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Gender Equality in Tourism Education: An Evaluation of Türkiye’s Higher Tourism Education

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 141 - 159, 30.06.2024

Abstract

Gender equality is one of the most important assessment criteria for regional and global sustainable development. Tourism supports sustainable development as a global economic and social phenomenon. In order to reduce the gap in the literature due to the lack of studies analysing the gender perspective in university education in Turkey, the current study investigates the status of gender equality in tourism education. In addition, within the scope of qualitative research, the distribution of tourism, gender and gender equality themed articles indexed in WoS and Scopus databases according to variables such as year, country, WoS category and SDG is shown. In addition, the gender distribution of academics whose field of science is “tourism” in the database of the Council of Higher Education in Turkey and the gender distribution of students enrolled in Tourism Management departments in various faculties of universities in Turkey in the last four years are presented. The first study on tourism and gender was conducted in 1980. Studies on the themes of “tourism”, “gender” and “gender equality” were mostly conducted in the WoS category of “Hospitality Leisure Sports Tourism” and the 11th Goal Sustainable Cities and Communities SDG target. In general, there are more men than women both in the number of academics whose field of study is tourism and in the number of students enrolled in the Department of Tourism Management. The Gender Gap Index values in the world and Turkey show that achieving and strengthening gender equality in and through education needs more time.

