Yıl 2015,
, 45 - 56, 28.07.2015
Erdogan Çiçek
,
Sevil Birecikligil
Öz
Water is most important compounds in the world due to the main component of living and needed activities in all of life. Water is also an ideal living environment they spend a certain part or all of their life for some creatures. Today nearly billion people do not reach to a with clean drinking water and around 2.5 billion people have hygiene and sanitation problems of the water they use is in the world. Ensuring the sustainable use of renewable water resources, which is possible with the protection of the quality of not only the quantity. The importance of ecosystem quality assessment and monitoring the use of a biotic index is increasing day by day while the recent past. Fishes are considered as an important indicator organisms in this index. The use of biological indices in Turkey is still in its early stages indexes are used as biological elements of the fish is not yet implemented
Kaynakça
- Tanyolaç Z., “Limnoloji (Tatlı Su Bilimi)”, Hatipoğlu Yayınları, Ankara, 290s, 2009.
- Roaf V., (Editor) “Good Practices in Realising the Rights to Water and Sanitation”, UN Publication, Textype, Lisbon, 223p, 2012.
- Zandaryaa S., (Editor) “Water in the post-2015 development agenda and sustainable development goals”, UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Paris, 11, 2014.
- United Nations., “Prototype Global Sustainable Development Report”, Online unedited edition. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development, 1 July 2014. http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ globalsdreport/, 2014.
- Karr J.R., “Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities”, Fisheries, 6, 21-27, 1981
- Roth N.E., Southerland M.T., Chaillou J.C., Kazyak P.F., Stranko S.A., “Refinement and Validation of a Fish Index of Biotic Integrity for Maryland Streams”, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland, 68p, 2000.
- MPCA., “Development of a fish-based Index of Biological Integrity for assessment of Minnesota’s rivers and streams”, Document number wq-bsm2-03. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Environmental Analysis and Outcomes Division, St. Paul, MN., 2014
- Ruaro R., Gubiani E.A., “A scientometric assessment of 30 years of the Index of Biotic Integrity aquatic ecosystems: Applications and main flaws”, Ecological Indicators, 29, 105-110, 2013.
- Karr J.R., Dudley D.R., “Ecological perspective on water quality goals”, Environmental Management, 5, 55-68, 1981.
- Simon T.P., Lyons J., “Application of the Index of Biotic Integrity to evaluate water resource integrity in freshwater ecosystems”, Chapter 16 in Davis and Simon. Bioassessment and criteria: Tools for water resources planning and decision making. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 1995.
- Barbour M.T., Gerritsen J., Griffith G.E., Frydenborg R., McCarron E., White J.S., Bastian M.L., “A framework for biological criteria for Florida streams using benthic macroinvertebrates”, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15, 185-211, 1996.
- Weisberg S. B., Ranasinghe J.A., Dauer D. M., Schaffner, L. C., Diaz R. J., Frithsen J.B., “An estuarine benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for the Chesapeake Bay”, Estuaries, 20, 149- 158, 1997.
- Yoder C.O. Rankin. E.T., “Biological criteria program development and implementation in Ohio”, in W.S. Davis and T.P Simon (editors). Biological assessment and criteria: Tools for water resource planning and decision making. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 1995.
- Frank H., Mccormick, F.H., Hughes R.M., Kaufmann P.R., Peck D.V., Stoddard, J.L., Herlihy, A.T., “Development of an Index of Biotic Integrity for the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 130, 857-877, 2001.
- Harris J.H., Silveira R., “Large-scale assessments of river health using an Index of Biotic Integrity with low-diversity fish communities”, Freshwater Biology, 41, 235-252, 1999.
- Breine J., Simoens I., Goethals P., Quataert P., Ercken, D., Van Liefferinghe C., Belpaire C., “A Şsh-based index of biotic integrity for upstream brooks in Flanders (Belgium)”, Hydrobiologia, 522, 133-148, 2004.
