ROMATOLOJİ PERSPEKTİFİNDEN COVID-19

Öz

Koronavirüs hastalığı-19 (COVID-19), Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından 11 Mart 2020'de pandemi olarak tanımlanmıştır. SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19'a neden olan ve yeni gelişen insan koronavirüsüdür. Bu virüs, ilk olarak Aralık 2019'da Çin'in Wuhan şehrinde tespit edilmiştir. COVID-19, hafif hastalıktan, şiddetli solunum yetmezliğine kadar farklı klinik spektrumunda ortaya çıkabilir. Şu an COVID-19 hastalarının yönetiminde kesin bir fikir birliği yoktur. Bununla birlikte, diğer hastalıklar için önerilen bazı ilaçların bu enfeksiyonun tedavisinde potansiyel olarak etkili olabileceği gösterilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı, COVID-19 pandemisinde romatizmal hastalıkları, savunma sistemi etkileyici ilaç kullanan hastaların yönetimini ve savunma sistemini baskılayıcı ilaçların COVID-19 tedavisinde kullanımı dahil olmak üzere romatoloji ile ilgili yönlerini gözden geçirmektir. Abstract World Health Organization declared Coronovirus disease-19 (COVID-19) as pandemic since 11 March 2020. Herein, new human coronovirus, SARS-CoV2 is the etiologic agent of the disease. Also, it has been a global health problem since it was detected in Chinese province of Wuhan at December 2019. COVID-19 has several different clinical variations from mild disease to acute respiratory distress syndrome. For the treatment of the disease, several remedies have been administered. Even though, anecdotal data showed somewhat effectiveness of those drugs for the treatment of the disease, there has been no accurate scientific knowledge proofing these. Therefore, main purpose of this review was discussing how the physicians arrange the therapies of the rheumatologic diseases during COVID-19, especially while patients are under immunosuppressive drugs. Also, we summarized the current data about the effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs on COVID-19.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19,romatoloji,antiromatizmal ilaçlar

References

1. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of autoimmunity. 2020;109:102433.
2. Hu Y, Sun J, Dai Z, et al. Prevalence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of clinical virology. 2020;127:104371.
3. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
4. Sangha O. Epidemiology of rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology. 2000;39 (S2):3-12.
5. Atzeni F, Bendtzen K, Bobbio-Pallavicini F, et al. Infections and treatment of patients with rheumatic diseases. Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 2008;26(1 Suppl 48):67-73.
6. EULAR COVID-19 Database. 18.05.2020 ed. https://www.eular.org/eular_covid19_database.cfm.
7. Emmi G, Bettiol A, Mattioli I, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity reviews. 2020; 102575. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102575.
8. Favalli EG, Agape E, Caporali R. Incidence and Clinical Course of COVID-19 in Patients with Connective Tissue Diseases: A Descriptive Observational Analysis. The Journal of rheumatology. 2020; https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.200507.

