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BÜYÜK GÜÇLER YARIŞI BAĞLAMINDA BAŞARIYA ULAŞMAMIŞ BİR BAĞIMSIZLIK HAREKETİ: KUZEY KAFKASYA BAĞIMSIZLIK MÜCADELESİ (1917-1920)

Year 2021, , 245 - 259, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.873522

Abstract

Yirminci yüzyılın başlarında, Çarlık hükümetinin çöküşü ve Bolşeviklerin iktidara gelmesi ile Kuzey Kafkasya bağımsızlık mücadelesi içinden çıkılamaz bir hale geldi. Bu makale, yirminci yüzyılın başlarında Kuzey Kafkasya bağımsızlık hareketinde büyük güç rekabetinin rolünü incelemektedir. 1917-1920 yılları arasındaki olaylara odaklanan bu çalışma, bölgedeki büyük güçler ile yerel aktörler arasındaki ilişkilerin olayların seyrini nasıl şekillendirdiği ve yönlendirdiğini analiz etmektedir. Ayrıca, Kuzey Kafkasyalıların 'Kuzey Kafkasya Dağlı Cumhuriyeti'nin oluşum sürecinde karşılaştıkları zorlukları ele almakta ve Dağlıların birleşik bir cumhuriyet kurma girişimlerinin başarısızlığının nedenlerini irdelemeye çalışmaktadır. The Times gazetesinin arşivlerinden de yararlanan bu çalışma, yeni kurulan Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti'nin başarısızlığı ile sonuçlanan olayların gidişatına Rus, Alman, İngiliz ve Osmanlı devletlerinin nasıl ve ne düzeyde etkide bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

