ETKİLİ SÜPERVİZÖR GERİ BİLDİRİMİ: DERLEME BİR ÇALIŞMA

Year 2023, , 1938 - 1955, 25.12.2023

Betül Meydan , Muhittin Soner Akkaya , Yasemin Pehlivan , Ali Serdar Sağkal

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1228099

Abstract

Süpervizör geri bildirimi, psikolojik danışman eğitimcilerinin önemli bir görevidir. Bu derleme çalışmada, etkili süpervizör geri bildiriminin temel özellikleri, süpervizör geri bildirimini etkileyen faktörler ve süpervizyonda geri bildirimin sonuçları incelenmiştir. Alanyazın taramaları, süpervizyonda biçimlendirici geri bildirimin süpervizörün önemli bir rolü olduğunu göstermiştir. Uygun, zamanında ve sürekli verilen geribildirimin psikolojik danışman adaylarının bireysel ve mesleki gelişimini arttırdığı, mesleki becerilerini arttırmak için motivasyonlarını ve mesleki öz-yeterlik algılarını güçlendirdiği gözlenmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, süpervizör geri bildirimi, psikolojik danışmanların danışanlarıyla danışma oturumlarındaki etkililikleri üzerinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Süpervizyonda geri bildirimin doğasının, dinamiklerinin ve sonuçlarının anlaşılması psikolojik danışman adaylarının etkili birer psikolojik danışman olarak yetişmelerinde psikolojik danışman eğitimcileri için aydınlatıcı olacaktır. Ancak, geri bildirim sürecine ilişkin anlayışımızı arttırmak için daha çok araştırmaya ihtiyaç olduğu da görülmektedir. Gelecek araştırmalar, süpervizör geri bildiriminin miktarının ve niteliğinin etkilerini inceleyebilir, kesitsel desenlerin yanı sıra boylamsal veri setlerini kullanabilir, geniş ve temsil edilebilirliği yüksek örneklem gruplarıyla yürütülebilir ve öz bildirim ölçeklerinin yanı sıra gözlem yöntemlerinden de yararlanabilir.

Keywords

Etkili Süpervizör, Süpervizyon, Süpervizör geri bildirimi

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

121K877

Thanks

TÜBİTAK'a projeye olan desteklerinden dolayı teşekkür ederiz.

EFFECTIVE SUPERVISOR FEEDBACK: A REVIEW STUDY

Abstract

Supervisory feedback is an essential duty of counselor supervisors. In this review, we examine the basic features of supervisory feedback, factors influencing supervisory feedback as well as the outcomes of the feedback in supervision. Literature review demonstrates that providing formative feedback in supervision is an important part of the supervisor’s role. Relevant, timely, and continual feedback seems to facilitate counselor trainees’ individual and professional development, increase their motivation to improve their skills as well as their perceived counselor self-efficacy. Supervisory feedback also plays a crucial role on the effectiveness with clients. Understanding the nature, dynamics, and outcomes of supervisory feedback may shed light for the counselor educators to assist counselor trainees in becoming effective counselors. But further research is also required to deepen our understanding regarding feedback process. Future research may examine the effects of quantity and quality of supervisory feedback, rely on longitudinal data sets rather than cross-sectional designs, conduct studies with large representative samples, and use observation methods rather than relying only on self-report measures.