- Pinto B.C.T., Araşjo F.G., “Assessing of Biotic Integrity of the Fish Community in a Heavily Impacted Segment of a Tropical River in Brazil”, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 50, 489-502, 2007.
- Schmutz S., Cowx I.G., Haidvogl G., Pont D., “Fish-based methods for assessing European running waters: a synthesis”, Fisheries Management and Ecology, 14, 369-380, 2007.
- Zhu D., Chang J., “Annual variations of biotic integrity in the upper Yangtze River using an adapted index of biotic integrity (IBI)”, Ecological Indicators, 8, 564-572, 2008.
- Barbour M.T., Gerritsen B.D., Snyder B.D., Stribling J.B., “Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish - Second Edition. EPA 841-B-99-002. US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington D.C., 1999.
- EEA., European Environment Agency., “European waters-assessment of status and pressures”, EEA Report No 8/2012, 96 pp. file:///C:/Users/ekin/Downloads/European %20waters%20- %20assessment%20of%20status%20and%20pressures.pdf, 2012.
- Kazancı N., Girgin S., Dügel M., Oğuzkurt D., “Akarsuların Çevre Kalitesi Yönünden
- değerlendirilmesinde ve İzlenmesinde Biyotik İndex Yöntemi”, Türkiye İç suları Araştırma Dizisi: II, Ankara, 100s, 1997.
- Kazancı G., Girgin S., “Distribution of Oligochaeta species as bioindicators of organic polution
- in Ankara stream and their use in biomonitoring”, Turkish Journal of Zoology, 22, 83-87, 1998.
- Kazancı G., Dügel M., “An evaluation of the water quality of Yuvarlakçay stream, in the
- Köyceğiz-Dalyan protected area, SW Turkey”, Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24, 69-80, 2000.
- Duran M., Tuzen M., Kayım M., “Exploration of biological richness and water quality of stream
- Kelkit, Tokat-Turkey”, Fresenius Envir. Bull., 12, 368-375, 2003. Dügel M., Kazancı N., “Assessment of water quality of the Büyük Menderes river (Turkey) by using ordination and classification of macroinvertebrates and environmental variables”, Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 19, 605-612, 2004.
- Duran M., “Monitoring water quality using benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters of the Behzat Stream (Tokat, N TURKEY)”, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15, 709-717, 2006.
- Duran M., Suiçmez M., “Macroinvertebrate fauna and ecological quality of the Stream Çekerek (N. Turkey)”, Journal of Environmental Science, 28, 213-236, 2007.
- Kalyoncu H., Yorulmaz B., Barlas M., Yıldırım M.Z., Zeybek M., “Aksu Çayı’nın Su Kalitesi ve
- Fizikokimyasal Parametrelerinin Makroomurgasız Çeşitliliği Üzerine Etkisi”, Fırat Üniv. Fen ve Müh. Bil. Dergisi, 20, 23-33, 2008.
- Çiçek N.L., Ertan Ö.O., “Köprüçay Nehri Epilitik Alg Çeşitliliğinin Bazı Fizikokimyasal Değişkenlerle İlişkisi”, Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 22-41 2012.
- Arslanargun H, Çelekli A., Topyürek A., Gültekin E., Bozkurt H. Soysal Ç.A., “Gaziantep İli Karkamış-Nizip Bölgesi Filamentli Alglerin Ekolojik Özellikleri ve Biyomarkır Potansiyelleri”, VI. Ulusal Limnoloji Sempozyumu, 25-28 Ağustos, 2014, Bursa, 2014.
- Kazancı N., Ekingen P., Türkmen G., Ertunç Ö., Dügel M., Gültutan Y., “Assessment of
- ecological quality of Aksu Stream (Giresun, Turkey) in Eastern Black Sea Region by using Water Framework Directive (WFD) methods based on benthic macroinvertebrates”, Review of Hydrobiology, 3, 165-184, 2010.
- Sukatar A., Yorulmaz B., Ayaz D., Barlas M., “Emiralem Deresi’nin (İzmir-Menemen) Bazı Fiziko-Kimyasal ve Biyolojik (Bentik Makroomurgasızlar) Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10, 328-333, 2006.