References

  • Acharya, B. P. ve Halpenny, E. A. (2013). Homestays as an Alternative Tourism Product for Sustainable Community Development: A Case Study of Women-Managed Tourism Product in Rural Nepal. Tourism Planning ve Development, 10(4), 367- 387.
  • Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations. Gender ve Society, 4(2), 139-158.
  • Aksatan, M., Gunlu, E. ve Kozak, M. (2020). Women Academics in Tourism: A Cross-Gender Study in Turkey. Internationa Journal of Tourism Research, 22, 711-725.
  • Ardıç Yetiş ve Çalışkan N. (2020). Turizm Sektöründe Kadın İstihdamı: Mevcut Duruma İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(3), 105-119.
  • Aydın, B. O., ve Duğan, Ö. (2018). Halkla İlişkiler Lisans Öğrencilerinin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rollerine Yönelik Tutumları. Konya Sanat, 1, 88-103.
  • Bañuls, A. L., ve Casado-Díaz, J. M. (2010). Rewards to Education in the Tourism Sector: One Step Ahead. Tourism Economics, 16(1), 11-23.
  • Basurto-Barcia, J. ve Ricaurte-Quijano, C. (2017). Women in Tourism: Gender (in)Equalities in University Teaching and Research. Anatolia, 28(4), 567-581.
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge. Calás, M. ve Smircich, L. (2006). From the “women’s point of view” ten years later: Towards a feminist organization studies’ in The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies, S. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. Lawrence and W. Nord (eds). London: Sage.
  • Costa, C., Carvalho, I., Caçador, S. ve Breda, Z. (2012). Future Higher Education in Tourism Studies and the Labor Market: Gender Perspectives on Expectations and Experiences. Journal of Teaching in Travel ve Tourism, 12(1), 70-90.
  • Carvalho, I., Costa, C., Lykke, N. ve Torres, A. (2018). What Could be Done? Tourism, Gender (In) Equality and Women Managers’ Views of What Should Change. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Gender Research (pp. 80-88). ISCAP Porto.
  • Chambers, D. Munar, A. M., Khoo-Lattimore, C. ve Biran, A. (2017). Interrogating Gender and the Tourism Academy Through Epistemological Lens. Anatolia, 28(4), 501-513.
  • Cihangir, İ.S., Akmeşe, H. ve Akmeşe, K.A. (2023). Yöresel Gastronomik Ürünlerin Gastronomi Turizmine Kazandırılmasında Kadın Kooperatiflerinin Rolü: Denee Kadın Kooperatifi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 205-225.
  • Çiçek, D., Zencir, E. ve Kozak, N. (2017). Women in Turkish tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 228- 234.
  • Çiçen, C., Boyacıoğlu E. Z. ve Oğuzhan, A. (2020). Turizmde Kadın İşgücünün Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı Algısı: Edirne İlinde Bir Araştırma. Tourism and Recreation, 2(1), 54-63.
  • Dashper, K., Turner, J. ve Wengel, Y. (2022). Gendering Knowledge in Tourism: Gender (in)Equality Initiatives in the Tourism Academy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(7), 1621-1638.
  • Eisenstein, H. (1983). Contemporary Feminist Thought. Boston: G.K. Hall.
  • Ferguson, L. ve Alarcon, D. M. (2015). Gender and sustainable Tourism: Reflections on Theory and Practice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(3), 401- 416.
  • Harding, S. (1986). The Science Question in Feminism. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • İşman A. ve Yusupova G. (2023). Özbekistan’da Kadına Yönelik Şiddet Konulu Cinsiyet Eşitsizliğine Kayıtsız Kalmıyoruz Adlı Kamu Spotu Değerlendirmesi. Medeniyet ve Toplum Dergisi, 7(1), 61-77.
  • Kaşıkırık, A. ve Gülümser, I. (2021). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliğinin Anayasalara ve Uluslararası Sözleşmelere Yansıması. Ulusam Türkiye Politik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 59- 69.
  • Koseoglu, M. A., King, B. ve Rahimi, R. (2020). Gender Disparities and Positioning in Collaborative Hospitality and Tourism Research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(2), 535-559.
  • Meyerson, D.E. ve Kolb, D.M. (2000). Moving Out of the “Armchair”: Developing a Framework to Bridge the Gap Between Feminist Theory and Practice. Organization, 7(4), 553-571.
  • Neil, K. (2020). The Role of Hospitality ve Tourism Schools in Promoting Gender Equity. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport ve Tourism Education, 27, 100269.
  • Nguyen, C. P. (2022). Tourism and Gender (In)Equality: Global Evidence. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 100933.
  • Nitsch, B. ve Vogels, C. (2022). Gender Equality Boost For Regenerative Tourism: The Case Of Karenni Village Huay Pu Keng (Mae Hong Son, Thailand). Journal of Tourism Futures, 8(3), 375-379.
  • Rinaldi, A. ve Salerno, I. (2020). The Tourism Gender Gap and its Potential Impact on the Development of the Emerging Countries. Quality ve Quantity, 54, 1465-1477.
  • Santero-Sanchez, R., Segovia-Perez, M., Castro-Nunez, B., Figueroa-Domecq, C. ve Talon-Ballestero, P. (2015). Gender Differences in the Hospitality Industry: A Job Quality Index. Tourism Management, 51: 234- 246.
  • Smith, D. (1987). The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
  • Squires, J. (1999). Gender in Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Swain, M. (1995). Gender in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(2), 247- 266.
  • T.C. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, Çalışma Genel Müdürlüğü, Ulusal İstihdam Stratejisi 2014- 2023 ve Eylem Planları 2014-2016, Aralık 2015.
  • T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı (ASPB), Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü (KSGM), Kadının Güçlenmesi Strateji Belgesi ve Eylem Planı (2018-2023), Ankara, 2018.
  • Thrane, C. (2008). Earnings Differentiation in the Tourism Industry: Gender, Human Capital, and Sociodemographic Effects. Tourism Management, 29, 514-524.
  • Thrane, C. (2010). Education and Earnings in the Tourism Industry: The Role of Sheepskin Effects. Tourism Economics, 16(3), 549-563.
  • UNESCO (2019). Education 2030. France.Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.54675/IJGQ3826 Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2023.
  • United Nations, Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals, 2014, A/68/970, Erişim Adresi: http://undocs.org/A/68/970 Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2023.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), (2011), Global Report on Women in Tourism 2010, Erişim Adresi: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284413737 Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2023.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), (2019), Global Report on Women in Tourism-Second Edition, Erişim Adresi: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384, Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2023.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (2015), Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals, UNWTO, Madrid. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284417254, Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2024.
  • United Nations, Economic and Social Council on UNICEF Gender Action Plan, 2022-2025, 2021, E/ICEF/2021/31, Erişim Adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3934599?ln=en, Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2023.
  • Van den Brink, M., Benschop, Y., ve Jansen, W. (2010). Transparency in Academic Recruitment: A Problematic Tool For Gender Equality? Organization Studies, 31(11), 1459-1483.
  • Vartiainen, J. (2002). Gender Wage Differentials in the Finnish Labor Market. Labor Institute for Economic Research: Discussion Papers, 179.
  • Xu, H., Wang, C., Wu, J., Liang, Y., Jiao, Y. ve Nazneen, S. (2018). Human Poverty Alleviation Through Rural Women’s Tourism Entrepreneurship. Journal of China Tourism Research, 14(4), 445-460.
  • WEF (World Economic Forum). Global Gender Gap Report 2020, WEF: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020
  • WEF (World Economic Forum). Global Gender Gap Report 2021, WEF: Geneva, Switzerland, March 2021.
  • WEF (World Economic Forum). Global Gender Gap Report 2022, WEF: Geneva, Switzerland, July 2022.
  • WEF (World Economic Forum). Global Gender Gap Report 2023, WEF: Geneva, Switzerland, June 2023.
  • Wilkinson, P. F. ve Pratiwi, W. (1995). Gender and Tourism in an Indonesian Village. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(2), 283- 299.
  • Zhang, J. ve Zhang, Y. (2020). Tourism and Gender Equality: An Asian Perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 85(103067), 1-12.
  • Zhang, J. ve Zhang, Y. (2021). A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Tourism and Gender Equality in Emerging Economies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 284-292.
  • Zhang, Y., Xu, S. ve Zhang, J. (2022). Examining the Relationship between Tourism and Gender Equality: Evidence from Asia. Sustainability, 14, 12156.

