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Göçün Nedenleri ve Sonuçları Bağlamında Uluslararası Göç Kuramları

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 379 - 400, 27.12.2025

Abstract

Bireylerin daha iyi bir yaşam sürme arzusu, göç olgusunun oluşumunda etkili olmuştur. Uluslararası göç hareketlerinin başlamasında ekonomik, politik, sosyokültürel ve çevresel faktörler ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu faktörler işsizlik, yüksek gelir elde etme isteği, şiddet, baskı, erozyon, deprem, kuraklık, eğitim, sağlık, siyasi haklar ve özgürlükler olarak alt başlıklara ayrılabilir. Göç akımlarını etkileyen faktörler bireylere, ülkelere ve bölgelere göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, göçün nedenlerini açıklamak açısından önemlidir. Ayrıca, göç etme kararı geleceğe dair öngörüleri ve belirsizlikleri içerir. Bireyler için göç etme kararı, başarıya mı yoksa başarısızlığa mı yol açacağı öngörülemeyen koşullara bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, göçün nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını belirlemek için tarihsel olarak çeşitli göç kuramları geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, göç kuramlarını ve göç kararını etkileyen faktörleri açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Göç, zaman içinde gelişen faktörlerden etkilendiğinden, göç teorileri kavramsal olarak karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde sunulmaktadır. Göç teorileri genellikle göçü işgücü ve yüksek yaşam standartları açısından inceler. Sonuç olarak, göçün etkisini anlamak için işgücü arzının ve işgücü talebinin yapısını ve hatta işgücü arz ve talebini birbirine bağlayan süreçleri incelemek gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

