Beliren yetişkinlerde akılcı olmayan düşünceler, depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve internet bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi

Year 2024, , 1645 - 1667, 29.09.2024

Fedai Kabadayı

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1514229

Abstract

Bu araştırma, beliren yetişkinlerde akılcı olmayan düşünce, depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve internet bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkileri korelasyon ve ağ analizi ile incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. İlişkisel tarama modeline uygun olarak tasarlanan bu çalışma, bir devlet üniversitesinin eğitim fakültesinde öğrenim gören 285 öğrenci (213 kadın, 74 erkek) üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 20.69’dur (ranj 18-29). Çalışmada veri toplama araçları olarak Akılcı ve Akılcı Olmayan Düşünceler Ölçeği, Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeği ve İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Analizler SPSS ve JASP programları aracılığıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, akılcı olmayan düşünceler ile depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve internet bağımlılığı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Özellikle felaketleştirme ve değersizleştirme ile depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve internet bağımlılığı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilse de rahatsız olmaya katlanamama ile depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve internet bağımlılığı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Talepkarlık sadece stres ile pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki göstermiştir. Ayrıca, internet bağımlılığı ile depresyon, anksiyete ve stres arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Ağ analizi sonuçları, felaketleştirmenin en yüksek aradalık ve yakınlık puanlarına, stresin ise en yüksek güç puanına sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu veriler ışığında, gelecekteki çalışmalar için çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Akılcı olmayan düşünce, Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres, İnternet Bağımlılığı

Ethical Statement

Araştırma etik kurallara uygun olarak yürütülmüştür.

The Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Beliefs, Depressıon, Anxiety, Stress and Internet Addiction in Emerging Adults

Abstract

The present study aims to explore the relationships between irrational beliefs, depression, anxiety, stress, and internet addiction in emerging adults utilizing correlation and network analysis. This study, designed by the relational scanning model, was conducted on 285 students (213 female, 74 male) studying at the faculty of education of a state university. The mean age of the participants was 20.69 (range 18-29). Rational and Irrational Beliefs Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and Internet Addiction Scale were utilized as data collection instruments. The analyses were performed using SPSS and JASP. According to the findings, significant positive relationships were found between irrational beliefs and depression, anxiety, stress, and internet addiction. Although significant positive relationships were found between awfulizing, and global evolution of worth and depression, anxiety, stress, and internet addiction, no significant relationship was found between frustration intolerance and these variables. Demandingness showed a significant positive relationship only with stress. In addition, significant positive relationships were found between internet addiction and depression, anxiety, and stress. The results of the network analysis showed that awfulizing had the highest betweenness and closeness scores, while stress had the highest strength score. The data provided several suggestions for future studies.

Keywords

Irrational belief, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Internet addiction

