MARSHALL PLANI: ABD ÖNDERLİĞİNDE HEGEMONİK DÜNYA DÜZENİ İNŞA ETMEK İÇİN AVRUPA’YI YENİDEN İNŞA ETMEK

Abstract

Resmi adıyla Avrupa’yı Canlandırma Programı (ERP) olarak bilinen Marshall Planı, genel olarak mevcut uluslararası yardım mimarisinin temellerini atmış olarak kabul edilmektedir. Marshall Planı'nın çoğu analizi, benzersiz başarısına ve sonraki yardım programları için bir “başarı öyküsü” olarak ilham sağlaması üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Marshall Planı'nı yeniden yorumlamaktadır. Marshall Planı'nın yalnızca “yeniden inşa” ile sınırlı olmadığını, daha da önemlisi Batı Avrupa devletleri içinde ve arasında siyasi istikrar sağlayarak bu devletleri ABD önderliğinde uluslararası kapitalist düzene dahil etmeyi amaçladığını savunmaktadır. Buna göre, Marshall Planı, sadece sağladığı ayni ve mali yardımın etkisi açısından değil, daha çok ABD liderliğindeki çok taraflı bir uluslararası ekonomik düzenin inşasında oynadığı rol açısından değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

• Marshall Planı
• Avrupa Kurtarma Programı
• Dış yardım
• Bretton Woods sistemi.

THE MARSHALL PLAN: REBUILDING EUROPE TO BUILD A US-LED HEGEMONIC WORLD ORDER

Abstract

Officially known as the European Recovery Program (ERP), the Marshall Plan is generally considered to have laid the foundations of the current international aid architecture. Most analyses of the Marshall Plan focus on its unique success and the inspiration that it provided as a “success story” for the subsequent aid programs. This study offers a reinterpretation of the Marshall Plan. It argues that the Marshall Plan was by no means confined to rebuilding the physical environment, but also, and more importantly, it was aimed at providing political stability within and between Western European states and incorporating them into the US-led capitalist international order. Accordingly, the Marshall Plan is evaluated not simply in terms of the immediate impact of the material and financial aid that it provided, but rather in terms of its role in the construction of a US-led multilateral international economy.

Keywords

• Marshall Plan
• European Recovery Program
• Foreign aid
• the Bretton Woods system

References

1. Agnew, J. and Entrikin, J. N. (2004). The Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor, London: Routledge. BBC. (2015). Ebola: Liberia's Johnson Sirleaf urges Marshall Plan, BBC News, Retrieved 4 May 2019 from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31705594.
2. BBC. (2016). New Marshall Plan needed to defeat IS, says ex-US general, BBC News, Retrieved 10 March 2020 from http://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-37738733/new-marshall-plan-needed-to-defeat-is-says-ex-us-general.
3. Behrman, G. (2007). The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and How America Helped Rebuild Europe, New York: Free Press.
4. Block, F. (1977). The Origins of International Economic Disorder, Berkeley: University of California Press.
5. Boel, B. (2003). The European Productivity Agency and Transatlantic Relations, 1953-61, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
6. Carew, A. (1987). Labour under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science, Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
7. Crafts, N. (2013). The Marshall Plan. In Randall E. Parker and Robert Whaples (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Major Events in Economic History (203-213), Abingdon: Routledge.
8. Chasse, D. S. (2014). Towards a Global History of the Marshall Plan. European Post-war Reconstruction and the Rise of Development Economic Expertise. In Christian Grabas and Alexander Nützenadel (Ed.), Industrial Policy in Europe After 1945 (p. 187-212), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

