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Lebanon, or the Impossible Revolution

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 30.06.2022

Abstract

Commonly depicted as a textbook example of 'failed state', postwar Lebanon has drawn a cumbersome political and economic trajectory throughout the last three decades. However, neither the perceived inefficiency and corruption of its politico-administrative machinery nor the inability of its élites to engender a modicum of prosperity have managed to jeopardize the foundations whereupon the Lebanese system is anchored, whereas other-apparently more solid-régimes fell down amid public outcry. Unaffected by the winds of change blowing during the Arab Spring, the defining elements of Lebanon's political structure have remained basically unchanged in spite of civil war, foreign occupation, and popular protests. This paper, in analyzing the guidelines of such a political construction, will argue that the consuetudinary power-sharing practices and gradualist approach to change enshrined within the so-called 'National Pact' have turned an apparently weak system into an ironclad construction, where radical transformations and revolutionary upheavals are comparatively hard to achieve.

References

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Lebanon, or the Impossible Revolution

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 30.06.2022

Abstract

Genellikle ders kitaplarında 'başarısız devlet' olarak gösterilen savaş sonrası Lübnan, son otuz yılda hantal bir siyasi ve ekonomik yörünge çizdi. Bununla birlikte, ne siyasi-idari mekanizmasının algılanan verimsizliği ve yozlaşması ne de seçkinlerinin bir nebze de olsa refah artışına katkısının olmaması, rejim gibi sağlam olduğu düşünülen unsurların halkın tepkisi altında yıkılırken Lübnan sisteminin demirlediği vakıfları tehlikeye atmayı başaramadı. Arap Baharı sırasında esen değişim rüzgarlarından etkilenmeyen Lübnan'ın siyasi yapısının belirleyici unsurları, iç savaşa, yabancı işgaline ve halk protestolarına rağmen temelde değişmeden kaldı.Bu makale, böyle bir siyasi yapının ana hatlarını analiz ederken, sözde 'Ulusal Pakt' içinde yer alan ardışık güç paylaşımı uygulamalarının ve kademeli değişim yaklaşımının, radikal dönüşümlerin ve devrimci ayaklannmaların başarılmasının oldukça zor olduğu bir ortamda nasıl görünüşte zayıf bir sistemi sağlam bir yapıya dönüştürdüğünü tartışmaktadır.

References

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  • Denise AMMOUN (2004). Histoire du Liban contemporain, vol. II. Paris: Fayard.
  • Étienne ARCQ, Vincent DE COOREBYTER, Cédric ISTASSE (2012). “Fédéralisme et confédéralisme,” Dossiers du CRISP 79, pp. 11-125, available at: https://www.cairn.info/revue-dossier-du-crisp-2012-1-page-11.htm.
  • John ARMSTRONG (1982). Nations before Nationalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
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  • Amer BISAT, Marcel CASSARD, Ishac DIWAN (2021). “Lebanon’s economic crisis. A tragedy in the making,” MEI@75. Available at https://www.mei.edu/publications/lebanons-economic-crisis-tragedy-making.
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  • Robert DAHL (1989). La poliarquía. Participación y oposición. Translated into Spanish by Julia MORENO. Madrid: Tecnos.
  • Sam DALLA (2015). “La constitutionnalisation du confessionnalisme. « De l’exemple libanais »,” Revue française de Droit constitutionnel 103/3, pp. E1-E25.
  • Richard H. DEKMEJIAN (1975). Patterns of political leadership. Egypt, Israel, Lebanon. New York: State University of New York Press.
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  • Zachary ELKINS, Tom GINSBURG, James MELTON (2009). The endurance of national constitutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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  • Tamirace FAKHOURY (2007). Democracy and power-sharing in stormy weather. The case of Lebanon. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
  • Lina FARELLI (2019). “Au Liban, une ville interdit aux Musulmans d’acheter ou de louer une propriété aux Chrétiens,” Saphir News, June 27. Available at: https://www.saphirnews.com/Au-Liban-une-ville-interdit-aux-musulmans-d-acheter-ou-de-louer-une-propriete-aux-chretiens_a26479.html.
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  • Pierre GANNAGÉ (2015). Le Conseil constitutionnel libanais. Beirut: CEDROMA.
  • Vincent GEISSER (2017). ““The people want the army”: Is the Lebanese military an exception to the crisis of the state?,” in: R. DI PERI, D. MEIER (eds.). Lebanon facing the Arab Uprisings. Constraints and adaptations. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 93-113.
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  • Hans GESER (1997). “The persistence of confessional political cultures in Switzerland: some puzzling empirical evidence from local parties,” Swiss Political Science Review 3/2, pp. 1-29.
  • Amaia GOENAGA, Elvira SÁNCHEZ (2009). “Élites, poder y cambio politico en el Líbano de la II República,” in: F. IZQUIERDO BRICH (ed.), Poder y regímenes en el mundo árabe contemporáneo. Barcelona: Fundació CIDOB, pp. 341-376.
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  • Iliya HARIK (1980). “Voting participation and political integration in Lebanon, 1943-1974,” Middle Eastern Studies 16/1, pp. 27-48.
  • Alistair HARRIS (2008). “Half full or half empty. Assessing prospects for peace in Lebanon,” USIPeace Briefing. Available at https://www.usip.org.
  • William HARRIS (2015). Lebanon. A history, 600-2011, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Philip K. HITTI (1965). A short history of Lebanon. New York: St. Martin’s Press; London, Melbourne, Toronto: Macmillan.
  • Albert H. HOURANI (1981). The emergence of the modern Middle East. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Joseph KÉCHICHIAN (2020). “Partition is the only solution to Lebanon’s woes,” Foreign Policy, September 18. Available at https://www.foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/18/partition-is-the-only-solution-to-lebanons-woes/.
  • Antoine KHAIR (1973). Le Moutaçarrifat du Mont-Liban. Beirut: Publications de l’Université Libanaise.
  • Samir KHALAF (2002). Civil and uncivil violence in Lebanon. A history of the internationalization of communal conflict. New York, Chichester: Columbia University Press.
  • Farid EL-KHAZEN (1991). The communal pact of national identities. The making and politics of the 1943 National Pact. Oxford: The Centre for Lebanese Studies.
  • Ulrich KLÖTI (1994). “Reform trends in Swiss government,” Papers on Parliament 23. Available at https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/pop23/c02.
  • Are KNUDSEN, Michael KERR (2012). Lebanon after the Cedar Revolution. London: C. Hurst & Co.
  • Ersun N. KURTULUS (2009). “‘The Cedar Revolution’: Lebanese independence and the question of collective self-determination,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 36/2, pp. 195-214.
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  • Wolf LINDER, Sean MUELLER (2021). Swiss democracy. Possible solutions to conflict in multicultural societies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Stéphane MALSAGNE (2014). “Présentation,” in: Louis-Joseph LEBRET, Chronique de la construction d’un état. Paris: Geuthner.
  • Antoine N. MESSARRA (1984). Théorie générale du système politique libanais. Essai comparé sur les fondements d’évolution d’un système consensuel de gouvernement. Paris: Cariscript.
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There are 82 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Borja W. Gonzalez Fernandez 0000-0003-3542-0534

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date November 28, 2021
Acceptance Date January 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gonzalez Fernandez, B. W. (2022). Lebanon, or the Impossible Revolution. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 1-17.

Journal of Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Political Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).