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Avrupa’da aşırı sağın yükselişi ve göçmen karşıtlığı: İdeolojik temeller ve politik pratikler üzerine bir inceleme

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1955 - 1969
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1512714

Abstract

Siyasi partiler, toplumun farklı kesimlerini temsil etme ve talepleri siyasi arenaya taşıma açısından hayati bir fonksiyona sahiptir. Ancak, aşırı sağ partiler, kullandıkları nefret söylemleriyle bu sürecin sağlıklı işlemesini sekteye uğratarak demokrasilerin derinleşmesine zarar vermektedir. Buna rağmen son yıllarda Avrupa’da aşırı sağ partilerin göçmen karşıtı söylemleri ve milliyetçi-popülist politikaları, birçok seçmenin ilgisini çekmiş ve bu durum seçim sonuçlarına da yansımıştır. Nitekim 2024 yılında yapılan Avrupa Parlamentosu seçim sonuçlarına bakıldığında aşırı sağ partilerin ciddi bir ivmelenme yakaladığı görülmektedir. Elbette bu politik sonucu ortaya çıkaran birçok tarihsel, siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel neden ve birikim vardır.
Bu makalede, aşırı sağ partilerin göçmen karşıtlığını nasıl temellendirdiği incelenmekte ve bunun teorik arka planı ortaya koyulmaktadır. Bu çerçevede öncelikle aşırı sağın ideolojik temelleri milliyetçilik, ekonomik kriz, güvenlik, etnik üstünlük ve kültürel homojenlik gibi kavramların aşırı sağ partilerin retorik ve politikalarındaki yeri tartışılmaktadır. Ardından, bu teorik temellerin pratikte nasıl tezahür edildiğine odaklanılmaktadır. Ayrıca göçmen karşıtı tutumların farklı ülkelerde nasıl somut politikalara, kampanyalara ve söylemlere dönüştüğü değerlendirilmektedir. Nihayetinde makale, aşırı sağ partilerin göçmen karşıtlığını sadece ideolojik bir araç olarak kullanmakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda politik pratikler yoluyla pekiştirdiğini ve böylece toplumsal dinamikler üzerinde derin etkiler yarattığını göstermeye çalışmaktadır.