9. Eichengreen, B. J. (2008) The European Economy since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
10. Ellwood, D. W. (1991). The Marshall Plan and the Politics of Growth. In Peter M. R Stirk and David Willis (Ed.), Shaping Postwar Europe (15-26), London: Pinter.
11. Esposito, C. (1994). Americas Feeble Weapon: Funding the Marshall Plan in France and Italy 1948-1950, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
12. Flanagan, B. (2013). UAE calls for ‘Marshall Plan’ for delivery of aid to Egypt, Syria. Al Arabiya News, Retrieved 15 April 2018 from http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/economy/2013/11/17/UAE-calls-for-Marshall-Plan-for-delivery-of-aid-to-Egypt-Syria.html.
13. Gabriel, L. (2009). If we rebuilt war-torn Europe ...Why not Detroit? Detroit Metro Times, Retrieved 12 March 2019 from https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/if-we-rebuilt-war-torn-europe-why-not-detroit/Content?oid=2194028.
14. Gill, S. (2008). Power and Resistance in the New World Order, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
15. Hogan, M. J. (2005). The Marshall Plan America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe 1947-1952, Cambridge: Cambridge University.
16. Jones, J. M. (1955). The Fifteen Weeks: February 21 - June 5, 1947, New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
17. Keeley, B. (2012). From Aid to Development: The Global Fight Against Poverty, Paris: OECD.
18. Kindleberger, C. P. (2010). Marshall Plan Days, Abingdon: Routledge.
19. Kituyi, M. (2020). Africa needs a Marshall plan to ride out Covid-19 crisis; prepare for uncertain times. UNCTAD, Retrieved 16 May 2020 from https://unctad.org/news/africa-needs-marshall-plan-ride-out-covid-19-crisis-prepare-uncertain-times.
20. Kolko, J. and Kolko, G. (1972). The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy 1945-1954, New York: Harper & Row.
21. MacAskill, E. (2008). US election: Obama offers a Marshall plan for the 21st century. The Guardian, Retrieved 15 May 2020 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/16/barackobama.uselections2008.
22. Maier, C. S. (1977). The Politics of Productivity: Foundations of American International Economic Policy after World War II. International Organization, 31(4), 607-633.
23. Maier, C. S. (1981). Two Postwar Eras and The Conditions for Stability in The Twentieth Century Western Europe. American Historical Review, 86 (2), 327-352.
24. Maier, C. S. (2005). Hegemony and Autonomy within the Western Alliance. In Melvyn P. Leffler and David S. Painter (Ed.), Origins of the Cold War: An International History (p. 221-235), Abingdon: Routledge.
25. Milward, A. S. (2005). The Reconstruction of Western Europe 1945-1951, Taylor and Francis E-Library.
26. Mizruchi, M. S. (2013). The Fracturing of the American Corporate Elite, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27. Oatley, Thomas H. (2001). Multilateralizing Trade and Payments in Postwar Europe. International Organization, 55(4): 949-969.
28. Orme, J. (1995). The Original Megapolicy: America's Marshall Plan. In John D. Montgomery and Dennis A. Rondinelli (Ed.), Great Policies: Strategic Innovations in Asia and the Pacific Basin (p. 15-40), Westport, CT: Praeger.
29. Painter, D. S. (1999). The Cold War: An international history, London: Routledge.
30. Pelz, D. (2017). Germany's 'Marshall Plan' for Africa unveiled, Deutsche Welle, Retrieved 12 April 2020 from https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-marshall-plan-for-africa-unveiled/a-37178506.
31. Pijl, K. V. (2012). The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class, London: Verso.
32. Plaut, M. (2016). Revealed: Margaret Thatcher’s ‘Marshall Plan for southern Africa.’ The Conversation, Retrieved 20 May 2020 from https://theconversation.com/revealed-margaret-thatchers-marshall-plan-for-southern-africa-70541
33. Rosenberg, S. (2003). American Economic Development since 1945: Growth, Decline and Rejuvenation, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
34. Ross, G. (1982). Workers and Communists in France: From Popular Front to Eurocommunism, Berkeley: University of California Press.
35. Rupert, M. (1995). Producing Hegemony: The Politics of Mass Production and American Global Power, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Saull, R. (2007). The Cold War and After: Capitalism, Revolution and Superpower Politics, London: Pluto.
37. Schmidt, B. (2012). Theories of US Foreign Policy. In Michael Cox and Doug Stokes (Ed.), US Foreign Policy (p. 5-20), New York: Oxford University Press.
38. The United Nations. (2014). Haiti: Senior UN official urges donor community to ramp up efforts to tackle cholera. The UN News, Retrieved 14 January 2019 from https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/04/465172-haiti-senior-un-official-urges-donor-community-ramp-efforts-tackle-cholera.
39. Tran, M. (2005). Brown calls for African Marshall Plan. The Guardian, Retrieved 21 April 2020 from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/jun/03/internationalaidanddevelopment.hearafrica05
40. Truman, H. S. (1947). Address on Foreign Economic Policy, delivered at Baylor University, The National Archives, Retrieved 5 May 2019 from https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/52/address-foreign-economic-policy-delivered-baylor-university.
41. Vickers, R. (2000). Manipulating Hegemony: State Power, Labour and the Marshall Plan in Britain, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
42. Walker, T. (2016). Bono outlines three-point plan to tackle refugee crisis that affects us all. Independent, Retrieved 2 April 2020 from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/refugee-crisis-bono-outlines-three-point-plan-to-tackle-problem-that-affects-us-all-a6981346.html.
43. Williams, A. W. (1972). The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, New York: Dell.
44. Williams, W. C. L. (2015). The Audacity of the Small: Musa Bility’s FIFA Ambition Pitched Against Liberia’s Soccer Decline. Libpolitics, Retrieved 12 May 2020 from https://libpolitics.wordpress.com/2015/06/20/the-audacity-of-the-small-musa-bilitys-fifa-ambition-pitched-against-liberias-soccer-decline/.
45. Wilson, T. A. (1977). The Marshall Plan: An Atlantic Venture of 1947-1951 and How It Shaped Our World, New York: Foreign Policy Association,
46. Wintour, P. (2016). Russia should foot Syria reconstruction bill, European leaders say. The Guardian, Retrieved 10 February 2019 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/29/russia-should-foot-syria-reconstruction-bill-european-leaders-say.
47. Wood, R. E. (1986). From Marshall Plan to Debt Crisis: Foreign Aid and Development Choices in The World Economy, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
48. Wood, R. E. (2005). From the Marshall Plan to the Third World. In Melvyn Leffler and David S. Painter (Ed.), Origins of the Cold War: An International History (p. 239-250), London and New York: Routledge.