References

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  • Akın, F., Dinçer, S., & Özdemir, M. G. (2024). G-7 ülkelerinde göç, karbon emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 16(30), 36-50. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1427932
  • Arif, I. (2020). The determinants of international migration: Unbundling the role of economic, political and social institutions. World Economy, 43(6), 1699-1729. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12889
  • Artan, G. (2019). Göç, İşsizlik ve Gelir Arasındaki İlişkilerin Analizi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Bakewell, O. (2014). Relaunching migration systems. Migration Studies, 2(3), 300–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnt023
  • Bodvarsson, Ö. B., & Van Den Berg, H. (2013). The Economics of Immigration Theory and Policy Second Edition (Second Edition). Springer. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-2116-0
  • Brettell, C. B., & Hollifield, J. F. (2022). Migration Theory Talking across Disciplines: Vol. 4th Edition.
  • Burnley, I. H. (2016). Developments and complementarities in ınternational migration paradigms. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 17(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0395-8
  • Çağlayan, S. (2006). Göç kuramları, göç ve göçmen ilişkisi. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (İLKE) Güz, 17, 67-91.
  • Castles, S. (2003). The International Politics of Forced Migration. Development, 46, 11–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/10116370030463003
  • Çetiner, S. (2020). Suriye Krizi Özelinde Uluslararası Göç Sorunu, Yönetimi ve Uluslararası Göç Sorununun Ev Sahibi Ülkeye Sosyo-Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği [Doktora Tezi]. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Chang, H. F. (1998). Migration as ınternational trade: the economic gains from the liberalized movement of labor. UCLA Journal of International Law & Foreign Affairs,3(2),371–414. http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarshiphttp://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1210
  • Cooray, A., & Schneider, F. (2016). Does corruption promote emigration? An empirical examination. Journal of Population Economics, 29(1), 293-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-015-0563-y
  • Czaika, M. (2015). Migration and economic prospects. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(1), 58–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2014.924848
  • Czaika, M., & de Haas, H. (2012). The Role of ınternal and ınternational relative deprivation in global migration. Oxford Development Studies, 40(4), 423-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2012.728581
  • de Haas, H. (2010). The internal dynamics of migration processes: A theoretical inquiry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1587-1617. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2010.489361
  • Develi, E. S. (2017). 21. Yüzyılda göç olgusu: uluslararası göç teorilerinin ekonomi politiği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22, 1343–1353.
  • Dunn, K. (2010). Embodied transnationalism: Bodies in transnational spaces. In Population, Space and Place,16(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.593
  • Erkan, H. S. (2021). Suriyeli göçmenlerin Türkiye’yi tercihi üzerinden göç teorilerine yeniden bakış. Ortadoğu Etütleri, 13(3), 421-445. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.954183
  • Greenwood, M. J. (2019). The migration legacy of E. G. Ravenstein. Migration Studies, 7(2), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny043
  • Güllüpınar, F. (2012). Göç olgusunun ekonomi-politiği ve uluslararası göç kurumları üzerine bir değerlendirme. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4, 53–85.
  • Hagen-Zanker, J. (2008). Why do people migrate? A review of the theoretical literature (WP002). http://ssrn.com/abstract=1105657Electroniccopyavailableat:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1105657
  • Helms, B., & Leblang, D. (2019). Global Migration: Causes and Consequences. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.631
  • Hunter, L. M., Luna, J. K., & Norton, R. M. (2015). environmental dimensions of migration. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 377-397. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112223
  • İnce, C. (2019). Göç kuramları ve suriye göçü üzerine bir değerlendirme. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.546737
  • İşcan, İ. H., & Çakır, M. (2019). Türkiye’deki sığınmacı ve mültecilerin Türk işgücü piyasasına etkisi: Bir saha araştırması. Sosyal ve Politika Araştırmaları Dergisi, 43, 177–236. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-6942
  • Jennissen, R. (2007). Causality chains in the international migration systems approach. Population Research and Policy Review, 26(4), 411–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-007-9039-4
  • Kandilige, L., & Yaro, J. A. (2024). Returns from the South: Effects of return migration of Ghanaian migrants from China on livelihoods and wealth inequalities in Ghana. International Migration, 62(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13192
  • Kapur, D. (2014). Political effects of international migration. Annual Review of Political Science, 17, 479–502. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-043010-095807
  • Koçak, A., & Kaygısız Durgun, A. (2023). Cumhuriyet’ten bugüne Türkiye’nin göç politikaları: Göç yönetimindeki ulusal ve uluslararası aktörler. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler ve Güzel Sanatlar Dergisi (SOSGÜZ), 5(13), 253–273.
  • Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3, 47–57.
  • Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour. 1–30.
  • Mabogunje, A. L. (1970). Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural‐Urban Migration. Geographical Analysis, 2(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1970.tb00140.x
  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19(3), 431-466. https://about.jstor.org/terms
  • Mayda, A. M. (2010). International migration: A panel data analysis of the determinants of bilateral flows. Journal of Population Economics, 23(4), 1249-1274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-009-0251-x
  • McMillan, C. (2024). Connecting the dots: Using social network analysis to disentangle the factors driving international migration. International Migration. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13234
  • Odabaşı, S., & Karaman, N. (2023). Türkiye’den yurtdışına göçün sosyo-ekonomik nedenleri. Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 75-90. https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1090893
  • Ortega, F., & Peri, G. (2013). The effect of income and immigration policies on international migration. Migration Studies, 1(1), 47-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mns004
  • Özbek, S. (2021). G-7 Ülkelerinde inovasyon ve göç ilişkisi. Tarsus Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 59–70.
  • Petersen, W. (1958). A General Typology of Migration. American Sociological Review, 23(3), 256-266. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2089239
  • Ranis, G., & Fei, J. C. H. (1961). A Theory of economic development. American Economic Association, 51(4), 533-565.
  • Rauhut, D. (2010). Adam Smith on migration. Migration Letters, 7(1), 105-113. www.migrationletters.com
  • Ravenstein, E. G. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 48(2), 167-235.
  • Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52(2), 241–301.
  • Robinson, R. (2005). Beyond The State-Bounded Immıgrant Incorporation Regime. The North-South Institute.
  • Rudolph, C. (2003). Security and the Political Economy of International Migration. In American Political Science Review 97(4), 603-620. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305540300090X
  • Şahin, L., & Şen, A. (2020). Uluslararası işgücü göçmenlerinin ekonomik etkileri: İşsizlik, vergi gelirleri, verimlilik. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.740109
  • Salazar-Pastrana, A., Castillo-Burguete, M.-T., Paredes-Chi, A., & Dickinson, F. (2016). A effects of immigration on women’s education. “Here they wake you up to a different way of thinking”. Journal of Behavior, Health & Social Issues, 8(1), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbhsi.2016.10.002
  • Simpson, N. (2017). Demographic and economic determinants of migration. IZA World of Labor. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.373
  • Stark, O. (1991). The Migration of Labor.
  • Stark, O., & Bloom, D. E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. The American Economic Review, 75 (2), 173-178
  • Stouffer, S. A. (1940). Intervening opportunities: A theory relating mobility and distance. American Sociological Review, 5(6), 845-867.
  • Tacoli, C. (2009). Crisis or adaptation? Migration and climate change in a context of high mobility. Environment and Urbanization, 21(2), 513-525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809342182
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International Migration Theories in the Context of The Causes and Consequences of Migration