References

  • Akkerman, T. (2012). Comparing radical right parties in government: Immigration and integration policies in nine countries (1996–2010). West European Politics, 35(3), 511–529.
  • Aladağ Görentaş, I., & Özdemir Dal, B. (2022). Avrupa’da aşırı sağ partiler ve göçmenlere yaklaşımları; seçilmiş örnekler. MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(26), 295-317.
  • Anadolu Ajansı (17.03.2019). Belçika istihbaratından ‘aşırı sağ silahlanıyor’ uyarısı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/belcika-istihbaratindan-asiri-sag-silahlaniyor-uyarisi/1420687
  • Anadolu Ajansı (25.01.2023). Avrupa’daki ırkçı saldırılar çoğunlukla müslümanları hedef alıyor. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ayrimcilik-hatti/almanyadaki-irkci-saldirilar-cogunlukla-muslumanlari-hedef-aliyor/2796617
  • BBC News, (13.01.2015). Fransa’da müslüman hedeflere 50’den fazla saldırı ve tehdit. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/multimedya/2015/01/150113_fransa_muslumanlara_saldirilar
  • Betz, H. G. (1994). Radical right-wing populism in western europe. Macmillan Press.
  • Canovan, M. (1981). Populism. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  • Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2–16.
  • Council of Europe (2011). Living Together: Combining Diversity and Freedom in 21st-century Europe. Report of the Group of Eminent Persons of the Council of Europe.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
  • Dilling, M. (2018). Two of the same kind? the rise of the afd and its implications for the CDU/CSU. German Politics & Society, 36(1), 84–104.
  • Donà, A. (2022). The rise of the radical right in italy: the case of fratelli d’ıtalia. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 27(5), 775–794.
  • Eatwell, R. (2000). The rebirth of the ‘extreme right’ in western europe? Parliamentary Affairs, 53(3), 407–425.
  • Eddy, M. (2018). German far right and counterprotesters clash in chemnitz. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/28/world/europe/chemnitz-protest-germany.html 12.06.2024
  • Eser, H. B. & Çiçek, A. (2020). Avrupa’da aşırı sağın ayak sesleri: Zenofobinin patolojik normalleşmesi. Alternatif Politika, 12(1), 114-144.
  • Euronews (22.06.2019). İtalya’da göçmenlere karşı ırkçı saldırılar ve yabancı düşmanlığı artıyor. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/06/22/italya-da-gocmenlere-karsi-rkci-saldirilar-ve-yabanci-dusmanligi-artiyor
  • Giddens, A. (2008). The third way: The renewal of Social Democracy. Polity Press.
  • Golder, M. (2016). Far right parties in europe. Annual Review of Political Science. 19, 477- 497.
  • Goodwin, M. J. (2014). A breakthrough moment or false dawn? the great recession and the radical right in europe. Clara Sandelind (Ed.), European Populism and Winning the Immigration Debate içinde (ss. 15-41). Fores.
  • Green, E. G. T. & Oriane Sarrasin, Robert Baur ve Nicole Fasel (2016). From stigmatized immigrants to radical right voting: a multilevel study on the role of threat and contact. Political Psychology, 37(4), 465– 480.
  • Guibernau, M. (2010). Migration and the rise of the radical right: social malaise and the failure of mainstream politics. Policy Network Paper, 1-19.
  • Güzel, S. Ç. (2022). Elitizmden popülizme: Cumhuriyet halk partisi’ndeki paradigmal dönüşüm ve ekrem imamoğlu örneği. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 27(108), 109-138.
  • Hjerm, M. & Bohman A. (2014). Is it getting worse? anti-immigrant attitudes in europe during the 21st century. Clara Sandelind (Ed.), European Populism and Winning the Immigration Debate içinde (41–65). Fores.
  • Howard, M. M. (2010). The impact of the far right on citizenship policy in europe: explaining continuity and change. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(5), 735-751.
  • Jaarrapport, (2019). https://www.vsse.be/nl/jaarrapport-2019.
  • Knigge, P. (1998). The ecological correlates of right-wing extremismin western europe. European Journal of Political Research, 34(2), 249–279.
  • Kortmann, M. & Stecker, C. ve Weiß, T. (2019). Filling a representation gap? how populist and mainstream parties address muslim immigration and the role of islam. Representation, 55(4), 435–456.