- Kazancı N., Öz B., Dügel M., Ertunç Ö., Türkmen, G., “First faunistic survey and canonical
- correspondance analysis of interstitial aquatic insect assemblages of running waters in Turkey”, Review of Hydrobiology, 2, 1-10, 2009.
- Çelekli A., Öztürk B., Kapı M., İlgün G., “Alleben Göleti (Gaziantep) Fitoplankton
- Komposizyonu ve Limnoekolojik Özelliklerinin Çok Yönlü Analizler ile Değerlendirilmesi”, V. Ulusal Limnoloji Sempozyumu, 27-29 Ağustos 2012, Isparta, 2012.
- Kazancı N., Gökçe D., Dügel M., “Multivariate analysis of phytoplankton assemblages in
- Beyşehir Lake (Turkey) as a tool of water quality monitoring and management”, Review of Hydrobiology, 2, 45-56, 2009.
- Kalyoncu H., Gülboy H., “Benthic Macroinvertebrates from Darıören and Isparta Streams (Isparta/Turkey) - Biotic Indices and Multivariate Analysis”, Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 3, 100-107, 2009.
- Kalyoncu H., Barlas M., Ertan Ö.O., “Aksu Çayı'nın Su Kalitesinin Biotik İndekslere (Diyatomlara ve Omurgasızlara Göre) ve Fizikokimyasal Parametrelere Göre İncelenmesi, Organizmaların Su Kalitesi ile İlişkileri”, Türk Bilim Dergisi, 2, 46-57, 2009.
- Zeybek M., Kalyoncu H., “Köprüçay Nehri’nde Biyotik İndeksler ile Çeşitlilik İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Olarak İncelenmesi”, Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 42-50, 2012. Kalyoncu H., Şerbetçi B., “Applicability of Diatom-Based Water Quality Assessment Indices in Dari Stream, Isparta-Turkey”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 1891- 1899, 2013.
- Zeybek M., Kalyoncu H., Karakaş B., Özgül S., “The use of BMWP and ASPT indices for evaluation of water quality (according to macroinvertebrates) in Değirmendere Stream (Isparta, Turkey)”, Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 603-613, 2014.
- Dirican S., Barlas M., “Dipsiz ve Çine (Muğla-Aydın) Çayı’nın Fiziko-Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Balıkları”, Ekoloji, 14, 25-30 2005.
- Akbulut B., “Çoruh Nehri’nde Bulunan Balık Türlerinin Sıcaklık, Oksijen, Besin ve Habitat İstekleri Üzerine İncelemeler”, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 10: 29-36, 2009.
- Kazancı N., Türkmen G., Ekingen P., Başören Ö., “Preparation of a biotic index (Yeşilırmak
- BMWP) for water quality monitoring of Yeşilırmak River (Turkey) by using benthic macroinvertebrates”, Review of Hydrobiology, 6, 1-29, 2013.
- Champ W.S.T., Kelly F.L., King J.J., “The Water Framework Directive Using Fish as a Management Tool”, Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 109, 191-206, 2009.
- Grabarkiewicz J., Davis W., “An introduction to freshwater fishes as biological indicators”, EPA-260-R-08-016. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information, Washington, DC, 2008.
- Simon T.P., Emery E.B., “Modification and assesment of an index of biotic integrity to quanify water resource quality in great rivers”, Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, 11: 283- 298, 1995.
- FAME CONSORTIUM, “Manual for the application of the European Fish Index - EFI. A fish- based method to assess the ecological status of European rivers in support of the Water Framework Directive”, Version 1.1, January 2005.
