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15. YÜZYILDA DÜNYA EKONOMİSİNİN GENEL GÖRÜNÜMÜ

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 86 - 101, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.802933

Abstract

Dünya ekonomisindeki hâkimiyet mücadelesi farklı yüzyıllarda farklı bölgelerin ön plana çıkmasına tanık olmuştur. Erken dönemlerden itibaren dünyanın en güçlü ekonomisi olma özelliğini taşıyan Asya, 15. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren bu gücünü yavaş yavaş kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Avrupa ise özellikle Portekiz ve İspanya’nın öncülüğünde gelişen Coğrafi Keşifler sayesinde, bu yüzyılın sonlarına doğru hem Batı Afrika kıyılarından Hindistan ve Güneydoğu Asya’ya hem de Amerika’ya ulaşarak dünya ekonomisinin yeni merkezi olma yolunda hızla ilerlemiştir. Asya ile Avrupa’nın dışında bu dönemde ön plana çıkan diğer bölgeler ise dünya ekonomisinin merkezi olma iddiası bulunmamakla birlikte her iki kıtayı birbirine bağlayan önemli ticaret yollarının merkezinde yer alan ve bu sayede sürekli canlı bir ekonomiye sahip olan Ortadoğu Bölgesi ve Osmanlı Coğrafyası’dır. Bu çalışma, ilerleyen yıllarda dünya ekonomisinin merkezinin Asya’dan Avrupa’ya kayacağının sinyallerini vermesi açısından önemli bir dönem olan 15. yüzyılda ekonomik anlamda ön plana çıkan bölgelerin incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Referans1: Acıpınar, M. (2015). Ahidnameler Çerçevesinde Karadeniz’de Ticaret ve Yabancı Tüccarların Durumu (XV-XVII. Yüzyıllar). Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt:5, Sayı:12, 319-336.
  • Referans2: Adshead, S. A. M. (1988). China in the World History, London: Macmillan.
  • Referans3: Akdağ, M. (1949). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Kuruluş ve İnkişafı Devrinde Türkiye’nin İktisadi Vaziyeti. Belleten, Cilt XII, Sayı 51, 497-571.
  • Referans4: Birmingham, D. (1999). Portugal and Africa, New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd.
  • Referans5: Braudel, F. (1983). Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th century, Vol 2, London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd.
  • Referans6: Braudel, F. (1984). Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th century, Vol 3, London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd.
  • Referans7: Broadberry, S., Guan, H. and Li, D. D. (2017). China, Europa and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980-1850, University of Oxford: Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History.
  • Referans8: Brummett, P. (1994). Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery, Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Referans9: Cameron, R. (1993). A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present, 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Referans10: Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985). Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans11: Chaudhuri, K. N. (1990). Asia Before Europe, Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans12: Ciment, J. (2006). Colonial America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History. Vol 1-5, New York: Routledge.
  • Referans13: Clough, S. B. and Cole, C. W. (1954). Early Modern Capitalism and the Expansion of Europe. In Joseph L. Blau, Ralph H. Bowen, Peter J. Gay, Sidney Gelber, George T. Matthews, Richard M. Morse and Stephen W. Rousseas (Ed.), Chapters in Western Civilization Vol. 1 (p. 166-207), New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Referans14: Das Gupta, A. (1987). The Maritime Trade of Indonesia: 1500-1800. In Ashin Das Gupta and Michael N. Pearson (Ed.), India and the Indian Ocean 1500-1800 (p. 240-275), Calcutta: Oxford University Press.
  • Referans15: Das Gupta, A. and Pearson, M. N. (1987). India and the Indian Ocean, Calcutta: Oxford University Press.
  • Referans16: Epstein, S. A. (2014). Geç Dönem Ortaçağ Avrupası: Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarih, 1000-1500, İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Referans17: Findlay, R. and O’Rourke, K. H. (2007). Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millenium, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Referans18: Flyyn, D. O. and Giraldez, A. (1994). China and the Manila Galleons. In A. J. H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu (Ed.), Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy (p. 71-90), London: Routledge.
  • Referans19: Flyyn, D. O. and Giraldez, A. (1995). Born with a Silver Spoon: The Origin of the World Trade in 1571. Journal of World History, Vol.6, No.2, 201-221.
