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TRAUMA, ADDICTION, AND THE PATH TO RECOVERY AFTER THE KAHRAMANMARAŞ EARTHQUAKES

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 37 - 59, 03.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1434830

Abstract

The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Turkey, characterized by their suddenness and severity, have highlighted the acute need to understand and address the psychological aftermath of such natural disasters. This article examines the intersection of trauma and addiction that frequently follows such catastrophic events. It delves into the widespread psychological distress and the documented rise in post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and addictive behaviors among the affected populations. The review synthesizes findings from global earthquake studies, including those from Japan, Nepal, Italy, Iran, Pakistan, Haiti and China, to draw parallels and learn from previous experiences in managing post-disaster mental health challenges.
The article proposes a multi-pronged approach to intervention that includes immediate responses such as Psychological First Aid and longer-term strategies like sustained psychological counseling and community-based support. It acknowledges the complexity of integrating cultural nuances into these interventions and highlights the importance of ethical considerations, political coordination, and the need for training mental health professionals in trauma-informed care.
Challenges such as resource limitations, infrastructural damage, cultural barriers, and the need for long-term sustainability of mental health programs are discussed. Furthermore, the article stresses the importance of supporting the mental health of professionals and volunteers working in disaster zones, who are at risk of burnout and secondary trauma.
Innovative and adaptable interventions, supported by rapid and responsive research, are advocated to improve mental health outcomes. This comprehensive review contributes to the discourse on disaster response, emphasizing that addressing both trauma and addiction is essential for the holistic recovery of affected individuals and communities.

References

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  • Hilty, D. M., Turvey, C., & Hwang, T. (2018). Lifelong learning for clinical practice: How to leverage technology for telebehavioral health care and digital continuing medical education. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0878-y
  • Jacobs, G. A., Gray, B. L., Erickson, S. E., Gonzalez, E. D., & Quevillon, R. P. (2016). Disaster mental health and community-based psychological first aid: Concepts and education/training. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(12), 1307-1317. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22316
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  • Kanehara, A., Ando, S., Araki, T., Usami, S., Kuwabara, H., Kano, Y., & Kasai, K. (2016). Trends in psychological distress and alcoholism after The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. SSM-Population Health, 2, 807-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.10.010
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  • Kılıç, C., & Ulusoy, M. (2003). Psychological effects of the November 1999 earthquake in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(3), 232-238. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00119.x
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KAHRAMANMARAŞ DEPREMLERININ ARDINDAN TRAVMA, BAĞIMLILIK VE İYILEŞME YOLCULUĞU

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 37 - 59, 03.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1434830

Abstract

2023 Kahramanmaraş depremleri, Türkiye'de ani ve şiddetli karakterleriyle dikkat çekmiş ve bu tür doğal felaketlerin ardından ortaya çıkan psikolojik sonuçları anlamaya ve ele almaya yönelik acil bir ihtiyacı vurgulamıştır. Bu makale, bu tür felaketlerin ardından sıklıkla ortaya çıkan travma ve bağımlılığın kesişimini incelemektedir. Yaygın psikolojik sıkıntıların yanı sıra, etkilenen nüfuslar arasında travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, anksiyete, depresyon ve bağımlılık davranışlarında bulunan artışları derinlemesine ortaya koymaktadır. Derleme, Japonya, Nepal, İtalya, Iran, Pakistan, Haiti ve Çin gibi ülkelerde yapılan küresel deprem çalışmalarının bulgularını sentezleyerek, felaket sonrası zihinsel sağlık zorluklarını yönetmede önceki deneyimlerden paralellikler çiziyor ve dersler çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Makale, Psikolojik İlk Yardım gibi anlık müdaheleler ve sürdürülebilir psikolojik danışmanlık ve toplum tabanlı destek gibi uzun vadeli stratejiler içeren çok yönlü bir müdahale yaklaşımı önermektedir. Bu müdahalelere kültürel nüansların entegrasyonunun karmaşıklığını kabul ediyor ve etik düşüncelerin, politik koordinasyonun ve deprem travma süreçlerinin tedavisi konusunda zihinsel sağlık profesyonellerinin eğitilmesi ihtiyacının önemini vurgulamaktadır.
Kaynak kısıtlılıkları, altyapı hasarı, kültürel engeller ve zihinsel sağlık programlarının uzun vadeli sürdürülebilirliği gibi zorluklar tartışılmaktadır. Ayrıca, felaket bölgelerinde çalışan profesyonellerin ve gönüllülerin zihinsel sağlığını desteklemenin önemini vurguluyor, zira bu kişiler tükenmişlik ve ikincil travma riski altındadır.
Zihinsel sağlık sonuçlarını iyileştirmek için hızlı ve duyarlı araştırmalarla desteklenen yenilikçi ve uyarlanabilir müdahaleler savunulmaktadır. Bu kapsamlı inceleme, felaket müdahelesi üzerine olan tartışmalara katkıda bulunmakta ve etkilenen bireylerin ve toplulukların bütüncül iyileşmesi için hem travmanın hem de bağımlılığın ele alınmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Deprem psikolojisi, travma, bağımlılık, deprem sonrası ruh sağlığı
Jel Kodları: I12,I31,J12