Yüzeysel Sularda Su Kalitesinin Değerlendirmesi ve İzlenmesi için Biyolojik Bütünlük İndeksi: Balık İndekslerinin Kullanılması
Yıl 2015,
, 45 - 56, 28.07.2015
Erdogan Çiçek
,
Sevil Birecikligil
Öz
Su, canlıların temel bileşeni olması ve tüm canlılık faaliyetlerinde ihtiyaç duyulması nedeniyle Dünyadaki en önemli bileşiktir. Su, bazı canlılar için aynı zamanda yaşamlarının belli bir kısmını veya tamamını geçirdikleri ideal bir yaşam ortamıdır. Günümüz Dünyasında bir milyara yakın insanın temiz içme suyuna sahip olmadığı ve 2,5 milyar civarındaki insanın ise kullandıkları su kaynaklarında hijyen ve sanitasyon sorunu olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Yenilenebilir bir kaynak olan suyun sürdürülebilir kullanımının sağlanması sadece miktarının değil kalitesinin de korunması ile mümkündür. Ekosistem kalitesinin değerlendirilmesinde ve izlenmesinde Biyotik İndekslerin kullanımı yakın bir geçmişe sahipken önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Balıklar bu indekslerde önemli indikatör organizmalar olarak düşünülmektedir. Türkiye’de biyolojik indekslerin kullanımı henüz başlangıç aşamasında olup balıkların biyolojik element olarak kullanıldığı indeksler henüz uygulanmamıştır.
Kaynakça
- Tanyolaç Z., “Limnoloji (Tatlı Su Bilimi)”, Hatipoğlu Yayınları, Ankara, 290s, 2009.
- Roaf V., (Editor) “Good Practices in Realising the Rights to Water and Sanitation”, UN Publication, Textype, Lisbon, 223p, 2012.
- Zandaryaa S., (Editor) “Water in the post-2015 development agenda and sustainable development goals”, UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Paris, 11, 2014.
- United Nations., “Prototype Global Sustainable Development Report”, Online unedited edition. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development, 1 July 2014. http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ globalsdreport/, 2014.
- Karr J.R., “Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities”, Fisheries, 6, 21-27, 1981
- Roth N.E., Southerland M.T., Chaillou J.C., Kazyak P.F., Stranko S.A., “Refinement and Validation of a Fish Index of Biotic Integrity for Maryland Streams”, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland, 68p, 2000.
- MPCA., “Development of a fish-based Index of Biological Integrity for assessment of Minnesota’s rivers and streams”, Document number wq-bsm2-03. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Environmental Analysis and Outcomes Division, St. Paul, MN., 2014
- Ruaro R., Gubiani E.A., “A scientometric assessment of 30 years of the Index of Biotic Integrity aquatic ecosystems: Applications and main flaws”, Ecological Indicators, 29, 105-110, 2013.
- Karr J.R., Dudley D.R., “Ecological perspective on water quality goals”, Environmental Management, 5, 55-68, 1981.
- Simon T.P., Lyons J., “Application of the Index of Biotic Integrity to evaluate water resource integrity in freshwater ecosystems”, Chapter 16 in Davis and Simon. Bioassessment and criteria: Tools for water resources planning and decision making. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 1995.
- Barbour M.T., Gerritsen J., Griffith G.E., Frydenborg R., McCarron E., White J.S., Bastian M.L., “A framework for biological criteria for Florida streams using benthic macroinvertebrates”, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15, 185-211, 1996.
- Weisberg S. B., Ranasinghe J.A., Dauer D. M., Schaffner, L. C., Diaz R. J., Frithsen J.B., “An estuarine benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for the Chesapeake Bay”, Estuaries, 20, 149- 158, 1997.
- Yoder C.O. Rankin. E.T., “Biological criteria program development and implementation in Ohio”, in W.S. Davis and T.P Simon (editors). Biological assessment and criteria: Tools for water resource planning and decision making. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 1995.
- Frank H., Mccormick, F.H., Hughes R.M., Kaufmann P.R., Peck D.V., Stoddard, J.L., Herlihy, A.T., “Development of an Index of Biotic Integrity for the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 130, 857-877, 2001.
- Harris J.H., Silveira R., “Large-scale assessments of river health using an Index of Biotic Integrity with low-diversity fish communities”, Freshwater Biology, 41, 235-252, 1999.