References

  • The Times Newspaper Digital Archive January 7, 1918, (p. 13) "The Turk Militant III. Berlin to Bokhara. Threat to British Interests"
  • January 16, 1918, (p. 13) "Excess Profits Duty Decisions."
  • April 8, 1918, (p. 8) "Turkish Invasion of Transcaucasia."
  • September 10, 1918, (p. 5) "Turkey Ignored, Strong Protests against new Russian Treaty."
  • January 10, 1919, (p. 8) "British Force Sent to The Caucasus. Turkish Atrocities Put Down."
  • February 18, 1919, (p. 6) "Rival Claims in Transcaucasia. Three Governments Described."
  • May 10, 1919, (p. 11) "Denikin's Heavy Burden. Insurgent Tribes. Flood Of Aliens From Odessa."
  • June 5, 1919, (p. 13) "North Caucasian Rivalries. Allies' Duty To Denikin. Turk and Bolshevist Intrigues."
  • 12 November 1919, (p. 18) "Parliament: House of Commons. Denikin's Troops in Caucasia."
  • August 28, 1920, (p. 10) "Cossack Capital Captured. Wrangel Making Headway. Bolshevists Alarmed"
  • September 1, 1920, (p. 9) "Wrangel's Plans. Revolt Spreads in Cossack Country"
  • Abdulkadırov, Iu. N., Gasanov, N. N. (2016). Podlinnıi patriot Dagestana i Rossii. In Abdullaev, M. A. Djelal-ed-din Korkmasov. Zhizn, deiatelnost i sotsialno-politicheskie vozzreniia (359-364), Makhachkala: Izdatelstvo "Epokha."
  • Ainsworth, J. (1991). The Blackwood Report on the Volunteer Army: A Missing Chapter in the Resumption of Anglo-White Relations in South Russia in November 1918. The Slavonic and the East European Review, 69(4), 621-645.
  • Allen, W.E.D., and Muratoff, P. (1953). Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on The Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828-1921, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Aydın, N. and Ergün, E. (2019). Kafkasya Gazavatı Ve Şeyh Şami̇l. Kafkas Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(12), 87-114.
  • Baddeley, J. F. (1999). The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, Surrey: Curzon Press.
  • Bennigsen, A. (1983). Muslim Guerilla warfare in the Caucasus (1918–1928). Central Asian Survey, 2(1), 45-56.
  • Bennigsen, A. and Wimbush, S. E. (1985). Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet Union, London: C. Hurst.
  • Berzeg, S. E. (2006a). Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti 1917-1920 (1. Cilt) İstanbul: Birleşik Kafkasya Derneği,
  • Berzeg, S. E. (2006b). Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti 1917-1920 (2. Cilt) İstanbul: Birleşik Kafkasya Derneği,
  • Boeck, B. J. (1998). The Kuban’ Cossack revival (1989–1993): The beginnings of a Cossack national movement in the North Caucasus region. Nationalities Papers, 26(4), 633-657.
  • Broxup, M. B. (1992). The Last Ghazawat: The 1920-1921 Uprising. In M. B. Broxup (Ed.), The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World (p. 112-145), London: C. Hurst.
  • Cabağı, W. G. (1996). Kafkas-Rus Çatışması, İstanbul: Flaş-Ajans.
  • Cornell, S. E. (1999). International Reactions to Massive Human Rights Violations: The Case of Chechnya. Europe-Asia Studies, 51(1) (Jan., 1999), 85- 100.
  • Çelik, M. Y. (2020). Kafkas Müslümanlarının Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi̇nde Kafkas İslam Ordusunun Rolü. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karabük Üniversitesi Eğitim Enstitüsü.
  • Çelikpala, M. (2002). Search For a Common North Caucasian Identity: The Mountaineers’ Attempts For Survival And Unity in Response to The Russian Rule. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Bilkent University Institute of Economics and Social Sciences.
  • Çolak, M. (2014). Osmanlı-Alman Rekabeti Çerçevesinde Kafkas Müslümanlarının Bağımsızlığı ve Bakü Meselesi (1917-1918). History Studies, 6(1), 27-43.
  • Denikin, A. I. (1921). Ocherki Russkoi Smuty. Paris: J. Povolozky&C.le, Editeurs.
  • Fischer, F.. (1967) Germany’s Aims in the First World War, London: Chatto&Windus.
  • Gökay, B. (1998). The Battle for Baku (May-September 1918): A Peculiar Episode in the History of the Caucasus. Middle Eastern Studies, 34(1), 30-50.
  • Golovin, N. N. (2011). Rossiiskaia Kontrrevoliustsiia v 1917-1918 gg., Moskva: Airis-press.
  • Hacısalihoğlu, M. (Ed.) (2013). Kafkas Techiri. Kafkasya’da Rus Kolonizasyonu, Savaş ve Sürgün. İstanbul: BALKAR&IRCICA.
  • Henze, P. B. (1992). The Circassian Resistance to Russia. In M. B. Broxup (Ed.), The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World (p. 62-111), London: C. Hurst.
  • Henze, P. B. (1996). Russia and the Caucasus. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 19(4), 389-402.
  • Ibrahimova, T. (2008). Legality of the Intervention Under International Law: The Case Of 1918 Azerbaijan. Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Tartu.-
  • Jane M. (2018). 1914-1922 Döneminde Rusların Trans-Kafkasya Politikası'nın Analizi, Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 95-119.
  • Jersild, A. (2000). Faith, Custom, and Ritual in the Borderlands: Orthodoxy, Islam, and the ‘Small Peoples’ of the Middle Volga and the North Caucasus. The Russian Review, 59, 512-529.