Turı̇zm Eğı̇tı̇mı̇nde Toplumsal Cı̇nsı̇yet Eşı̇tlı̇ğı̇: Türkı̇ye’de Yükseköğretim Turı̇zm Eğı̇tı̇mı̇ Üzerı̇ne Bı̇r Değerlendı̇rme

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 141 - 159, 30.06.2024

Abstract

Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği, bölgesel ve küresel sürdürülebilir kalkınma için en önemli değerlendirme ölçütlerinden biridir. Turizm, küresel bir ekonomik ve sosyal olgu olarak sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı desteklemektedir. Turizm özelinde, Türkiye’de üniversite eğitiminde toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinin analizi çalışmalarının az olması nedeniyle literatürde oluşan boşluğu azaltmak amacıyla, mevcut araştırmada turizm eğitiminde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin durumu araştırılmaktadır. Çalışma nitel bir araştırma olup toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve turizmle ilgili raporlar, planlar ve akademik makaleler gibi ikincil kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Ayrıca nitel araştırma kapsamında WoS ve Scopus veri tabanlarında indekslenen turizm, toplumsal cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği temalı makalelerin yıl, ülke Web of Science (WoS) kategorisi ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefi (SKH) gibi değişkjenlere göre dağılımı gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye’de Yükseköğretim Kurulu veri tabanında bilim alanı “turizm” olan akademisyenlerin cinsiyet dağılımı ile Türkiye’deki üniversitelerin çeşitli fakültelerinde yer alan Turizm İşletmeciliği bölümlerine son dört yılda kayıt yaptıran öğrencilerin cinsiyet dağılımı sunulmuştur. Ayrıca dünya ve Türkiye özelinde Cinsiyet Açığı Endeks değerleri paylaşılmıştır. Turizm ve toplumsal cinsiyet üzerine ilk çalışma 1980 yılında yapılmıştır. “Turizm”, “toplumsal cinsiyet” ve “toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği” temalarında hazırlanan çalışmalar en fazla “Ağırlama Eğlence Spor Turizm” WoS kategorisinde ve 11. Hedef Sürdürülebilir Şehirler ve Topluluklar SKH hedefine yönelik yapılmıştır. Hem bilim alanı turizm olan akademisyen sayısında hem de Turizm İşletmeciliği bölümüne yerleşen öğrencilerde genel olarak erkek sayısı kadınlara göre daha fazladır. Dünya ve Türkiye’deki Cinsiyet Açığı Endeksi değerleri de göstermektedir ki eğitimde ve eğitim yoluyla toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin sağlanması ve güçlendirilmesinin daha fazla zamana ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Çalışma nitel bir araştırmaya dayalı olup, ikinci kaynaklar kullanılmıştır. Bu nedenle Etik Kurul iznine başvurulmamıştır. Etik Beyan Formu eklerde sunulmuştur.