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 379 - 400, 27.12.2025

Abstract

The desire of individuals to achieve a better life has been influential in the formation of the phenomenon of migration. Economic, political, sociocultural, and environmental factors come to the fore in the initiation of international migration movements. These factors can be subdivided into unemployment, the desire to earn a high income, violence, oppression, erosion, earthquakes, drought, education, health, political rights, and freedoms. The factors influencing migration flows vary depending on individuals, countries, and regions. This study is important in explaining the causes of migration. Furthermore, the decision to migrate involves predictions and uncertainties about the future. For individuals, the decision to migrate depends on conditions that are unpredictable in terms of whether they will lead to success or failure. For this reason, various migration theories have been developed historically to determine the causes of migration and its consequences. This study aims to explain migration theories and the factors influencing the decision to migrate. Since migration is influenced by factors that develop over time, migration theories are presented conceptually in a comparative manner. Migration theories generally examine migration in terms of labor force and high living standards. Consequently, it has been concluded that in order to understand the impact of migration, it is necessary to examine the nature of labor supply, the nature of labor demand, and even the processes that link labor supply and demand.

References

  • Adewale, J. G. (2005). Socio-economic factors associated with urban-rural migration in Nigeria: A case study of oyo state, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 17(1), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2005.11905752
  • Akın, F., Dinçer, S., & Özdemir, M. G. (2024). G-7 ülkelerinde göç, karbon emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 16(30), 36-50. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1427932
  • Arif, I. (2020). The determinants of international migration: Unbundling the role of economic, political and social institutions. World Economy, 43(6), 1699-1729. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12889
  • Artan, G. (2019). Göç, İşsizlik ve Gelir Arasındaki İlişkilerin Analizi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Bakewell, O. (2014). Relaunching migration systems. Migration Studies, 2(3), 300–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnt023
  • Bodvarsson, Ö. B., & Van Den Berg, H. (2013). The Economics of Immigration Theory and Policy Second Edition (Second Edition). Springer. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-2116-0
  • Brettell, C. B., & Hollifield, J. F. (2022). Migration Theory Talking across Disciplines: Vol. 4th Edition.
  • Burnley, I. H. (2016). Developments and complementarities in ınternational migration paradigms. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 17(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0395-8
  • Çağlayan, S. (2006). Göç kuramları, göç ve göçmen ilişkisi. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (İLKE) Güz, 17, 67-91.
  • Castles, S. (2003). The International Politics of Forced Migration. Development, 46, 11–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/10116370030463003
  • Çetiner, S. (2020). Suriye Krizi Özelinde Uluslararası Göç Sorunu, Yönetimi ve Uluslararası Göç Sorununun Ev Sahibi Ülkeye Sosyo-Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği [Doktora Tezi]. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Chang, H. F. (1998). Migration as ınternational trade: the economic gains from the liberalized movement of labor. UCLA Journal of International Law & Foreign Affairs,3(2),371–414. http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarshiphttp://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1210
  • Cooray, A., & Schneider, F. (2016). Does corruption promote emigration? An empirical examination. Journal of Population Economics, 29(1), 293-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-015-0563-y
  • Czaika, M. (2015). Migration and economic prospects. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(1), 58–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2014.924848
  • Czaika, M., & de Haas, H. (2012). The Role of ınternal and ınternational relative deprivation in global migration. Oxford Development Studies, 40(4), 423-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2012.728581
  • de Haas, H. (2010). The internal dynamics of migration processes: A theoretical inquiry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1587-1617. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2010.489361
  • Develi, E. S. (2017). 21. Yüzyılda göç olgusu: uluslararası göç teorilerinin ekonomi politiği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22, 1343–1353.
  • Dunn, K. (2010). Embodied transnationalism: Bodies in transnational spaces. In Population, Space and Place,16(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.593
  • Erkan, H. S. (2021). Suriyeli göçmenlerin Türkiye’yi tercihi üzerinden göç teorilerine yeniden bakış. Ortadoğu Etütleri, 13(3), 421-445. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.954183
  • Greenwood, M. J. (2019). The migration legacy of E. G. Ravenstein. Migration Studies, 7(2), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny043
  • Güllüpınar, F. (2012). Göç olgusunun ekonomi-politiği ve uluslararası göç kurumları üzerine bir değerlendirme. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4, 53–85.
  • Hagen-Zanker, J. (2008). Why do people migrate? A review of the theoretical literature (WP002). http://ssrn.com/abstract=1105657Electroniccopyavailableat:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1105657