References

• Akın, A., & İskender, M. (2011). Internet addiction and depression, anxiety and stress. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(1), 138-148.
• Al Shawi, A. F., Hameed, A. K., Shalal, A. I., Abd Kareem, S. S., Majeed, M. A., & Humidy, S. T. (2022). Internet addiction and its relationship to gender, depression and anxiety among medical students in Anbar Governorate-West of Iraq. Community Health Equity Research & Policy, 42(3), 253-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272684X20985708
• Alimoradi, Z., Lin, C. Y., Broström, A., Bülow, P. H., Bajalan, Z., Griffiths, M. D., ... & Pakpour, A. H. (2019). Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 47, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.06.004
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.5.469
• Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for?. Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x
• Arslan, G., Ayrancı, U., Unsal, A., & Arslantaş, D. (2009). Prevalence of depression, its correlates among students, and its effect on health-related quality of life in a Turkish university. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 114(3), 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009730903174339
• Artıran, M. (2019). Genel Tutumlar ve İnanışlar Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe’ye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 842-858. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.516350
• Aslan, I., & Çınar, O. (2023). Predictors and prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD among university students during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1087528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1087528
• Avcı, E. (2021). Multi-category prevalence of meta-analysis: the prevalence of level of internet addiction in Turkey. Türkiye Klinikleri Biyoistatistik, 13(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.5336/biostatic.2020-80194
• Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 2369-2382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
• Balkıs, M., & Duru, E. (2019). The protective role of rational beliefs on the relationship between irrational beliefs, emotional states of stress, depression and anxiety. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 37, 96-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-018-0305-7
• Ballarotto, G., Marzilli, E., Cerniglia, L., Cimino, S., & Tambelli, R. (2021). How does psychological distress due to the COVID-19 pandemic impact on internet addiction and Instagram addiction in emerging adults?. International Journal of environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111382
• Barroso, C., Ganley, C. M., McGraw, A. L., Geer, E. A., Hart, S. A., & Daucourt, M. C. (2021). A meta-analysis of the relation between math anxiety and math achievement. Psychological Bulletin, 147(2), 134-168. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000307
• Baykan, Z., & Naçar, M. (2012). Depression, anxiety, and stress among last-year students at Erciyes University Medical School. Academic Psychiatry, 36(1), 64.
• Bernard, M. E. (2011). Rationality and the pursuit of happiness: The legacy of Albert Ellis. UK: John Wiley & Sons. Berry, D. (2004). The relationship between depression and emerging adulthood: Theory generation. Advances in Nursing Science, 27(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-200401000-00007
• Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91-121. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608
• Bueno-Notivol, J., Gracia-García, P., Olaya, B., Lasheras, I., López-Antón, R., & Santabárbara, J. (2021). Prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 outbreak: A meta-analysis of community-based studies. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 21(1), 100196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.07.007
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çokluk, Ö. ve Köklü, N. (2015). Sosyal bilimler için istatistik (17. baskı). Ankara: Pegem.
• Çelik, D. Ö., & Haney, M. Ö. (2023). The relationship between depression, healthy lifestyle behaviors and internet addiction: A cross-sectional study of the athlete university students in Turkey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1222931. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1222931
• Chan, H. W. Q., & Sun, C. F. R. (2021). Irrational beliefs, depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Hong Kong. Journal of American College Health, 69(8), 827-841. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1710516
• Chen, C., & Meier, S. T. (2021). Burnout and depression in nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 124, 104099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104099
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Cunningham, S., Hudson, C. C., & Harkness, K. (2021). Social media and depression symptoms: A meta-analysis. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 49(2), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00715-7
• Dalton, F., & Cassidy, T. (2021). Problematic internet usage, personality, loneliness, and psychological well‐being in emerging adulthood. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 21(1), 509-519. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12224
• Danielsson, M., Heimerson, I., Lundberg, U., Perski, A., Stefansson, C. G., & Åkerstedt, T. (2012). Psychosocial stress and health problems: Health in Sweden: The National Public Health Report 2012. Chapter 6. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 40(9_suppl), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/140349481245946
• Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8
• Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., ... & Zuo, Q. K. (2021). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID‐19 patients: A meta‐analysis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1486(1), 90-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14506
• DiGiuseppe, R. A., Doyle, K. A., Dryden, W., & Backx, W. (2013). A practitioner's guide to rational-emotive behavior therapy. New York, NY: Oxford University.