  • Lutz, P. (2019). Variation in policy success: radical right populismand migration policy. West European Politics, 42(3), 517–544.
  • Miller, D. (2008). Immigrants, nations and citizenship. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 14(4), 371-390.
  • Millî İstihbarat Akademisi (Ocak 2024). Batılı ülkelerde aşırı sağ hareketler, 2023 değerlendirme raporu.
  • Minkenberg, M. (2000). The renewal of the radical right: between modernity and anti-modernity. Government and Opposition, 35(2), 170-188.
  • Mudde, C. (2000). The ıdeology of the extreme right. Manchester University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Norris, P. (2005). Radical right: voters and parties in the electoral market. Cambridge University Press.
  • Öner, Selcen (2014). Avrupa’da yükselen aşırı sağ, yeni ‘öteki’ler ve türkiye’nin ab üyeliği”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 163-184.
  • Parlemeter (2018). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/at-your-service/files/be-heard/eurobarometer/2018/parlemeter-2018/report/en-parlemeter-2018.pdf
  • Perspektif (15.03.2021). Canlı yayında ırkçı vahşet: christchurch’te neler oldu? https://perspektif.eu/2021/03/15/canli-yayinda-irkci-vahset-christchurchte-neler-oldu/
  • Perspektif (16.06.2020). Aşırı sağın kurbanı, azınlık dostu bir siyasetçi: jo cox https://perspektif.eu/2020/06/16/asiri-sagin-kurbani-azinlik-dostu-bir-siyasetci-jo-cox/
  • Rahman, H. & Çiçek, A. (2023). Almanya ve macaristan’da aşırı sağ partilerin siyasal söylem ve politikaları. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 13(4), 2282-2294.
  • Rydgren, J. & Ruth P. (2013). Contextual explanations of radical right-wing support in sweden: socioeconomic marginalization, group threat, and the halo effect. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(4): 711–728.
  • Rydgren, J. (2008). Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? radical right-wingvoting in six west european countries. European Journal of Political Research, 47(6), 737–765.
  • Schain, A. M. (2018). Shifting tides: Radical-right populism and immigration policy in europe and the united states. Migration Policy Institute.
  • Taggart, P. A. (2000). Populism. Open University Press.
  • TRT Haber (09.04.2019). Avrupa’da aşırı sağın ap stratejisi. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/avrupa-asiri-saginin-ap-stratejisi-islam-gocmen-ve-turkiye-karsitligi-411326.html
  • Uygur, M. R., & H. B. Eser (2024). A theoretical analysis of the european union’s ımmigration policies in the case of the ukraine and syria humanitarian crisis: ıs ıt an ıdentity exclusion? a xenophobic double standard? İnsan ve Toplum, 14(2), 46-67.
  • Uzunçayır, C. (2014). Göçmen karşıtlığından islamofobiye avrupa aşırı sağı. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 2 (2), 131-147.
  • Uzunçayır, C. (2017). Batı avrupa’da aşırı sağ partiler neden yükseliyor? Türk & İslam Dünyası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(15): 364-301.
  • Ünal Eriş, Ö. & Öner, S. (2021). Securitization of migration and the rising influence of populist radical right parties in european politics. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20(1), 161-193.
  • Van der Brug, W. & Fennema, F.ve Tillie, J. (2000). Anti-immigrant parties in europe: Ideological or protest vote. European Journal of Political Research, 37(1), 77-102.
  • Van der Brug, W. & Van Spanje, J. (2009). Immigration, europe and the ‘new’ cultural dimension. European Journal of Political Research, 48(3), 309-334.
  • Wilson, R. & Hainsworth, P. (2012). Far-right parties and discourse in europe: a challenge for our times. Europan Network Against Racism Press.
  • Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing popülist discourses mean. Sage Publications.
  • Zaslove, A. (2004a). The dark side of european politics: unmasking the radical right. European Integration, 26(1), 61–81.
  • Zaslove, A. (2004b). Closing the door? the ideology and impact of radical right populism on immigration policy in austria and ıtaly. Journal of Political Ideologies, 9(1), 99–118.