Keywords

Effective supervisor, supervision, supervisor feedback

Project Number

121K877

References

• Aladağ, M. (2014). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminin farklı düzeylerinde bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması süpervizyonunda kritik olaylar. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 15(2), 428–475. https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.82217
• Aladağ, M. & Bektaş, D. Y. (2009). Examining individual-counseling practicum in a turkish undergraduate counseling program. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 37(4), 53–70.
• Aladağ, M. & Kemer, D. Y. (2017). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminde bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması ve süpervizyonun incelenmesi. Basılmamış araştırma proje raporu. Ege Üniversitesi.
• Allen, G. J., Szollos, S. J. & Williams, B. E. (1986). Doctoral students’comparative evaluations of best and worst psychotherapy supervision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 17, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.17.2.91
• American Counseling Association (ACA) (2014). ACA code of ethics. Author.
• Atik, Z. (2017). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması ve süpervizyonuna ilişkin değerlendirmeleri [Doktora tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Bernard, J. M. (1997). The discrimination model. In C. E. Watkins (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 310-327). Wiley.
• Bernard, J. M. & Goodyear, R. K. (2019). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (6th ed.). Pearson.
• Bing-You, R. G., Paterson, J. & Levine, M. A. (1997). Feedback falling on deaf ears: Residents’ receptivity to feedback tempered by sender credibility. Medical Teacher, 19(1), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421599709019346
• Blodgett, E. G., Schmitt, J. F. & Scudder, R. R. (1987). Clinical session evaluation: The effect of familiarity with the supervisee. The Clinical Supervisor, 5(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/ 10.1300/J001v05n01_04
• Borders, L. D. & Brown, L. L. (2005). The new handbook of counseling supervision (2th ed.). Lahaska/Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Borders, L. D. & Leddick, G. R. (1987). Handbook of counseling supervision. Association for Counselor Education and Supervision.
• Borders, L. D., Bernard, J. M., Dye, H. A., Fong, M. L., Henderson, P. & Nance, D. W. (1991). Curriculum guide for training counseling supervisors: Rationale, development, and implementation. Counselor Education and Supervision, 31 (1), 58-80. https://doi.org/10. 1002/j. 1556-6978. 1991.tb00371.x
• Borders, L. D., Glosoff, H. L., Welfare, L. E., Hays, D. G., DeKruyf, L., Fernando, D. M. & Page, B. (2014). Best practices in clinical supervision: Evolution of a counseling specialty. The Clinical Supervisor, 33(1), 26-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2014.905225
• Bradley, L. J. & Ladany, N. (2001). Counselor supervision: Principles, process, and practice (3rd ed.). Routledge.
• Büyükgöze-Kavas, A. (2011). Bireysel ve grupla psikolojik danışma uygulamalarına yönelik bir değerlendirme. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 411-432.
• Campbell, J. M. (2000). Becoming an effective supervisor. Taylor/Francis Group.
• Campbell, J. M. & Herlihy, B.(2006). Essentials of clinical supervision. John Wiley/Sons.
• Cantillon, P. & Sargeant, J. (2008). Giving feedback in clinical settings. British Medical Journal, 337, 1292-1294. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12086
• Chorinsky, B. C. (2003). The impact of shame on supervisee openness in psychotherapy supervision [Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Integral Studies]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Clark, S. L. (2005). The effect of specific versus generalized supervisory feedback on counseling selfefficacy of counselors-ın-training [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Tennessee]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Couchon, W. D. & Bernard, J. M. (1984). Effect of timing of supervision on supervisor and counselor performance. The Clinical Supervisor, 2(3), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1300/j0001v02n03.02
• Daniels, J. A. & Larson, L. M. (2001). The impact of performance feedback on counseling self-efficacy and counselor anxiety. Counselor Education and Supervision, 41(2), 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2001.tb01276.x
• Denizli, S., Aladağ, M., Bektaş, D. Y., Cihangir-Çankaya, Z. & Özeke-Kocabaş, E. (2009). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminde bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması ve süpervizyonu: Ege üniversitesi örneği [Sözlü sunum]. 10. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Kongresi, Adana.
• Eryilmaz, A. & Mutlu, T. (2017). Developing the four-stage supervision model for counselor trainees. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 17(2), 597-629. https://doi.org/0.12738/estp.2017.2.2253
• Falender C. A. & Shafranske E. P.(2004) Clinical Supervision: A Competency-Based Approach. American Psychological Association.
• Fickling, M. J., Borders, L. D., Mobley, K. A. & Wester, K. (2017). Most and least helpful events in three supervision modalities. Counselor Education and Supervision, 56(4), 289-304. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12086
• Friedlander, M. L., Keller, K. E., Peca-Baker, T. A. & Olk, M. E. (1986). Effects of role conflict on counselor trainees' self-statements, anxiety level, and performance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(1), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.33.1.73