• Doğan, İ., & Doğan, N. (2019). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress and its association with sleep quality among medical students. Ankara Medical Journal, 19(3), 550-558. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.624517
• Dryden, W. (1994). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy: Thirty years on. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 12(2), 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02354606
• Dryden, W. (2013). On rational beliefs in rational emotive behavior therapy: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 31(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-012-0158-4
• Dryden, W. (2019). Rational emotive behaviour therapy and the working alliance. In M. E. Bernard & W. Dryden (Eds.), Advances in REBT: Theory, practice, research, measurement, prevention and promotion (pp. 121-146). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
• Dryden, W., & Neenan, M. (2004). Counselling individuals: A rational emotive behavioural handbook (4th ed.). Whurr.
• Ellis, A. (1995). Rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research and practice (pp 67-86). New York: Springer.
• Ellis, A. (1997). Must musturbation and demandingness lead to emotional disorders?. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34(1), 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087779
• Ellis, A. (2003). Discomfort anxiety: A new cognitive-behavioral construct (Part II). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 21(3–4), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025833927340
• Ellis, A., & Dryden, W. (1997). The practice of rational emotive behavior therapy (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1
• Ergun-Basak, B., & Aydin, M. (2019). Problematic internet use in terms of the purposes of internet use, irrational beliefs, feelings of inferiority, and gender. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(3), 469-494. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.3.0017
• Firat, M., Okanlı, A., Kanbay, Y., Utkan, M., & Gökmen, B. D. (2021). The prevalence of pandemic anxiety, anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31(2), 198-205. https://doi.org/10.5152/pcp.2021.21641
• Geldard, K. & Geldard, D. (2013). Ergenler ve gençlerle psikolojik danışma - proaktif yaklaşım. (Çev. Ed. Metin Pişkin). Üçüncü Basımdan Çeviri Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
• Güçlü, N. (2001). Stres yönetimi. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 91-109.
• Halliburton, A. E., Hill, M. B., Dawson, B. L., Hightower, J. M., & Rueden, H. (2021). Increased stress, declining mental health: Emerging adults’ experiences in college during COVID-19. Emerging Adulthood, 9(5), 433-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968211025348
• Hamurcu, P. (2023). Impact of perceived body weight on depression, anxiety and stress levels of young adults in Turkey. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 52(3), 603-611. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i3.12143
• Harrington, N. (2005). Dimensions of frustration intolerance and their relationship to self-control problems. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 23, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-005-0001-2
• Harrington, N. (2006). Frustration intolerance beliefs: Their relationship with depression, anxiety, and anger, in a clinical population. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 699-709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9061-6
• Hevey, D. (2018). Network analysis: A brief overview and tutorial. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 6(1), 301-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2018.1521283
• Hoyt, L. T., Cohen, A. K., Dull, B., Castro, E. M., & Yazdani, N. (2021). “Constant stress has become the new normal”: Stress and anxiety inequalities among US college students in the time of COVID-19. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(2), 270-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.030
• Javaeed, A., Bint Zafar, M., Iqbal, M., & Ghauri, S. K. (2019). Correlation between Internet addiction, depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate medical students in Azad Kashmir. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 35(2), 506-509. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.2.169
• Jibeen, T. (2013). Frustration intolerance beliefs as predictors of emotional problems in university undergraduates. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 31, 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-012-0154-8
• Kabadayı, F. & Güven, M. (2024). Üniversite öğrencileri için Akılcı ve Akılcı Olmayan Düşünceler Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Klinik ve Ruh Sağlığı Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 4(1), 1-24.
• Kan, F. P., Raoofi, S., Rafiei, S., Khani, S., Hosseinifard, H., Tajik, F., ... & Ghashghaee, A. (2021). A systematic review of the prevalence of anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 391-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.073
• Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel.
• Karim, R., & Chaudhri, P. (2012). Behavioral addictions: An overview. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.662859
• Karlukaç, İ., & Ulaş-Kılıç, Ö. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin akılcı olmayan inançları ile depresyon, kaygı, umutsuzluk ve stres düzeyleri. Milli Eğitim Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 1(2), 95-120.
• Köse, N. (2016). Ergenlerde internet bağımlılığının yaşam doyumuna etkisi. Elektronik Mesleki Gelişim ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 58-65.
• Kuang, J., Zhong, J., Yang, P., Bai, X., Liang, Y., Cheval, B., ... & Arnett, J. J. (2023). Psychometric evaluation of the inventory of dimensions of emerging adulthood (IDEA) in China. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 23(1), 100331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100331