- Breine J., Simoens I., Goethals P., Quataert P., Ercken, D., Van Liefferinghe C., Belpaire C., “A Şsh-based index of biotic integrity for upstream brooks in Flanders (Belgium)”, Hydrobiologia, 522, 133-148, 2004.
- Pinto B.C.T., Araşjo F.G., “Assessing of Biotic Integrity of the Fish Community in a Heavily Impacted Segment of a Tropical River in Brazil”, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 50, 489-502, 2007.
- Schmutz S., Cowx I.G., Haidvogl G., Pont D., “Fish-based methods for assessing European running waters: a synthesis”, Fisheries Management and Ecology, 14, 369-380, 2007.
- Zhu D., Chang J., “Annual variations of biotic integrity in the upper Yangtze River using an adapted index of biotic integrity (IBI)”, Ecological Indicators, 8, 564-572, 2008.
- Barbour M.T., Gerritsen B.D., Snyder B.D., Stribling J.B., “Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish - Second Edition. EPA 841-B-99-002. US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington D.C., 1999.
- EEA., European Environment Agency., “European waters-assessment of status and pressures”, EEA Report No 8/2012, 96 pp. file:///C:/Users/ekin/Downloads/European %20waters%20- %20assessment%20of%20status%20and%20pressures.pdf, 2012.
- Kazancı N., Girgin S., Dügel M., Oğuzkurt D., “Akarsuların Çevre Kalitesi Yönünden
- değerlendirilmesinde ve İzlenmesinde Biyotik İndex Yöntemi”, Türkiye İç suları Araştırma Dizisi: II, Ankara, 100s, 1997.
- Kazancı G., Girgin S., “Distribution of Oligochaeta species as bioindicators of organic polution
- in Ankara stream and their use in biomonitoring”, Turkish Journal of Zoology, 22, 83-87, 1998.
- Kazancı G., Dügel M., “An evaluation of the water quality of Yuvarlakçay stream, in the
- Köyceğiz-Dalyan protected area, SW Turkey”, Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24, 69-80, 2000.
- Duran M., Tuzen M., Kayım M., “Exploration of biological richness and water quality of stream
- Kelkit, Tokat-Turkey”, Fresenius Envir. Bull., 12, 368-375, 2003. Dügel M., Kazancı N., “Assessment of water quality of the Büyük Menderes river (Turkey) by using ordination and classification of macroinvertebrates and environmental variables”, Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 19, 605-612, 2004.
- Duran M., “Monitoring water quality using benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters of the Behzat Stream (Tokat, N TURKEY)”, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15, 709-717, 2006.
- Duran M., Suiçmez M., “Macroinvertebrate fauna and ecological quality of the Stream Çekerek (N. Turkey)”, Journal of Environmental Science, 28, 213-236, 2007.
- Kalyoncu H., Yorulmaz B., Barlas M., Yıldırım M.Z., Zeybek M., “Aksu Çayı’nın Su Kalitesi ve
- Fizikokimyasal Parametrelerinin Makroomurgasız Çeşitliliği Üzerine Etkisi”, Fırat Üniv. Fen ve Müh. Bil. Dergisi, 20, 23-33, 2008.
- Çiçek N.L., Ertan Ö.O., “Köprüçay Nehri Epilitik Alg Çeşitliliğinin Bazı Fizikokimyasal Değişkenlerle İlişkisi”, Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 22-41 2012.
- Arslanargun H, Çelekli A., Topyürek A., Gültekin E., Bozkurt H. Soysal Ç.A., “Gaziantep İli Karkamış-Nizip Bölgesi Filamentli Alglerin Ekolojik Özellikleri ve Biyomarkır Potansiyelleri”, VI. Ulusal Limnoloji Sempozyumu, 25-28 Ağustos, 2014, Bursa, 2014.
- Kazancı N., Ekingen P., Türkmen G., Ertunç Ö., Dügel M., Gültutan Y., “Assessment of
- ecological quality of Aksu Stream (Giresun, Turkey) in Eastern Black Sea Region by using Water Framework Directive (WFD) methods based on benthic macroinvertebrates”, Review of Hydrobiology, 3, 165-184, 2010.