The rise of the far-right in europe and anti-immigrant: A discussion on ideological foundations and political practices

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1955 - 1969
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1512714

Abstract

Political parties play a vital role in representing various segments of society and bringing their demands into the political arena. However, far-right parties disrupt the healthy functioning of this process with their use of hate speech, thereby undermining the deepening of democracies. Nevertheless, in recent years, far-right parties in Europe have attracted the interest of many voters with their anti-immigrant rhetoric and nationalist-populist policies, which is reflected in election results. Indeed, the 2024 European Parliament election results indicate a significant surge in support for far-right parties. Of course, many historical, political, social, and cultural reasons and accumulations contribute to this political outcome. This article examines how far-right parties justify their anti-immigrant stance and elucidates its theoretical background. This framework discusses the ideological foundations of far-right movements, including concepts such as nationalism, economic crisis, security, ethnic superiority, and cultural homogeneity, and their role in the rhetoric and policies of far-right parties. It then focuses on how these theoretical foundations manifest in practice, examining how anti-immigrant attitudes transformed into concrete policies, campaigns, and discourse across different countries. Ultimately, the article demonstrates that far-right parties use anti-immigrant sentiment as an ideological tool and reinforce it through practical policies, thereby exerting profound impacts on societal dynamics.

References

  • Akkerman, T. (2012). Comparing radical right parties in government: Immigration and integration policies in nine countries (1996–2010). West European Politics, 35(3), 511–529.
  • Aladağ Görentaş, I., & Özdemir Dal, B. (2022). Avrupa’da aşırı sağ partiler ve göçmenlere yaklaşımları; seçilmiş örnekler. MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(26), 295-317.
  • Anadolu Ajansı (17.03.2019). Belçika istihbaratından ‘aşırı sağ silahlanıyor’ uyarısı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/belcika-istihbaratindan-asiri-sag-silahlaniyor-uyarisi/1420687
  • Anadolu Ajansı (25.01.2023). Avrupa’daki ırkçı saldırılar çoğunlukla müslümanları hedef alıyor. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ayrimcilik-hatti/almanyadaki-irkci-saldirilar-cogunlukla-muslumanlari-hedef-aliyor/2796617
  • BBC News, (13.01.2015). Fransa’da müslüman hedeflere 50’den fazla saldırı ve tehdit. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/multimedya/2015/01/150113_fransa_muslumanlara_saldirilar
  • Betz, H. G. (1994). Radical right-wing populism in western europe. Macmillan Press.
  • Canovan, M. (1981). Populism. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  • Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2–16.
  • Council of Europe (2011). Living Together: Combining Diversity and Freedom in 21st-century Europe. Report of the Group of Eminent Persons of the Council of Europe.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
  • Dilling, M. (2018). Two of the same kind? the rise of the afd and its implications for the CDU/CSU. German Politics & Society, 36(1), 84–104.
  • Donà, A. (2022). The rise of the radical right in italy: the case of fratelli d’ıtalia. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 27(5), 775–794.
  • Eatwell, R. (2000). The rebirth of the ‘extreme right’ in western europe? Parliamentary Affairs, 53(3), 407–425.
  • Eddy, M. (2018). German far right and counterprotesters clash in chemnitz. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/28/world/europe/chemnitz-protest-germany.html 12.06.2024
  • Eser, H. B. & Çiçek, A. (2020). Avrupa’da aşırı sağın ayak sesleri: Zenofobinin patolojik normalleşmesi. Alternatif Politika, 12(1), 114-144.
  • Euronews (22.06.2019). İtalya’da göçmenlere karşı ırkçı saldırılar ve yabancı düşmanlığı artıyor. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/06/22/italya-da-gocmenlere-karsi-rkci-saldirilar-ve-yabanci-dusmanligi-artiyor
  • Giddens, A. (2008). The third way: The renewal of Social Democracy. Polity Press.
  • Golder, M. (2016). Far right parties in europe. Annual Review of Political Science. 19, 477- 497.
  • Goodwin, M. J. (2014). A breakthrough moment or false dawn? the great recession and the radical right in europe. Clara Sandelind (Ed.), European Populism and Winning the Immigration Debate içinde (ss. 15-41). Fores.
  • Green, E. G. T. & Oriane Sarrasin, Robert Baur ve Nicole Fasel (2016). From stigmatized immigrants to radical right voting: a multilevel study on the role of threat and contact. Political Psychology, 37(4), 465– 480.
  • Guibernau, M. (2010). Migration and the rise of the radical right: social malaise and the failure of mainstream politics. Policy Network Paper, 1-19.
  • Güzel, S. Ç. (2022). Elitizmden popülizme: Cumhuriyet halk partisi’ndeki paradigmal dönüşüm ve ekrem imamoğlu örneği. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 27(108), 109-138.
  • Hjerm, M. & Bohman A. (2014). Is it getting worse? anti-immigrant attitudes in europe during the 21st century. Clara Sandelind (Ed.), European Populism and Winning the Immigration Debate içinde (41–65). Fores.