• Friedlander, M. L., Siegel, S. M. & Brenock, K. (1989). Parallel processes in counseling and supervision: A case study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 149-157.
• Gonsalvez, C. G. & Freestone1 J. (2007) Field supervisors' assessments of trainee performance: Are they reliable and valid?, Australian Psychologist, 42(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060600827615
• Goodyear, R. K. (2014). Supervision as pedagogy: Attending to its essential instructional and learning processes. The Clinical Supervisor, 33 (1), 82-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2014.918914
• Gould, L. J. & Bradley, L. J. (2001). Evaluation in supervison. In L. J. Bradley & N. Ladany (Eds.), Counselor supervision: Principles, process, and practice (pp. 271-303). Taylor/Francis.
• Hawkins, P. & Shohet, R. (1989). Supervision in the helping professions. Open University Press.
• Heckman-Stone, C. (2004). Trainee preferences for feedback and evaluation in clinical supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 22(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1300/J001v22n01_03
• Henderson, P., Holloway, J., & Millar, A. (2014). Practical supervision: How to become a supervisor for the helping professions. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• Hill, C. E., Lent, R. W., Morrison, M. A., Pinto-Coelho, K., Jackson, J. L. & Kivlighan Jr, D. M. (2016). Contribution of supervisor interventions to client change: The therapist perspective. The Clinical Supervisor, 35 (2), 227-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2016.1193783
• Hoffman, M. A., Hill, C. E., Holmes, S. E. & Freitas, G. F. (2005). Supervisor perspective on the process and outcome of giving easy, difficult, or no feedback to supervisees. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.1.3
• Hogan, R. A. (1964). Issues and approaches in supervision. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 1(3), 139–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088589
• Holloway E. & Carroll M. (1999). Training Counselling Supervisors Strategies, Methods And Techniques. SAGE.
• Karpenko, V. & Gidycz, C. A. (2012). The supervisory relationship and the process of evaluation: Recommendations for supervisors. The Clinical Supervisor, 31(2), 138-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2013.730014
• Koc, İ. (2013). Kişiler arası süreci hatırlatma tekniğine dayalı süpervizyonun psikolojik danışman adaylarının psikolojik danışma becerilerine, özyeterlik ve kaygı düzeylerine etkisi [Doktora tezi, Ege Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Ladany, N., Mori Y. & Mehr K. E. (2013). Effective and ıneffective supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(1), 28-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012442648
• Lane, E. J., Daugherty, T. K. & Nyman, S. J. (1998). Feedback on ability in counseling, self-efficacy, and persistence on task. Psychological Reports, 83(3), 1113–1114. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.1113
• Larson, L. M. (1998). The social cognitive model of counselor training. The Counseling Psychologist, 26(2), 219–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000098262002
• Larson, L. M. & Daniels, J. A. (1998). Review of the counseling self-efficacy literature. The Counseling Psychologist, 26(2), 179–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000098262001
• Lehrman-Waterman, D. & Ladany, N. (2001). Development and validation of the evaluation process within supervision inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(2), 168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 0167.48.2.168
• Leung, K., Su, S. & Morris, M. W. (2001). When is criticism not constructive? The roles of fairness perceptions and dispositional attributions in employee acceptance of critical supervisory feedback. Human Relations, 54(9), 1155–1187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726701549002
• Loganbill, C., Hardy, E. & Delworth, U. (1982). Supervision: A conceptual model. The Counseling Psychologist, 10(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000082101002
• Mavruk-Özbiçer, S. (2015). Psikolojik danışmada süpervizörün gücü [Sözlü sunum]. 13. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, Mersin.
• McKibben, W. B., Borders, L. D. & Wahesh, E. (2019). Factors ınfluencing supervisee perceptions of critical feedback validity. Counselor Education and Supervision, 58(4), 242-256. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12155
• Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu (MYK) (2017). Psikolojik Danışmanlık Ulusal Meslek Standartları. https://www.myk.gov.tr/
• Meydan, B. (2019). Facilitative and hindering factors regarding the supervisory relationship based on supervisors’ and undergraduate supervisees’ opinions. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 9(1), 171-208. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2019.007
• Meydan, B. & Denizli, S. (2018). Turkish undergraduate supervisees’ views regarding supervisory relationship. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 74, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2018.74.1
• Meydan, B. & Koçyiğit-Özyiğit, M. (2016). Süpervizyon ilişkisi: Psikolojik danışma süpervizyonunda kritik bir öğe. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 17(1), 225-257.