  • Referans20: Flyyn, D. O. and Giraldez, A. (1996). Silk for Silver: Manila-Macao Trade in the 17th Century. Philippine Studies, Vol.44, No.1, 52-68.
  • Referans21: Frank, A. G. (1998). Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, London: University of California Press Ltd.
  • Referans22: Hamashita, T. (1994). The Tribute Trade System and Modern Asia. In A. J. H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu (Ed.), Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy (p. 91-107), London: Routledge.
  • Referans23: Harreld, D. J. (2016). An Economic History of the World Since 1400, Virginia: The Great Courses.
  • Referans24: Heaton, H. (2005). Avrupa İktisat Tarihi, Ankara: Paragraf Yayınevi.
  • Referans25: Helps, A. (1856). The Spanish Conquest in America, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
  • Referans26: İnalcık, H. (1951). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Kuruluş ve İnkişaf Devrinde Türkiye’nin İktisadi Vaziyeti Üzerine Bir Tetkik Münasebetiyle. Belleten, Cilt XV, Sayı 60, 629-684.
  • Referans27: İnalcık, H. (1960). Bursa and the Commerce of the Levant. Journal of the Economic and Social History of Orient, Vol:3, No:2. 131-147.
  • Referans28: İnalcık, H. (1999). Osmanlı Tarihine Toplu Bir Bakış. Osmanlı Ansiklopedisi. Cilt 1, 37-117.
  • Referans29: İnalcık, H. (2000). İmtiyazat. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. Cilt 22, 245-252.
  • Referans30: İnalcık, H. (2003). Mehmed II. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. Cilt 28, 395-407.
  • Referans31: İnalcık, H. (2017). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi-1: 1300-1600, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Referans32: Kennedy, P. (1988). The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, London: Unwin Hyman Limited.
  • Referans33: Küçükkalay, A. M. (2014). Dünya İktisat Tarih, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
  • Referans34: Küpeli, Ö. (2008). Osmanlılar ve Doğu Ticaret Yolları Üzerine (XV-XVII. Yüzyıllar). Nilgün N. Kara, Latif Daşdemir ve Özer Küpeli (Ed.), Prof. Dr. Necmi ÜLKER’e Armağan (s. 391-405), İzmir: Meta Basım.
  • Referans35: Kütükoğlu, M. (1994). Osmanlı İktisadi Yapısı. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (Ed.), Osmanlı Devleti ve Medeniyeti Tarihi (s. 511-650), İstanbul: İslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Referans36: Lybyer, A. H. (1915). The Ottoman Turks and the Routes of Oriental Trade. The English Historical Review, Vol XXX, Issue CXX, 577-588.
  • Referans37: Malanima, P. (2007). Decline or Growth? European Cities and Rural Economies 1300-1600. http://www.paolomalanima.it/default_file/default_file/Papers/CITY_COUNTRY1300-1600.pdf
  • Referans38: Maddison, A. (2001). The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Paris: OECD.
  • Referans39: Maddison, A. (2003). The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD.
  • Referans40: Maddison, A. (2007). Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, OECD.
  • Referans41: Massa, P. (2006). The Economy in the Fifteenth Century: Preconditions for European Expansion. In Antonio Di Vittorio (Ed.), An Economic History of Europe: From Expansion to Development (p. 1-25), New York: Routledge.
  • Referans42: McEvedy, C. and Jones, R. (1979). Atlas of World Population History, Great Britain: Penguin Books Ltd. and Allen Lane.
  • Referans43: McKay, J. P., Crowston, C. H., Wiesner-Hanks, M. E. and Perry, J. (2014). A History of Western Society, 11th Edition. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
  • Referans44: McNeill, W. H. (1983). The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since A.D. 1000, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Referans45: Menard, R. R. (1991). Transport Costs and Long-Range Trade, 1300-1800: Was there a European “Transport Revolution” in the Early Modern Era? In James D. Tracy (Ed.), The Political Economy of Merchant Empires (p. 228-275), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans46: Needham, J. (1981). Science in the Traditional China: A Comparative Perspective, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
  • Referans47: O’Rourke, K. H. and Williamson, J. G. (2009). Did Vasco da Gama Matter for European Markets? The Economic History Review, Vol:62, Issue:3, 655-684.