  • Jersild, A. (2002). Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845–1917, Montreal: McGill‐Queen's University Press.
  • Kaflı, K. (1942). Şimali Kafkasya, İstanbul: Vakıf Matbaası.
  • Kenez, P. (1971). Civil war in South Russia, 1918: the first year of the Volunteer Army, (Vol. 1.) Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Kajarov, A.G. (2001). Kabarda i Balkariia v Protsesse Administrativno-Territorialnogo Pereustroistva Severnogo Kavkaza (1918 - Pervaia Polovina 1920-kh gg.). Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Kabardino-Balkarskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet.
  • Kılıç, S. (1998). Türk-Sovyet İlişkilerinin Doğuşu, İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları 1998.
  • Klyuchevskiy V. (1918). Kurs Russkoi Istorii, (Vol. 1), Petrograd: Liter.Izd.Otdela P. P. Lebedev-Polyanskiy.
  • Kosok, P. (1956). Revolution and Sovietization in the North Caucasus. Caucasian Review, (3), 45-53.
  • Kurat, A. N. (1990). Türkiye ve Rusya, Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Kutlu, T. C. (1999). Şamil Basayev ve Şûra Hareketi, Kafkasya Yazıları, (7), 67-77.
  • Lemon E. J. (2015). Dunsterforce or Dunsterfarce? Re-evaluating the British mission to Baku, 1918. First World War Studies, 6(2), 133-149.
  • Martin, T. (2001). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union 1923-1939, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Murzaev, T. M. (2007) Soiuz Gortsev. Russkaia Revoliutsiia Narody Severnogo KAvkaza, 1917-Mart 1918 g.. Moskva: Partiia.
  • Pipes, R. (1995). Russia under the old regime. London: Penguin.
  • Pipes, R. (1997). The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press.
  • Polivina, M. A. (2008). Povsednevaia Zhizn Naseleniia Severnogo Kavkaza v Gody Grazhdanskoi Voiny 1917-1920 gg. Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Moskovskiy Pedagogicheskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, 2008.
  • Reynolds, M. (2005). Myths and Mysticism: A Longitudinal Perspective on Islam and Conflict in the North Caucasus. Middle Eastern Studies, 41(1) 31-54.
  • Reynolds, M. A. (2008). Native Sons: Post-Imperial Politics, Islam, and Identity in the North Caucasus, 1917–1918. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 56(2), 221–247.
  • Richmond, W. (2008). The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. London: Routledge Press.
  • Rieber, A. J. (1988). Landed Property, State Authority, and Civil War. Slavic Review. 47, (1), 29-38.
  • Saidumov, M. Kh. (2018) Konstitutsiia Soiuza Obedinennykh Gortsev Severnogo Kavkaza i Dagestana: Chechniia v Protsesse Stanovleniia Gosudarstvennosti (1917-1918 gg.). Evrazeiskii Iuridicheskii Zhurnal, (3), 199-202.
  • Saparov, A. (2010). From Conflict to Autonomy: The Making of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region 1918–1922. Europe-Asia Studies, 62(1), 99- 123.
  • Schapiro, L. (1977). The Peace of Brest-Litovsk. In: The Origin of the Communist Autocracy, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Slye, S. (2020). Turning towards unity: a North Caucasian perspective on the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, Caucasus Survey, 8(1), 106-123.
  • Suhanova, N. I., (2013). Obshestvennye Nastroeniia na Severnom Kavkaze v Usloviiah Revolutsionnykh Peremen 1917-1918 gg. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Oblastnogo Universiteta, (3), 84-89.
  • Tarran, M. (1991). The Orthodox Mission in the North Caucasus –End of the 18th – Beginning of the 19th Century. Central Asian Survey, 10(1/2), 103- 117.
  • Tavkul, U. (1993). Kafkasya Dağlılarında Hayat ve Kültür, İstanbul: Ötüken.
  • Tuğrul, S. (2011). Kafkasya Halkları: Volga, Ural, Sibirya, İstanbul: nasAjans Yayınları.
  • Vitarbo, G. (2007). Nationality Policy and the Russian Imperial Officer Corps, 1905-1914. Slavic Review, 66(4), 682-701.
  • Warth, R. D. (1956). The Allies and the Russian Revolution. From the Fall of the Monarchy to the Peace at Brest-Litovsk. Science and Society, 20(1), 84-86.
  • Werth, N. (2006). The 'Chechen Problem': Handling an Awkward Legacy, 1918-1958. Contemporary European History, 15(3), 347-366.
  • Wheeler-Bennett, J. W. (1940). From Brest-Litovsk to Brest-Litovsk, Foreign Affairs, 18(2), 196-210.
  • Yağcı, Z. (2016). Kuzey Kafkasya'nın Uluslararası Lideri: Sefer Zaniko. Bilig, 76, 59-86.
  • Yemelianova, G. M.. (2001). Sufism and politics in the North Caucasus. Nationalities Papers, 29(4), 661-688.
  • Yeşil, M. M. (2017). Batılı Kaynakların Penceresinden 19. Yüzyılda Kuzey Kafkasyalıların Ruslara Karşı Verdiği Bağımsızlık ve Özgürlük Mücadelesi. İnsan ve Toplum Bi̇li̇mleri̇ Araştırmaları Dergi̇si̇, 6,(5), 2670-2690.
  • Yıldız, Y. (2017). 18. Yüzyılda Rusya’nın Kuzey Kafkaska’yı Hristiyanlaştırma Politikası. Tarihin Peşinde Uluslararası Tarih ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 18(18), 429-251.