References

  • Acharya, B. P. ve Halpenny, E. A. (2013). Homestays as an Alternative Tourism Product for Sustainable Community Development: A Case Study of Women-Managed Tourism Product in Rural Nepal. Tourism Planning ve Development, 10(4), 367- 387.
  • Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations. Gender ve Society, 4(2), 139-158.
  • Aksatan, M., Gunlu, E. ve Kozak, M. (2020). Women Academics in Tourism: A Cross-Gender Study in Turkey. Internationa Journal of Tourism Research, 22, 711-725.
  • Ardıç Yetiş ve Çalışkan N. (2020). Turizm Sektöründe Kadın İstihdamı: Mevcut Duruma İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(3), 105-119.
  • Aydın, B. O., ve Duğan, Ö. (2018). Halkla İlişkiler Lisans Öğrencilerinin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rollerine Yönelik Tutumları. Konya Sanat, 1, 88-103.
  • Bañuls, A. L., ve Casado-Díaz, J. M. (2010). Rewards to Education in the Tourism Sector: One Step Ahead. Tourism Economics, 16(1), 11-23.
  • Basurto-Barcia, J. ve Ricaurte-Quijano, C. (2017). Women in Tourism: Gender (in)Equalities in University Teaching and Research. Anatolia, 28(4), 567-581.
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge. Calás, M. ve Smircich, L. (2006). From the “women’s point of view” ten years later: Towards a feminist organization studies’ in The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies, S. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. Lawrence and W. Nord (eds). London: Sage.
  • Costa, C., Carvalho, I., Caçador, S. ve Breda, Z. (2012). Future Higher Education in Tourism Studies and the Labor Market: Gender Perspectives on Expectations and Experiences. Journal of Teaching in Travel ve Tourism, 12(1), 70-90.
  • Carvalho, I., Costa, C., Lykke, N. ve Torres, A. (2018). What Could be Done? Tourism, Gender (In) Equality and Women Managers’ Views of What Should Change. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Gender Research (pp. 80-88). ISCAP Porto.
  • Chambers, D. Munar, A. M., Khoo-Lattimore, C. ve Biran, A. (2017). Interrogating Gender and the Tourism Academy Through Epistemological Lens. Anatolia, 28(4), 501-513.
  • Cihangir, İ.S., Akmeşe, H. ve Akmeşe, K.A. (2023). Yöresel Gastronomik Ürünlerin Gastronomi Turizmine Kazandırılmasında Kadın Kooperatiflerinin Rolü: Denee Kadın Kooperatifi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 205-225.
  • Çiçek, D., Zencir, E. ve Kozak, N. (2017). Women in Turkish tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 228- 234.
  • Çiçen, C., Boyacıoğlu E. Z. ve Oğuzhan, A. (2020). Turizmde Kadın İşgücünün Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı Algısı: Edirne İlinde Bir Araştırma. Tourism and Recreation, 2(1), 54-63.
  • Dashper, K., Turner, J. ve Wengel, Y. (2022). Gendering Knowledge in Tourism: Gender (in)Equality Initiatives in the Tourism Academy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(7), 1621-1638.
  • Eisenstein, H. (1983). Contemporary Feminist Thought. Boston: G.K. Hall.
  • Ferguson, L. ve Alarcon, D. M. (2015). Gender and sustainable Tourism: Reflections on Theory and Practice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(3), 401- 416.
  • Harding, S. (1986). The Science Question in Feminism. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • İşman A. ve Yusupova G. (2023). Özbekistan’da Kadına Yönelik Şiddet Konulu Cinsiyet Eşitsizliğine Kayıtsız Kalmıyoruz Adlı Kamu Spotu Değerlendirmesi. Medeniyet ve Toplum Dergisi, 7(1), 61-77.
  • Kaşıkırık, A. ve Gülümser, I. (2021). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliğinin Anayasalara ve Uluslararası Sözleşmelere Yansıması. Ulusam Türkiye Politik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 59- 69.
  • Koseoglu, M. A., King, B. ve Rahimi, R. (2020). Gender Disparities and Positioning in Collaborative Hospitality and Tourism Research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(2), 535-559.
  • Meyerson, D.E. ve Kolb, D.M. (2000). Moving Out of the “Armchair”: Developing a Framework to Bridge the Gap Between Feminist Theory and Practice. Organization, 7(4), 553-571.
  • Neil, K. (2020). The Role of Hospitality ve Tourism Schools in Promoting Gender Equity. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport ve Tourism Education, 27, 100269.
  • Nguyen, C. P. (2022). Tourism and Gender (In)Equality: Global Evidence. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 100933.
  • Nitsch, B. ve Vogels, C. (2022). Gender Equality Boost For Regenerative Tourism: The Case Of Karenni Village Huay Pu Keng (Mae Hong Son, Thailand). Journal of Tourism Futures, 8(3), 375-379.
  • Rinaldi, A. ve Salerno, I. (2020). The Tourism Gender Gap and its Potential Impact on the Development of the Emerging Countries. Quality ve Quantity, 54, 1465-1477.