  • Helms, B., & Leblang, D. (2019). Global Migration: Causes and Consequences. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.631
  • Hunter, L. M., Luna, J. K., & Norton, R. M. (2015). environmental dimensions of migration. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 377-397. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112223
  • İnce, C. (2019). Göç kuramları ve suriye göçü üzerine bir değerlendirme. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.546737
  • İşcan, İ. H., & Çakır, M. (2019). Türkiye’deki sığınmacı ve mültecilerin Türk işgücü piyasasına etkisi: Bir saha araştırması. Sosyal ve Politika Araştırmaları Dergisi, 43, 177–236. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-6942
  • Jennissen, R. (2007). Causality chains in the international migration systems approach. Population Research and Policy Review, 26(4), 411–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-007-9039-4
  • Kandilige, L., & Yaro, J. A. (2024). Returns from the South: Effects of return migration of Ghanaian migrants from China on livelihoods and wealth inequalities in Ghana. International Migration, 62(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13192
  • Kapur, D. (2014). Political effects of international migration. Annual Review of Political Science, 17, 479–502. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-043010-095807
  • Koçak, A., & Kaygısız Durgun, A. (2023). Cumhuriyet’ten bugüne Türkiye’nin göç politikaları: Göç yönetimindeki ulusal ve uluslararası aktörler. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler ve Güzel Sanatlar Dergisi (SOSGÜZ), 5(13), 253–273.
  • Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3, 47–57.
  • Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour. 1–30.
  • Mabogunje, A. L. (1970). Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural‐Urban Migration. Geographical Analysis, 2(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1970.tb00140.x
  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19(3), 431-466. https://about.jstor.org/terms
  • Mayda, A. M. (2010). International migration: A panel data analysis of the determinants of bilateral flows. Journal of Population Economics, 23(4), 1249-1274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-009-0251-x
  • McMillan, C. (2024). Connecting the dots: Using social network analysis to disentangle the factors driving international migration. International Migration. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13234
  • Odabaşı, S., & Karaman, N. (2023). Türkiye’den yurtdışına göçün sosyo-ekonomik nedenleri. Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 75-90. https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1090893
  • Ortega, F., & Peri, G. (2013). The effect of income and immigration policies on international migration. Migration Studies, 1(1), 47-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mns004
  • Özbek, S. (2021). G-7 Ülkelerinde inovasyon ve göç ilişkisi. Tarsus Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 59–70.
  • Petersen, W. (1958). A General Typology of Migration. American Sociological Review, 23(3), 256-266. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2089239
  • Ranis, G., & Fei, J. C. H. (1961). A Theory of economic development. American Economic Association, 51(4), 533-565.
  • Rauhut, D. (2010). Adam Smith on migration. Migration Letters, 7(1), 105-113. www.migrationletters.com
  • Ravenstein, E. G. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 48(2), 167-235.
  • Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52(2), 241–301.
  • Robinson, R. (2005). Beyond The State-Bounded Immıgrant Incorporation Regime. The North-South Institute.
  • Rudolph, C. (2003). Security and the Political Economy of International Migration. In American Political Science Review 97(4), 603-620. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305540300090X
  • Şahin, L., & Şen, A. (2020). Uluslararası işgücü göçmenlerinin ekonomik etkileri: İşsizlik, vergi gelirleri, verimlilik. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.740109
  • Salazar-Pastrana, A., Castillo-Burguete, M.-T., Paredes-Chi, A., & Dickinson, F. (2016). A effects of immigration on women’s education. “Here they wake you up to a different way of thinking”. Journal of Behavior, Health & Social Issues, 8(1), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbhsi.2016.10.002
  • Simpson, N. (2017). Demographic and economic determinants of migration. IZA World of Labor. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.373
  • Stark, O. (1991). The Migration of Labor.
  • Stark, O., & Bloom, D. E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. The American Economic Review, 75 (2), 173-178
  • Stouffer, S. A. (1940). Intervening opportunities: A theory relating mobility and distance. American Sociological Review, 5(6), 845-867.
  • Tacoli, C. (2009). Crisis or adaptation? Migration and climate change in a context of high mobility. Environment and Urbanization, 21(2), 513-525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809342182
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Employment, Theory of Economy, International Economics (Other)
Journal Section Dissertation
Authors

Şerife Koç 0000-0002-5012-3186

Birol Mercan 0000-0002-1587-3643

Submission Date October 28, 2025
Acceptance Date December 23, 2025
Publication Date December 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Koç, Ş., & Mercan, B. (2025). Göçün Nedenleri ve Sonuçları Bağlamında Uluslararası Göç Kuramları. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 379-400.

Journal of Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Political Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).