A FAILED INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GREAT POWERS COMPETITION: THE NORTH CAUCASIAN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (1917-1920)

Year 2021, , 245 - 259, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.873522

Abstract

In the early twentieth century, with the collapse of the Tsarist government and the Bolsheviks coming to power, the North Caucasian independence struggle became inextricable. This article examines the role of great power competition in the North Caucasian independence movement in the early twentieth century. Focusing on the events between 1917 and 1920, this study analyses how the relations among the great powers and the local actors in the region shaped and directed the course of the events in the region. It explains the difficulties that the North Caucasians faced in the process of formation of 'The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus,' and it seeks to indicate the reasons of the failure of the Mountaineers' attempt to form a unified republic. Benefiting from the Times newspaper's archives, this study explicates whether and how the Russian, German, British and Ottoman states contributed to the course of events that ended with the failure of the newly founded North Caucasian Republic.

References

  • The Times Newspaper Digital Archive January 7, 1918, (p. 13) "The Turk Militant III. Berlin to Bokhara. Threat to British Interests"
  • January 16, 1918, (p. 13) "Excess Profits Duty Decisions."
  • April 8, 1918, (p. 8) "Turkish Invasion of Transcaucasia."
  • September 10, 1918, (p. 5) "Turkey Ignored, Strong Protests against new Russian Treaty."
  • January 10, 1919, (p. 8) "British Force Sent to The Caucasus. Turkish Atrocities Put Down."
  • February 18, 1919, (p. 6) "Rival Claims in Transcaucasia. Three Governments Described."
  • May 10, 1919, (p. 11) "Denikin's Heavy Burden. Insurgent Tribes. Flood Of Aliens From Odessa."
  • June 5, 1919, (p. 13) "North Caucasian Rivalries. Allies' Duty To Denikin. Turk and Bolshevist Intrigues."
  • 12 November 1919, (p. 18) "Parliament: House of Commons. Denikin's Troops in Caucasia."
  • August 28, 1920, (p. 10) "Cossack Capital Captured. Wrangel Making Headway. Bolshevists Alarmed"
  • September 1, 1920, (p. 9) "Wrangel's Plans. Revolt Spreads in Cossack Country"
  • Abdulkadırov, Iu. N., Gasanov, N. N. (2016). Podlinnıi patriot Dagestana i Rossii. In Abdullaev, M. A. Djelal-ed-din Korkmasov. Zhizn, deiatelnost i sotsialno-politicheskie vozzreniia (359-364), Makhachkala: Izdatelstvo "Epokha."
  • Ainsworth, J. (1991). The Blackwood Report on the Volunteer Army: A Missing Chapter in the Resumption of Anglo-White Relations in South Russia in November 1918. The Slavonic and the East European Review, 69(4), 621-645.
  • Allen, W.E.D., and Muratoff, P. (1953). Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on The Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828-1921, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Aydın, N. and Ergün, E. (2019). Kafkasya Gazavatı Ve Şeyh Şami̇l. Kafkas Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(12), 87-114.
  • Baddeley, J. F. (1999). The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, Surrey: Curzon Press.
  • Bennigsen, A. (1983). Muslim Guerilla warfare in the Caucasus (1918–1928). Central Asian Survey, 2(1), 45-56.
  • Bennigsen, A. and Wimbush, S. E. (1985). Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet Union, London: C. Hurst.
  • Berzeg, S. E. (2006a). Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti 1917-1920 (1. Cilt) İstanbul: Birleşik Kafkasya Derneği,
  • Berzeg, S. E. (2006b). Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti 1917-1920 (2. Cilt) İstanbul: Birleşik Kafkasya Derneği,
  • Boeck, B. J. (1998). The Kuban’ Cossack revival (1989–1993): The beginnings of a Cossack national movement in the North Caucasus region. Nationalities Papers, 26(4), 633-657.