  • Santero-Sanchez, R., Segovia-Perez, M., Castro-Nunez, B., Figueroa-Domecq, C. ve Talon-Ballestero, P. (2015). Gender Differences in the Hospitality Industry: A Job Quality Index. Tourism Management, 51: 234- 246.
  • Smith, D. (1987). The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
  • Squires, J. (1999). Gender in Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Swain, M. (1995). Gender in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(2), 247- 266.
  • T.C. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, Çalışma Genel Müdürlüğü, Ulusal İstihdam Stratejisi 2014- 2023 ve Eylem Planları 2014-2016, Aralık 2015.
  • T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı (ASPB), Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü (KSGM), Kadının Güçlenmesi Strateji Belgesi ve Eylem Planı (2018-2023), Ankara, 2018.
  • Thrane, C. (2008). Earnings Differentiation in the Tourism Industry: Gender, Human Capital, and Sociodemographic Effects. Tourism Management, 29, 514-524.
  • Thrane, C. (2010). Education and Earnings in the Tourism Industry: The Role of Sheepskin Effects. Tourism Economics, 16(3), 549-563.
  • UNESCO (2019). Education 2030. France.Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.54675/IJGQ3826 Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2023.
  • United Nations, Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals, 2014, A/68/970, Erişim Adresi: http://undocs.org/A/68/970 Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2023.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), (2011), Global Report on Women in Tourism 2010, Erişim Adresi: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284413737 Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2023.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), (2019), Global Report on Women in Tourism-Second Edition, Erişim Adresi: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384, Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2023.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (2015), Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals, UNWTO, Madrid. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284417254, Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2024.
  • United Nations, Economic and Social Council on UNICEF Gender Action Plan, 2022-2025, 2021, E/ICEF/2021/31, Erişim Adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3934599?ln=en, Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2023.
  • Van den Brink, M., Benschop, Y., ve Jansen, W. (2010). Transparency in Academic Recruitment: A Problematic Tool For Gender Equality? Organization Studies, 31(11), 1459-1483.
  • Vartiainen, J. (2002). Gender Wage Differentials in the Finnish Labor Market. Labor Institute for Economic Research: Discussion Papers, 179.
  • Xu, H., Wang, C., Wu, J., Liang, Y., Jiao, Y. ve Nazneen, S. (2018). Human Poverty Alleviation Through Rural Women’s Tourism Entrepreneurship. Journal of China Tourism Research, 14(4), 445-460.
  • WEF (World Economic Forum). Global Gender Gap Report 2020, WEF: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020
  • WEF (World Economic Forum). Global Gender Gap Report 2021, WEF: Geneva, Switzerland, March 2021.
  • WEF (World Economic Forum). Global Gender Gap Report 2022, WEF: Geneva, Switzerland, July 2022.
  • WEF (World Economic Forum). Global Gender Gap Report 2023, WEF: Geneva, Switzerland, June 2023.
  • Wilkinson, P. F. ve Pratiwi, W. (1995). Gender and Tourism in an Indonesian Village. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(2), 283- 299.
  • Zhang, J. ve Zhang, Y. (2020). Tourism and Gender Equality: An Asian Perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 85(103067), 1-12.
  • Zhang, J. ve Zhang, Y. (2021). A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Tourism and Gender Equality in Emerging Economies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 284-292.
  • Zhang, Y., Xu, S. ve Zhang, J. (2022). Examining the Relationship between Tourism and Gender Equality: Evidence from Asia. Sustainability, 14, 12156.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Marketing (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Saadet Zafer Kavacık 0000-0002-8834-2069

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date March 7, 2024
Acceptance Date June 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Zafer Kavacık, S. (2024). Turı̇zm Eğı̇tı̇mı̇nde Toplumsal Cı̇nsı̇yet Eşı̇tlı̇ğı̇: Türkı̇ye’de Yükseköğretim Turı̇zm Eğı̇tı̇mı̇ Üzerı̇ne Bı̇r Değerlendı̇rme. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 141-159.

Journal of Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Political Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).