  • Referans48: Özcan, A. (2015). Sömürgecilik Tarihi (Afrika-Asya), 2. Baskı. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Referans49: Pacey, A. (1990). Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Referans50: Parker, G. (1991). Europe and the Wider World, 1500-1750: The Military Balance. In James D. Tracey (Ed.), The Political Economy of Merchant Empires (p. 161-195), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans51: Pirenne, H. (1937). Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, New York: Harcourt Brace & Company.
  • Referans52: Postan, M. (1939). The Fifteenth Century. The Economic History Review, Vol:9, No:2, 160-167.
  • Referans53: Reid, A. (1993). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Cilt 2: Expansion and Crisis, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Referans54: Rossabi, M. (1990). The “Decline” of the Central Asian Caravan Trade. In James D. Tracy (Ed.), The Rise of the Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World 1350-1750 (p. 351-370), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans55: Sahillioğlu, H. (1989). Türkiye İktisat Tarihi, İstanbul: Menteş Kitabevi.
  • Referans56: Sanderson, S. K. (1999). Social Transformation: A General Theory of Historical Development, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Referans57: Souza, G. B. (1986). The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea 1630-1754, Cambiridge: Cambiridge University Press.
  • Referans58: Spielvogel, J. J. (2009). Western Civilization, 7th Edition. California: Thomson Wadsworth.
  • Referans59: Steensgaard, N. (1972). Carracks, Caravans and Companies: The Structural Crisis in the European-Asian Trade in the Early 17th Century, Kopenhag, Studentlitteratur.
  • Referans60: Stuart-Fox, M. (2003). A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
  • Referans61: Tabakoğlu, A. (2013). İslam İktisadına Giriş, İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları.
  • Referans62: Tarling, N. (1992). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cilt: 1, From Early Times to c. 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans63: Thomaz, L. F. F. R. (1993). The Malay Sultanate of Melaka. In Anthony Reid (Ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power and Belief (p. 69-90), New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Referans64: Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (2011). Osmanlı Tarihi, 2. Cilt. Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Referans65: Wallerstein, I. (1974). The Modern World System 1: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century, New York: Academic Press.
  • Referans66: Walter, R. (2012). Economic Relations Between Europe and the World: Dependence and Interdependence, European History Online.

THE OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD ECONOMY IN THE 15TH CENTURY

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 86 - 101, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.802933

Abstract

Dünya ekonomisindeki hâkimiyet mücadelesi farklı yüzyıllarda farklı bölgelerin ön plana çıkmasına tanık olmuştur. Erken dönemlerden itibaren dünyanın en güçlü ekonomisi olma özelliğini taşıyan Asya, 15. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren bu gücünü yavaş yavaş kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Avrupa ise özellikle Portekiz ve İspanya’nın öncülüğünde gelişen Coğrafi Keşifler sayesinde, bu yüzyılın sonlarına doğru hem Batı Afrika kıyılarından Hindistan ve Güneydoğu Asya’ya hem de Amerika’ya ulaşarak dünya ekonomisinin yeni merkezi olma yolunda hızla ilerlemiştir. Asya ile Avrupa’nın dışında bu dönemde ön plana çıkan diğer bölgeler ise dünya ekonomisinin merkezi olma iddiası bulunmamakla birlikte her iki kıtayı birbirine bağlayan önemli ticaret yollarının merkezinde yer alan ve bu sayede sürekli canlı bir ekonomiye sahip olan Ortadoğu Bölgesi ve Osmanlı Coğrafyası’dır. Bu çalışma, ilerleyen yıllarda dünya ekonomisinin merkezinin Asya’dan Avrupa’ya kayacağının sinyallerini vermesi açısından önemli bir dönem olan 15. yüzyılda ekonomik anlamda ön plana çıkan bölgelerin incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Referans1: Acıpınar, M. (2015). Ahidnameler Çerçevesinde Karadeniz’de Ticaret ve Yabancı Tüccarların Durumu (XV-XVII. Yüzyıllar). Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt:5, Sayı:12, 319-336.
  • Referans2: Adshead, S. A. M. (1988). China in the World History, London: Macmillan.
  • Referans3: Akdağ, M. (1949). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Kuruluş ve İnkişafı Devrinde Türkiye’nin İktisadi Vaziyeti. Belleten, Cilt XII, Sayı 51, 497-571.
  • Referans4: Birmingham, D. (1999). Portugal and Africa, New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd.
  • Referans5: Braudel, F. (1983). Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th century, Vol 2, London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd.