  • Howard, M. M. (2010). The impact of the far right on citizenship policy in europe: explaining continuity and change. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(5), 735-751.
  • Jaarrapport, (2019). https://www.vsse.be/nl/jaarrapport-2019.
  • Knigge, P. (1998). The ecological correlates of right-wing extremismin western europe. European Journal of Political Research, 34(2), 249–279.
  • Kortmann, M. & Stecker, C. ve Weiß, T. (2019). Filling a representation gap? how populist and mainstream parties address muslim immigration and the role of islam. Representation, 55(4), 435–456.
  • Lutz, P. (2019). Variation in policy success: radical right populismand migration policy. West European Politics, 42(3), 517–544.
  • Miller, D. (2008). Immigrants, nations and citizenship. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 14(4), 371-390.
  • Millî İstihbarat Akademisi (Ocak 2024). Batılı ülkelerde aşırı sağ hareketler, 2023 değerlendirme raporu.
  • Minkenberg, M. (2000). The renewal of the radical right: between modernity and anti-modernity. Government and Opposition, 35(2), 170-188.
  • Mudde, C. (2000). The ıdeology of the extreme right. Manchester University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Norris, P. (2005). Radical right: voters and parties in the electoral market. Cambridge University Press.
  • Öner, Selcen (2014). Avrupa’da yükselen aşırı sağ, yeni ‘öteki’ler ve türkiye’nin ab üyeliği”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 163-184.
  • Parlemeter (2018). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/at-your-service/files/be-heard/eurobarometer/2018/parlemeter-2018/report/en-parlemeter-2018.pdf
  • Perspektif (15.03.2021). Canlı yayında ırkçı vahşet: christchurch’te neler oldu? https://perspektif.eu/2021/03/15/canli-yayinda-irkci-vahset-christchurchte-neler-oldu/
  • Perspektif (16.06.2020). Aşırı sağın kurbanı, azınlık dostu bir siyasetçi: jo cox https://perspektif.eu/2020/06/16/asiri-sagin-kurbani-azinlik-dostu-bir-siyasetci-jo-cox/
  • Rahman, H. & Çiçek, A. (2023). Almanya ve macaristan’da aşırı sağ partilerin siyasal söylem ve politikaları. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 13(4), 2282-2294.
  • Rydgren, J. & Ruth P. (2013). Contextual explanations of radical right-wing support in sweden: socioeconomic marginalization, group threat, and the halo effect. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(4): 711–728.
  • Rydgren, J. (2008). Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? radical right-wingvoting in six west european countries. European Journal of Political Research, 47(6), 737–765.
  • Schain, A. M. (2018). Shifting tides: Radical-right populism and immigration policy in europe and the united states. Migration Policy Institute.
  • Taggart, P. A. (2000). Populism. Open University Press.
  • TRT Haber (09.04.2019). Avrupa’da aşırı sağın ap stratejisi. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/avrupa-asiri-saginin-ap-stratejisi-islam-gocmen-ve-turkiye-karsitligi-411326.html
  • Uygur, M. R., & H. B. Eser (2024). A theoretical analysis of the european union’s ımmigration policies in the case of the ukraine and syria humanitarian crisis: ıs ıt an ıdentity exclusion? a xenophobic double standard? İnsan ve Toplum, 14(2), 46-67.
  • Uzunçayır, C. (2014). Göçmen karşıtlığından islamofobiye avrupa aşırı sağı. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 2 (2), 131-147.
  • Uzunçayır, C. (2017). Batı avrupa’da aşırı sağ partiler neden yükseliyor? Türk & İslam Dünyası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(15): 364-301.
  • Ünal Eriş, Ö. & Öner, S. (2021). Securitization of migration and the rising influence of populist radical right parties in european politics. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20(1), 161-193.
  • Van der Brug, W. & Fennema, F.ve Tillie, J. (2000). Anti-immigrant parties in europe: Ideological or protest vote. European Journal of Political Research, 37(1), 77-102.
  • Van der Brug, W. & Van Spanje, J. (2009). Immigration, europe and the ‘new’ cultural dimension. European Journal of Political Research, 48(3), 309-334.
  • Wilson, R. & Hainsworth, P. (2012). Far-right parties and discourse in europe: a challenge for our times. Europan Network Against Racism Press.
  • Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing popülist discourses mean. Sage Publications.
  • Zaslove, A. (2004a). The dark side of european politics: unmasking the radical right. European Integration, 26(1), 61–81.
  • Zaslove, A. (2004b). Closing the door? the ideology and impact of radical right populism on immigration policy in austria and ıtaly. Journal of Political Ideologies, 9(1), 99–118.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Movement
Journal Section Public Administration
Authors

Omer Taylan 0000-0002-6499-6770

Hamza Bahadır Eser 0000-0003-4063-051X

Early Pub Date December 27, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date July 8, 2024
Acceptance Date October 6, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 14 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Taylan, O., & Eser, H. B. (2024). Avrupa’da aşırı sağın yükselişi ve göçmen karşıtlığı: İdeolojik temeller ve politik pratikler üzerine bir inceleme. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 14(4), 1955-1969. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1512714