-for-minerals-metals/. (E.T. 14.11.2024).