References

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  • Bisson, J. I., & Lewis, C. (2009). Systematic review of psychological first aid. Commissioned by the World Health Organization, 2.
  • Bloom, S. L. (1998). By the crowd they have been broken, by the crowd they shall be healed: The social transformation of trauma. In Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis, 179-213.
  • Brown, P. J., Stout, R. L., & Mueller, T. (1999). Substance use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity: Addiction and psychiatric treatment rates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13(2), 115. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.13.2.115
  • Carrasco, S., Egbelakin, T., & Dangol, N. (2023). Fostering recovery through stakeholders-community collaboration in post-earthquake recovery in Nepal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 88, 103619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103619
  • Ceyhan, E., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2007). Earthquake survivors' quality of life and academic achievement six years after the earthquakes in Marmara, Turkey. Disasters, 31(4), 516-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01023.x
  • Chaudhary, M. T., & Piracha, A. (2021). Natural disasters—origins, impacts, management. Encyclopedia, 1(4), 1101-1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040084
  • Çınaroğlu, M. (2024). Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Sonrası Manevi Başa Çıkma, Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) ve İslam Odaklı Travma Bazlı Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi (İO-TBBDT). Eskiyeni, (52). https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1410050
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  • Doğulu, C., Karanci, A. N., & Ikizer, G. (2016). How do survivors perceive community resilience? The case of the 2011 earthquakes in Van, Turkey. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 16, 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.02.006
  • Dube, A., Moffatt, M., Davison, C., & Bartels, S. (2018). Health outcomes for children in Haiti since the 2010 earthquake: a systematic review. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 33(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X17007105
  • Fox, J. H., Burkle, F. M., Bass, J., Pia, F. A., Epstein, J. L., & Markenson, D. (2012). The effectiveness of psychological first aid as a disaster intervention tool: research analysis of peer-reviewed literature from 1990-2010. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 6(3), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2012.39
  • Gören, A. B. (2023). Afet Sonrası İkincil Travmatik Stres ve Dini Başa Çıkma: Kahramanmaraş Depremi Örneği. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, 23(1), 80-100. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1280604
  • Görg, N., Böhnke, J. R., Priebe, K., Rausch, S., Wekenmann, S., Ludäscher, P., ... & Kleindienst, N. (2019). Changes in trauma‐related emotions following treatment with dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder after childhood abuse. Journal of traumatic stress, 32(5), 764-773. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22440
  • Guimaro, M. S., Steinman, M., Kernkraut, A. M., Santos, O. F. P. D., & Lacerda, S. S. (2013). Psychological distress in survivors of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Einstein (São Paulo), 11, 11-14. Harada, N., Shigemura, J., Tanichi, M., Kawaida, K., Takahashi, S., & Yasukata, F. (2015). Mental health and psychological impacts from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: A systematic literature review. Disaster and Military Medicine, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40696-015-0008-x
  • Hernández-Torres, R., Martínez Lozano, M., Torres, I., Rosario-Hernández, E., Ramos-Pibernus, A., Soto, A., ... & Rivera-Segarra, E. (2023). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and previous natural disasters on the mental health of healthcare workers in Puerto Rico. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(5), e0001784. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001784
  • Hilty, D. M., Turvey, C., & Hwang, T. (2018). Lifelong learning for clinical practice: How to leverage technology for telebehavioral health care and digital continuing medical education. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0878-y
  • Jacobs, G. A., Gray, B. L., Erickson, S. E., Gonzalez, E. D., & Quevillon, R. P. (2016). Disaster mental health and community-based psychological first aid: Concepts and education/training. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(12), 1307-1317. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22316
  • Kamaledini, M., & Azkia, M. (2021). The psychosocial consequences of natural disasters: A case study. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 6(3), 179-190. https://doi.org/10.32598/hdq.6.3.323.1
  • Kanehara, A., Ando, S., Araki, T., Usami, S., Kuwabara, H., Kano, Y., & Kasai, K. (2016). Trends in psychological distress and alcoholism after The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. SSM-Population Health, 2, 807-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.10.010
  • Kc, A., Gan, C. C. R., & Dwirahmadi, F. (2019). Breaking through barriers and building disaster mental resilience: A case study in the aftermath of the 2015 Nepal earthquakes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16), 2964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162964
  • Kino, S., Aida, J., Kondo, K., & Kawachi, I. (2020). Long-term trends in mental health disorders after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. JAMA Network Open, 3(8), e2013437. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13437
  • Kılıç, C., & Ulusoy, M. (2003). Psychological effects of the November 1999 earthquake in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(3), 232-238. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00119.x
  • Konuk, E., Knipe, J., Eke, I., Yuksek, H., Yurtsever, A., & Ostep, S. (2006). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the 1999 Marmara, Turkey, earthquake. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(3), 291. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.3.291
  • Lee, J. Y., Kim, S. W., & Kim, J. M. (2020). The impact of community disaster trauma: A focus on emerging research of PTSD and other mental health outcomes. Chonnam Medical Journal, 56(2), 99. https://doi.org/10.4068/cmj.2020.56.2.99
  • Lotzin, A., Franc de Pommereau, A., & Laskowsky, I. (2023). Promoting recovery from disasters, pandemics, and trauma: A systematic review of brief psychological interventions to reduce distress in adults, children, and adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(7), 5339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075339
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There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Geography, Human Geography (Other)
Journal Section Derleme Makale
Authors

Metin Çınaroğlu 0000-0001-6342-3949

Publication Date July 3, 2024
Submission Date February 10, 2024
Acceptance Date July 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çınaroğlu, M. (2024). TRAUMA, ADDICTION, AND THE PATH TO RECOVERY AFTER THE KAHRAMANMARAŞ EARTHQUAKES. Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 37-59. https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1434830

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