  • Broxup, M. B. (1992). The Last Ghazawat: The 1920-1921 Uprising. In M. B. Broxup (Ed.), The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World (p. 112-145), London: C. Hurst.
  • Cabağı, W. G. (1996). Kafkas-Rus Çatışması, İstanbul: Flaş-Ajans.
  • Cornell, S. E. (1999). International Reactions to Massive Human Rights Violations: The Case of Chechnya. Europe-Asia Studies, 51(1) (Jan., 1999), 85- 100.
  • Çelik, M. Y. (2020). Kafkas Müslümanlarının Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi̇nde Kafkas İslam Ordusunun Rolü. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karabük Üniversitesi Eğitim Enstitüsü.
  • Çelikpala, M. (2002). Search For a Common North Caucasian Identity: The Mountaineers’ Attempts For Survival And Unity in Response to The Russian Rule. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Bilkent University Institute of Economics and Social Sciences.
  • Çolak, M. (2014). Osmanlı-Alman Rekabeti Çerçevesinde Kafkas Müslümanlarının Bağımsızlığı ve Bakü Meselesi (1917-1918). History Studies, 6(1), 27-43.
  • Denikin, A. I. (1921). Ocherki Russkoi Smuty. Paris: J. Povolozky&C.le, Editeurs.
  • Fischer, F.. (1967) Germany’s Aims in the First World War, London: Chatto&Windus.
  • Gökay, B. (1998). The Battle for Baku (May-September 1918): A Peculiar Episode in the History of the Caucasus. Middle Eastern Studies, 34(1), 30-50.
  • Golovin, N. N. (2011). Rossiiskaia Kontrrevoliustsiia v 1917-1918 gg., Moskva: Airis-press.
  • Hacısalihoğlu, M. (Ed.) (2013). Kafkas Techiri. Kafkasya’da Rus Kolonizasyonu, Savaş ve Sürgün. İstanbul: BALKAR&IRCICA.
  • Henze, P. B. (1992). The Circassian Resistance to Russia. In M. B. Broxup (Ed.), The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World (p. 62-111), London: C. Hurst.
  • Henze, P. B. (1996). Russia and the Caucasus. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 19(4), 389-402.
  • Ibrahimova, T. (2008). Legality of the Intervention Under International Law: The Case Of 1918 Azerbaijan. Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Tartu.-
  • Jane M. (2018). 1914-1922 Döneminde Rusların Trans-Kafkasya Politikası'nın Analizi, Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 95-119.
  • Jersild, A. (2000). Faith, Custom, and Ritual in the Borderlands: Orthodoxy, Islam, and the ‘Small Peoples’ of the Middle Volga and the North Caucasus. The Russian Review, 59, 512-529.
  • Jersild, A. (2002). Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845–1917, Montreal: McGill‐Queen's University Press.
  • Kaflı, K. (1942). Şimali Kafkasya, İstanbul: Vakıf Matbaası.
  • Kenez, P. (1971). Civil war in South Russia, 1918: the first year of the Volunteer Army, (Vol. 1.) Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Kajarov, A.G. (2001). Kabarda i Balkariia v Protsesse Administrativno-Territorialnogo Pereustroistva Severnogo Kavkaza (1918 - Pervaia Polovina 1920-kh gg.). Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Kabardino-Balkarskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet.
  • Kılıç, S. (1998). Türk-Sovyet İlişkilerinin Doğuşu, İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları 1998.
  • Klyuchevskiy V. (1918). Kurs Russkoi Istorii, (Vol. 1), Petrograd: Liter.Izd.Otdela P. P. Lebedev-Polyanskiy.
  • Kosok, P. (1956). Revolution and Sovietization in the North Caucasus. Caucasian Review, (3), 45-53.
  • Kurat, A. N. (1990). Türkiye ve Rusya, Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Kutlu, T. C. (1999). Şamil Basayev ve Şûra Hareketi, Kafkasya Yazıları, (7), 67-77.
  • Lemon E. J. (2015). Dunsterforce or Dunsterfarce? Re-evaluating the British mission to Baku, 1918. First World War Studies, 6(2), 133-149.
  • Martin, T. (2001). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union 1923-1939, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Murzaev, T. M. (2007) Soiuz Gortsev. Russkaia Revoliutsiia Narody Severnogo KAvkaza, 1917-Mart 1918 g.. Moskva: Partiia.