• Kutlu, M., Savcı, M., Demir, Y., & Aysan, F. (2016). Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Testi Kısa Formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Üniversite öğrencileri ve ergenlerde geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(1), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.190501
• Kuwabara, S. A., Van Voorhees, B. W., Gollan, J. K., & Alexander, G. C. (2007). A qualitative exploration of depression in emerging adulthood: Disorder, development, and social context. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29(4), 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.04.001
• LeBlanc, N.J., Brown, M., Henin, A. (2020). Anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood. In: Bui, E., Charney, M., Baker, A. (eds) Clinical handbook of anxiety disorders. Current clinical psychiatry. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30687-8_8
• Li, T., & Chan, D. K. S. (2012). How anxious and avoidant attachment affect romantic relationship quality differently: A meta‐analytic review. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 406-419. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1842
• Li, W., Zhao, Z., Chen, D., Peng, Y., & Lu, Z. (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety symptoms among college students: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(11), 1222-1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13606
• Lisznyai, S., Vida, K., Németh, M., & Benczúr, Z. (2014). Risk factors for depression in the emerging adulthood. The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 3(1), 54–68. https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.2011
• Lo, B. C. Y., Ng, T. K., & So, Y. (2021). Parental demandingness predicts adolescents' rumination and depressive symptoms in a one-year longitudinal study. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 49(1), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00710-y
• Love, J., Selker, R., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Dropmann, D., Verhagen, J., ... & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2019). JASP: Graphical statistical software for common statistical designs. Journal of Statistical Software, 88, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v088.i02
• Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
• Lozano-Blasco, R., Robres, A. Q., & Sánchez, A. S. (2022). Internet addiction in young adults: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior, 130, 107201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107201
• Luo, L., Yuan, J., Bi, S., Wang, Y., Cao, Y., Wen, S., ... & Tang, K. (2024). The impact of emerging adulthood characteristics on college students’ anxiety: The mediating role of life satisfaction and internet addiction. Current Psychology, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05615-3
• Macavei, B. (2005). The role of irrational beliefs in the rational emotive behavior theory of depression. Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 5(1), 73–81.
• Mamun, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Siddique, A. B., Sikder, M. T., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Problematic internet use in Bangladeshi students: The role of socio-demographic factors, depression, anxiety, and stress. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.07.005
• Martin, R. C., & Dahlen, E. R. (2004). Irrational beliefs and the experience and expression of anger. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 22, 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JORE.0000011574.44362.8f
• Martínez-Hernáez, A., Carceller-Maicas, N., DiGiacomo, S. M., & Ariste, S. (2016). Social support and gender differences in coping with depression among emerging adults: A mixed-methods study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 10(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0088-x
• Martínez-Líbano, J., Torres-Vallejos, J., Oyanedel, J. C., González-Campusano, N., Calderón-Herrera, G., & Yeomans-Cabrera, M. M. (2023). Prevalence and variables associated with depression, anxiety, and stress among Chilean higher education students, post-pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1139946. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1139946
• Matud, M. P., Díaz, A., Bethencourt, J. M., & Ibáñez, I. (2020). Stress and psychological distress in emerging adulthood: A gender analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(9), E2859-E2859. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092859
• McLennan, J. P. (1987). Irrational beliefs in relation to self‐esteem and depression. Journal of clinical psychology, 43(1), 89-91. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198701)43:1<89::AID-JCLP2270430112>3.0.CO;2-I
• Mercan, O., Yazıcı Kabadayı, S., Aslan, S. (2023). Stres ve kişilik tipleri: Bir derleme çalışması. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 12(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.126569
• Nelson, R. E. (1977). Irrational beliefs in depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45(6), 1190–1191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.45.6.1190
• Odacı, H., & Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2017). Problemli internet kullanımında depresyon, kaygı ve stres düzeyine dayalı farklılıklar. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 4(1), 41-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2017.4.1.0020
• Odacı, H., & Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2022). Dysfunctional attitudes as a mediator in the association between problematic internet use and depression, anxiety, and stress. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 40(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-021-00394-3
• Oltean, H. R., & David, D. O. (2018). A meta‐analysis of the relationship between rational beliefs and psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 883-895. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22562
• Pan, Y. C., Chiu, Y. C., & Lin, Y. H. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology of internet addiction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 118, 612-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.013