- Sukatar A., Yorulmaz B., Ayaz D., Barlas M., “Emiralem Deresi’nin (İzmir-Menemen) Bazı Fiziko-Kimyasal ve Biyolojik (Bentik Makroomurgasızlar) Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10, 328-333, 2006.
- Kazancı N., Öz B., Dügel M., Ertunç Ö., Türkmen, G., “First faunistic survey and canonical
- correspondance analysis of interstitial aquatic insect assemblages of running waters in Turkey”, Review of Hydrobiology, 2, 1-10, 2009.
- Çelekli A., Öztürk B., Kapı M., İlgün G., “Alleben Göleti (Gaziantep) Fitoplankton
- Komposizyonu ve Limnoekolojik Özelliklerinin Çok Yönlü Analizler ile Değerlendirilmesi”, V. Ulusal Limnoloji Sempozyumu, 27-29 Ağustos 2012, Isparta, 2012.
- Kazancı N., Gökçe D., Dügel M., “Multivariate analysis of phytoplankton assemblages in
- Beyşehir Lake (Turkey) as a tool of water quality monitoring and management”, Review of Hydrobiology, 2, 45-56, 2009.
- Kalyoncu H., Gülboy H., “Benthic Macroinvertebrates from Darıören and Isparta Streams (Isparta/Turkey) - Biotic Indices and Multivariate Analysis”, Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 3, 100-107, 2009.
- Kalyoncu H., Barlas M., Ertan Ö.O., “Aksu Çayı'nın Su Kalitesinin Biotik İndekslere (Diyatomlara ve Omurgasızlara Göre) ve Fizikokimyasal Parametrelere Göre İncelenmesi, Organizmaların Su Kalitesi ile İlişkileri”, Türk Bilim Dergisi, 2, 46-57, 2009.
- Zeybek M., Kalyoncu H., “Köprüçay Nehri’nde Biyotik İndeksler ile Çeşitlilik İndekslerinin Karşılaştırmalı Olarak İncelenmesi”, Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 42-50, 2012. Kalyoncu H., Şerbetçi B., “Applicability of Diatom-Based Water Quality Assessment Indices in Dari Stream, Isparta-Turkey”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 1891- 1899, 2013.
- Zeybek M., Kalyoncu H., Karakaş B., Özgül S., “The use of BMWP and ASPT indices for evaluation of water quality (according to macroinvertebrates) in Değirmendere Stream (Isparta, Turkey)”, Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 603-613, 2014.
- Dirican S., Barlas M., “Dipsiz ve Çine (Muğla-Aydın) Çayı’nın Fiziko-Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Balıkları”, Ekoloji, 14, 25-30 2005.
- Akbulut B., “Çoruh Nehri’nde Bulunan Balık Türlerinin Sıcaklık, Oksijen, Besin ve Habitat İstekleri Üzerine İncelemeler”, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 10: 29-36, 2009.
- Kazancı N., Türkmen G., Ekingen P., Başören Ö., “Preparation of a biotic index (Yeşilırmak
- BMWP) for water quality monitoring of Yeşilırmak River (Turkey) by using benthic macroinvertebrates”, Review of Hydrobiology, 6, 1-29, 2013.
- Champ W.S.T., Kelly F.L., King J.J., “The Water Framework Directive Using Fish as a Management Tool”, Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 109, 191-206, 2009.
- Grabarkiewicz J., Davis W., “An introduction to freshwater fishes as biological indicators”, EPA-260-R-08-016. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information, Washington, DC, 2008.
- Simon T.P., Emery E.B., “Modification and assesment of an index of biotic integrity to quanify water resource quality in great rivers”, Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, 11: 283- 298, 1995.
- FAME CONSORTIUM, “Manual for the application of the European Fish Index - EFI. A fish- based method to assess the ecological status of European rivers in support of the Water Framework Directive”, Version 1.1, January 2005.