  • Pipes, R. (1995). Russia under the old regime. London: Penguin.
  • Pipes, R. (1997). The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press.
  • Polivina, M. A. (2008). Povsednevaia Zhizn Naseleniia Severnogo Kavkaza v Gody Grazhdanskoi Voiny 1917-1920 gg. Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Moskovskiy Pedagogicheskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, 2008.
  • Reynolds, M. (2005). Myths and Mysticism: A Longitudinal Perspective on Islam and Conflict in the North Caucasus. Middle Eastern Studies, 41(1) 31-54.
  • Reynolds, M. A. (2008). Native Sons: Post-Imperial Politics, Islam, and Identity in the North Caucasus, 1917–1918. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 56(2), 221–247.
  • Richmond, W. (2008). The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. London: Routledge Press.
  • Rieber, A. J. (1988). Landed Property, State Authority, and Civil War. Slavic Review. 47, (1), 29-38.
  • Saidumov, M. Kh. (2018) Konstitutsiia Soiuza Obedinennykh Gortsev Severnogo Kavkaza i Dagestana: Chechniia v Protsesse Stanovleniia Gosudarstvennosti (1917-1918 gg.). Evrazeiskii Iuridicheskii Zhurnal, (3), 199-202.
  • Saparov, A. (2010). From Conflict to Autonomy: The Making of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region 1918–1922. Europe-Asia Studies, 62(1), 99- 123.
  • Schapiro, L. (1977). The Peace of Brest-Litovsk. In: The Origin of the Communist Autocracy, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Slye, S. (2020). Turning towards unity: a North Caucasian perspective on the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, Caucasus Survey, 8(1), 106-123.
  • Suhanova, N. I., (2013). Obshestvennye Nastroeniia na Severnom Kavkaze v Usloviiah Revolutsionnykh Peremen 1917-1918 gg. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Oblastnogo Universiteta, (3), 84-89.
  • Tarran, M. (1991). The Orthodox Mission in the North Caucasus –End of the 18th – Beginning of the 19th Century. Central Asian Survey, 10(1/2), 103- 117.
  • Tavkul, U. (1993). Kafkasya Dağlılarında Hayat ve Kültür, İstanbul: Ötüken.
  • Tuğrul, S. (2011). Kafkasya Halkları: Volga, Ural, Sibirya, İstanbul: nasAjans Yayınları.
  • Vitarbo, G. (2007). Nationality Policy and the Russian Imperial Officer Corps, 1905-1914. Slavic Review, 66(4), 682-701.
  • Warth, R. D. (1956). The Allies and the Russian Revolution. From the Fall of the Monarchy to the Peace at Brest-Litovsk. Science and Society, 20(1), 84-86.
  • Werth, N. (2006). The 'Chechen Problem': Handling an Awkward Legacy, 1918-1958. Contemporary European History, 15(3), 347-366.
  • Wheeler-Bennett, J. W. (1940). From Brest-Litovsk to Brest-Litovsk, Foreign Affairs, 18(2), 196-210.
  • Yağcı, Z. (2016). Kuzey Kafkasya'nın Uluslararası Lideri: Sefer Zaniko. Bilig, 76, 59-86.
  • Yemelianova, G. M.. (2001). Sufism and politics in the North Caucasus. Nationalities Papers, 29(4), 661-688.
  • Yeşil, M. M. (2017). Batılı Kaynakların Penceresinden 19. Yüzyılda Kuzey Kafkasyalıların Ruslara Karşı Verdiği Bağımsızlık ve Özgürlük Mücadelesi. İnsan ve Toplum Bi̇li̇mleri̇ Araştırmaları Dergi̇si̇, 6,(5), 2670-2690.
  • Yıldız, Y. (2017). 18. Yüzyılda Rusya’nın Kuzey Kafkaska’yı Hristiyanlaştırma Politikası. Tarihin Peşinde Uluslararası Tarih ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 18(18), 429-251.
There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aslı Gülseven 0000-0002-9325-2965

Publication Date March 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Gülseven, A. (2021). A FAILED INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GREAT POWERS COMPETITION: THE NORTH CAUCASIAN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (1917-1920). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 11(1), 245-259. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.873522