  • Referans6: Braudel, F. (1984). Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th century, Vol 3, London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd.
  • Referans7: Broadberry, S., Guan, H. and Li, D. D. (2017). China, Europa and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980-1850, University of Oxford: Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History.
  • Referans8: Brummett, P. (1994). Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery, Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Referans9: Cameron, R. (1993). A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present, 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Referans10: Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985). Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans11: Chaudhuri, K. N. (1990). Asia Before Europe, Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans12: Ciment, J. (2006). Colonial America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History. Vol 1-5, New York: Routledge.
  • Referans13: Clough, S. B. and Cole, C. W. (1954). Early Modern Capitalism and the Expansion of Europe. In Joseph L. Blau, Ralph H. Bowen, Peter J. Gay, Sidney Gelber, George T. Matthews, Richard M. Morse and Stephen W. Rousseas (Ed.), Chapters in Western Civilization Vol. 1 (p. 166-207), New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Referans14: Das Gupta, A. (1987). The Maritime Trade of Indonesia: 1500-1800. In Ashin Das Gupta and Michael N. Pearson (Ed.), India and the Indian Ocean 1500-1800 (p. 240-275), Calcutta: Oxford University Press.
  • Referans15: Das Gupta, A. and Pearson, M. N. (1987). India and the Indian Ocean, Calcutta: Oxford University Press.
  • Referans16: Epstein, S. A. (2014). Geç Dönem Ortaçağ Avrupası: Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarih, 1000-1500, İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Referans17: Findlay, R. and O’Rourke, K. H. (2007). Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millenium, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Referans18: Flyyn, D. O. and Giraldez, A. (1994). China and the Manila Galleons. In A. J. H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu (Ed.), Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy (p. 71-90), London: Routledge.
  • Referans19: Flyyn, D. O. and Giraldez, A. (1995). Born with a Silver Spoon: The Origin of the World Trade in 1571. Journal of World History, Vol.6, No.2, 201-221.
  • Referans20: Flyyn, D. O. and Giraldez, A. (1996). Silk for Silver: Manila-Macao Trade in the 17th Century. Philippine Studies, Vol.44, No.1, 52-68.
  • Referans21: Frank, A. G. (1998). Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, London: University of California Press Ltd.
  • Referans22: Hamashita, T. (1994). The Tribute Trade System and Modern Asia. In A. J. H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu (Ed.), Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy (p. 91-107), London: Routledge.
  • Referans23: Harreld, D. J. (2016). An Economic History of the World Since 1400, Virginia: The Great Courses.
  • Referans24: Heaton, H. (2005). Avrupa İktisat Tarihi, Ankara: Paragraf Yayınevi.
  • Referans25: Helps, A. (1856). The Spanish Conquest in America, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
  • Referans26: İnalcık, H. (1951). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Kuruluş ve İnkişaf Devrinde Türkiye’nin İktisadi Vaziyeti Üzerine Bir Tetkik Münasebetiyle. Belleten, Cilt XV, Sayı 60, 629-684.
  • Referans27: İnalcık, H. (1960). Bursa and the Commerce of the Levant. Journal of the Economic and Social History of Orient, Vol:3, No:2. 131-147.
  • Referans28: İnalcık, H. (1999). Osmanlı Tarihine Toplu Bir Bakış. Osmanlı Ansiklopedisi. Cilt 1, 37-117.
  • Referans29: İnalcık, H. (2000). İmtiyazat. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. Cilt 22, 245-252.
  • Referans30: İnalcık, H. (2003). Mehmed II. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. Cilt 28, 395-407.
  • Referans31: İnalcık, H. (2017). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi-1: 1300-1600, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Referans32: Kennedy, P. (1988). The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, London: Unwin Hyman Limited.
  • Referans33: Küçükkalay, A. M. (2014). Dünya İktisat Tarih, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
  • Referans34: Küpeli, Ö. (2008). Osmanlılar ve Doğu Ticaret Yolları Üzerine (XV-XVII. Yüzyıllar). Nilgün N. Kara, Latif Daşdemir ve Özer Küpeli (Ed.), Prof. Dr. Necmi ÜLKER’e Armağan (s. 391-405), İzmir: Meta Basım.