• Norcross, J. C. & Halgin, R. P. (1997). Integrative approaches to psychotherapy supervision. In C. E. Watkins, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 203–222). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Munson, C. E. (2002). Handbook of clinical social work supervision (3th ed.). The Haworth Press.
• Osborn, C. J. & Davis, T. E. (1996). The supervision contract: Making it perfectly clear. The Clinical Supervisor, 14, 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1300/J001v14n02_10
• Pearson, Q.M. (2006). Psychotherapy-driven supervision: Integrating counseling theories into role-based supervision. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 28(3), 241-252. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.28.3.be1106w7yg3wvt1w
• Phelps, D. L. (2013). Supervisee experiences of corrective feedback in clinical supervision: A consensual qualitative research study [Doctoral dissertation, Marquette University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Poulos, A. & Mahony, M. J. (2008). Effectiveness of feedback: The students’ perspective. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 33(2), 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930601127869
• Ramani, S. & Krackov, S. K. (2012). Twelve tips for giving feedback effectively in the clinical environment. Medical Teacher, 34(10), 787-791. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159x.2012.684916
• Reedy, W. B. (1968). The effects of ımmediate and delayed feedback on the learning of empathy [Doctoral dissertation, University of New Hampshire]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Robiner, W. N., Saltzman, S. R., Hoberman, H. M. & Schirvar, J. A. (1997). Psychology supervisors' training, experiences, supervisory evaluation and self-rated competence. The Clinical Supervisor, 16(1), 117-144. https://doi.org/10.1300/J001v16n01_07
• Rønnestad, M. H. & Skovholt, T. M. (2003). The journey of the counselor and therapist: Research findings and perspectives on professional development. Journal of Career Development, 30(1), 5-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/089484530303000102
• Sapyta, J., Riemer, M. & Bickman, L. (2005). Feedback to clinicians: Theory, research, and practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20107
• Satıcı, B. (2014). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının psikolojik danışma özyeterlik algılarının mizah tarzları ve süpervizyon yaşantıları açısından incelenmesi [Doktora tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Shanfield, S. B., Matthews, K. L. & Hetherly, V. (1993). What do excellent psychotherapy supervisors do? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(7), 1081–1084. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.7.1081
• Sherry, P. (1991). Etcical ıssues in the conduct of supervision. Division of Counseling Psychology, 19(4), 566-584.
• Siviş-Çetinkaya, R. & Karaırmak, Ö. (2012). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminde süpervizyon. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 107-121.
• Sohn, N. H. (2009). Effects of self-enhancement bias on perception of supervisory feedback in counseling. Psychological Reports, 105(3), 1269-1280. https://doi.org/10.2466/pro.105.f.1269-1280
• Steward, R. J. (1998). Connecting counselor self-efficacy and supervisor def-efficacy: The continued search for counseling competence. The Counseling Psychologist, 26(2), 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000098262004
• Stoltenberg, C. (1981). Approaching supervision from a developmental perspective: The counselor complexity model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(1), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.1.59
• Stoltenberg, C. (1993). Supervising consultants in training: An application of a model of supervision. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72(1), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1993.tb00911.x
• Stoltenberg, C. D. & McNeill, B. W. (2010). IDM supervision: An integrative developmental model for supervising counselors and therapists. Routledge.
• Stoltenberg, C. D., McNeill, B. W. & Delworth, U. (1998). IDM supervision: An integrative developmental model for supervising counselors and therapists. Jossey-Bass.
• The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Programs (CACREP) (2016). 2016 CACREP standarts. https://www.cacrep.org/
• Vannucci M. J.,. Whiteside D. M., Saigal S., Nichols L. & Hileman S. (2017). Predicting supervision outcomes: What is different about psychological assessment supervision? Australian Psychologist, 52(2), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12258
• Westberg, J. & Jason H. (1992). Collaborative clinical education: The foundation of effective health care. Springer.
• Whiting, P. P., Bradley, L. J. & Planny, K. J. (2001). Supervision-based developmental models of counselor supervision. In L. J. Bradley & N. Ladany (Eds), Counselor supervision: Principles, process, and practice (pp. 125-146). Taylor & Francis.
• Whittaker, S. M. (2004). A multi-vocal synthesis of supervisees' anxiety and self-efficacy during clinical supervision: Meta-analysis and interviews [Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Worthington, E. L. & Roehlke, H. J. (1979). Effective supervision as perceived by beginning counselors-intraining. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 26(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.26.1.64
• Zeren, Ş. & Yılmaz, S. (2011). Bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması dersini alan öğrencilerin süpervizyona bakış açıları: Yeditepe Üniversitesi örneği [sözlü sunum]. 11. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, İzmir.