• Pawlikowski, M., Altstötter-Gleich, C., & Brand, M. (2013). Validation and psychometric properties of a short version of Young’s Internet Addiction Test. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1212-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.014
• Przepiorka, A., Blachnio, A., & Cudo, A. (2019). The role of depression, personality, and future time perspective in internet addiction in adolescents and emerging adults. Psychiatry Research, 272, 340-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.086
• Ragusa, A., González-Bernal, J., Trigueros, R., Caggiano, V., Navarro, N., Minguez-Minguez, L. A., ... & Fernandez-Ortega, C. (2023). Effects of academic self-regulation on procrastination, academic stress and anxiety, resilience and academic performance in a sample of Spanish secondary school students. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1073529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1073529
• Saikia, A. M., Das, J., Barman, P., & Bharali, M. D. (2019). Internet addiction and its relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress in urban adolescents of Kamrup District, Assam. Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 26(2), 108-112. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_93_18
• Sarıçam, H. (2018). The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 7(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.274847
• Shek, D.T.L., Yu, L., Sun, R.C.F., Fan, Y. (2022). Internet Addiction. In: Pfaff, D.W., Volkow, N.D., Rubenstein, J. (Eds.) Neuroscience in the 21st Century. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6434-1_108-4
• Stockdale, L., & Coyne, S. M. (2018). Video game addiction in emerging adulthood: Cross-sectional evidence of pathology in video game addicts as compared to matched healthy controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.045
• Stojković, I., Vukosavljević-Gvozden, T., David, I., & Purić, D. (2022). Internet addiction in adolescents: A rational emotive and cognitive behavior therapy perspective. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 40(4), 817-840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-022-00445-3
• Szentagotai, A. & Jones, J. (2010). The behavioral consequences of irrational beliefs. In A. Ellis, D. David & S. J. Lynn (Eds.), Rational and irrational beliefs (pp. 75-97). New York: Oxford University.
• Şahin, M. (2019). Korku, kaygı ve kaygı (anksiyete) bozuklukları. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(10), 117-135.
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
• Traino, K. A., Fisher, R. S., Basile, N. L., Edwards, C. S., Bakula, D. M., Chaney, J. M., & Mullins, L. L. (2023). Transition readiness and quality of life in emerging adult college students. Journal of American College Health, 71(4), 1167-1174. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1923507
• Türkçapar, H. (2004). Anksiyete bozukluğu ve depresyonun tanısal ilişkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri, 4, 12-16.
• Urfa, O. (2024). A conditional process model to explain problematic smartphone use: The interaction among frustration intolerance, duration of use, and gender. Psihologija, 57(2), 215-226. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI220627017U
• Urfa, O., & Aşçı, F. H. (2018). Akıldışı Performans İnançları Envanteri–2’nin psikometrik özelliklerinin sınanması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 38(2), 219-236. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0004
• Uygur, Y., & Dilmaç, B. (2021). Genç yetişkin bireylerde internet bağımlılığı sosyal uyum ve mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiler. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(3), 1706-1714. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.874013
• Vannucci, A., Flannery, K. M., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2017). Social media use and anxiety in emerging adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 163-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.040
• Vîslă, A., Flückiger, C., Grosse Holtforth, M., & David, D. (2016). Irrational beliefs and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(1), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441231
• Vukosavljevic-Gvozden, T., Filipovic, S., & Opacic, G. (2015). The mediating role of symptoms of psychopathology between irrational beliefs and internet gaming addiction. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 33, 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-015-0218-7
• Wagenmakers, E., Kucharský, Š. & the JASP Team (2020). The JASP Data Library. JASP Publishing.
• Yılmaz, H. Ö., & Arslan, M. (2024). Dietary total antioxidant capacity in association to depression and sleep quality in Turkish young adults. Current Psychology, 43(11), 9867-9876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05152-5
• Younes, F., Halawi, G., Jabbour, H., El Osta, N., Karam, L., Hajj, A., & Rabbaa Khabbaz, L. (2016). Internet addiction and relationships with insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress and self-esteem in university students: A cross-sectional designed study. Plos One, 11(9), e0161126. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161126
• Young, K. (2009). Internet addiction: Diagnosis and treatment considerations. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 39, 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-009-9120-x
• Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the net: How to recognize the signs of internet addiction and a winning strategy for recovery. John Wiley& Sons.
• Zhang, M. W., Lim, R. B., Lee, C., & Ho, R. C. (2018). Prevalence of internet addiction in medical students: A meta-analysis. Academic Psychiatry, 42, 88-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-017-0794-1
• Zhao, L., Xu, J., Liang, F., Li, A., Zhang, Y., & Sun, J. (2015). Effect of chronic psychological stress on liver metastasis of colon cancer in mice. Plos One, 10(10), e0139978. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139978