  • Referans35: Kütükoğlu, M. (1994). Osmanlı İktisadi Yapısı. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (Ed.), Osmanlı Devleti ve Medeniyeti Tarihi (s. 511-650), İstanbul: İslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Referans36: Lybyer, A. H. (1915). The Ottoman Turks and the Routes of Oriental Trade. The English Historical Review, Vol XXX, Issue CXX, 577-588.
  • Referans37: Malanima, P. (2007). Decline or Growth? European Cities and Rural Economies 1300-1600. http://www.paolomalanima.it/default_file/default_file/Papers/CITY_COUNTRY1300-1600.pdf
  • Referans38: Maddison, A. (2001). The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Paris: OECD.
  • Referans39: Maddison, A. (2003). The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD.
  • Referans40: Maddison, A. (2007). Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, OECD.
  • Referans41: Massa, P. (2006). The Economy in the Fifteenth Century: Preconditions for European Expansion. In Antonio Di Vittorio (Ed.), An Economic History of Europe: From Expansion to Development (p. 1-25), New York: Routledge.
  • Referans42: McEvedy, C. and Jones, R. (1979). Atlas of World Population History, Great Britain: Penguin Books Ltd. and Allen Lane.
  • Referans43: McKay, J. P., Crowston, C. H., Wiesner-Hanks, M. E. and Perry, J. (2014). A History of Western Society, 11th Edition. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
  • Referans44: McNeill, W. H. (1983). The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since A.D. 1000, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Referans45: Menard, R. R. (1991). Transport Costs and Long-Range Trade, 1300-1800: Was there a European “Transport Revolution” in the Early Modern Era? In James D. Tracy (Ed.), The Political Economy of Merchant Empires (p. 228-275), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans46: Needham, J. (1981). Science in the Traditional China: A Comparative Perspective, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
  • Referans47: O’Rourke, K. H. and Williamson, J. G. (2009). Did Vasco da Gama Matter for European Markets? The Economic History Review, Vol:62, Issue:3, 655-684.
  • Referans48: Özcan, A. (2015). Sömürgecilik Tarihi (Afrika-Asya), 2. Baskı. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Referans49: Pacey, A. (1990). Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Referans50: Parker, G. (1991). Europe and the Wider World, 1500-1750: The Military Balance. In James D. Tracey (Ed.), The Political Economy of Merchant Empires (p. 161-195), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans51: Pirenne, H. (1937). Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, New York: Harcourt Brace & Company.
  • Referans52: Postan, M. (1939). The Fifteenth Century. The Economic History Review, Vol:9, No:2, 160-167.
  • Referans53: Reid, A. (1993). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Cilt 2: Expansion and Crisis, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Referans54: Rossabi, M. (1990). The “Decline” of the Central Asian Caravan Trade. In James D. Tracy (Ed.), The Rise of the Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World 1350-1750 (p. 351-370), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans55: Sahillioğlu, H. (1989). Türkiye İktisat Tarihi, İstanbul: Menteş Kitabevi.
  • Referans56: Sanderson, S. K. (1999). Social Transformation: A General Theory of Historical Development, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Referans57: Souza, G. B. (1986). The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea 1630-1754, Cambiridge: Cambiridge University Press.
  • Referans58: Spielvogel, J. J. (2009). Western Civilization, 7th Edition. California: Thomson Wadsworth.
  • Referans59: Steensgaard, N. (1972). Carracks, Caravans and Companies: The Structural Crisis in the European-Asian Trade in the Early 17th Century, Kopenhag, Studentlitteratur.
  • Referans60: Stuart-Fox, M. (2003). A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
  • Referans61: Tabakoğlu, A. (2013). İslam İktisadına Giriş, İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları.
  • Referans62: Tarling, N. (1992). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cilt: 1, From Early Times to c. 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans63: Thomaz, L. F. F. R. (1993). The Malay Sultanate of Melaka. In Anthony Reid (Ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power and Belief (p. 69-90), New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Referans64: Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (2011). Osmanlı Tarihi, 2. Cilt. Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Referans65: Wallerstein, I. (1974). The Modern World System 1: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century, New York: Academic Press.
  • Referans66: Walter, R. (2012). Economic Relations Between Europe and the World: Dependence and Interdependence, European History Online.
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Erdem Selman Develi 0000-0003-2097-207X

Publication Date March 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Develi, E. S. (2021). 15. YÜZYILDA DÜNYA EKONOMİSİNİN GENEL GÖRÜNÜMÜ. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 11(1), 86-101. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.802933