9. Monti S, Balduzzi S, Delvino P, Bellis E, Quadrelli VS, Montecucco C. Clinical course of COVID-19 in a series of patients with chronic arthritis treated with immunosuppressive targeted therapies. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2020;79(5):667-8.
10. Favalli EG, Ingegnoli F, Cimaz R, Caporali R. What is the true incidence of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases? Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2020; doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217615.
11. Cheng C, Li C, Zhao T, et al. COVID-19 with rheumatic diseases: a report of 5 cases. Clinical rheumatology. 2020;1‐5. doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05160-x.
12. Mathian A, Mahevas M, Rohmer J, et al. Clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a series of 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus under long-term treatment with hydroxychloroquine. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2020;79(6):837‐39.
13. Bozzalla Cassione E, Zanframundo G, Biglia A, Codullo V, Montecucco C, Cavagna L. COVID-19 infection in a northern-Italian cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus assessed by telemedicine. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2020; doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217717.
14. Dixon WG, Suissa S, Hudson M. The association between systemic glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analyses. Arthritis research & therapy. 2011;13(4):R139.
15. Tang NL, Chan PK, Wong CK, et al. Early enhanced expression of interferon-inducible protein-10 (CXCL-10) and other chemokines predicts adverse outcome in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical chemistry. 2005;51(12):2333-40.
16. Favalli EG, Ingegnoli F, De Lucia O, Cincinelli G, Cimaz R, Caporali R. COVID-19 infection and rheumatoid arthritis: Faraway, so close! Autoimmunity reviews. 2020;19(5):102523. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102523.
17. Scaroni C, Armigliato M, Cannavo S. COVID-19 outbreak and steroids administration: are patients treated for Sars-Cov-2 at risk of adrenal insufficiency? Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2020;1‐2. doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01253-1.
18. Ibrahim A, Ahmed M, Conway R, Carey JJ. Risk of Infection with Methotrexate Therapy in Inflammatory Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of clinical medicine. 2018;8(1). doi:10.3390/jcm8010015.
19. Rheumatology BSf. Managing rheumatology patients. 2020. https://www.rheumatology.org.uk/news-policy/details/Covid19-Coronavirus-update-members.
20. Listing J, Gerhold K, Zink A. The risk of infections associated with rheumatoid arthritis, with its comorbidity and treatment. Rheumatology. 2013;52(1):53-61.
21. Shale M, Czub M, Kaplan GG, Panaccione R, Ghosh S. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and influenza: keeping it in perspective. Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology. 2010;3(3):173-7.
22. Winthrop KL, Yamanaka H, Valdez H, et al. Herpes zoster and tofacitinib therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & rheumatology. 2014;66(10):2675-84.
23. Ministry TH. Guidance To Covid-19 (SARS Cov2 Infection). Turkish Health Ministry; 2020: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/
24. Sinha N, Balayla G. Hydroxychloroquine and covid-19. Postgraduate medical journal. 2020: doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137785.
25. Vincent MJ, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, et al. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virology journal. 2005;2:69.
26. Multicenter collaboration group of Department of S, Technology of Guangdong P, Health Commission of Guangdong Province for chloroquine in the treatment of novel coronavirus p. [Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia]. Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases. 2020;43(3):185-8.
27. Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, et al. Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot observational study. Travel medicine and infectious disease. 2020;34:101663. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101663.
28. Million M, Lagier JC, Gautret P, et al. Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: A retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France. Travel medicine and infectious disease. 2020;101738. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101738.
29. Geleris J, Sun Y, Platt J, et al. Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. The New England journal of medicine. 2020; NEJMoa2012410. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2012410.
30. Sarzi-Puttini P, Giorgi V, Sirotti S, et al. COVID-19, cytokines and immunosuppression: what can we learn from severe acute respiratory syndrome? Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 2020;38(2):337-42.
31. Chu WM. Tumor necrosis factor. Cancer letters. 2013;328(2):222-5.
32. Fu Y, Cheng Y, Wu Y. Understanding SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Inflammatory Responses: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Tools. Virologica Sinica. 2020;1‐6. doi:10.1007/s12250-020-00207-4.
33. Mahase E. Covid-19: what treatments are being investigated? Bmj. 2020 Mar 26;368:m1252. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1252.
34. Tufan A, GÜLER AA, Matucci-Cerinic M. COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;50(SI-1):620-32.
35. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033-4.
36. Nasiripour S, Zamani F, Farasatinasab M. Can Colchicine as an Old Anti-Inflammatory Agent Be Effective in COVID-19? J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;10.1002/jcph.1645. doi:10.1002/jcph.1645.
37. Deftereos S, Giannopoulos G, Vrachatis DA, et al. Colchicine as a potent anti-inflammatory treatment in COVID-19: can we teach an old dog new tricks? Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2020;pvaa033. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa033.
38. Liu B, Li M, Zhou Z, Guan X, Xiang Y. Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)? J Autoimmun. 2020;111:102452. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102452.
39. Aziz M, Fatima R, Assaly R. Elevated Interleukin‐6 and Severe COVID‐19: A Meta‐Analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;10.1002/jmv.25948. doi:10.1002/jmv.25948.
40. Alattar R, Ibrahim TBH, Shaar SH, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. 2020;10.1002/jmv.25964. doi:10.1002/jmv.25964.
41. Xu X, Han M, Li T, et al. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020;117(20):10970-5.
42. Toniati P, Piva S, Cattalini M, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy. Autoimmunity reviews. 2020;102568. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102568.
43. Colaneri M, Bogliolo L, Valsecchi P, et al. Tocilizumab for Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients: Preliminary Results from SMAtteo COvid19 REgistry (SMACORE). Microorganisms. 2020;8(5):E695. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8050695.
44. La Rosée P, Horne A, Hines M, et al. Recommendations for the management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Blood. 2019;133(23):2465-77.
45. Filocamo G, Mangioni D, Tagliabue P, et al. Use of anakinra in severe COVID-19: a case report. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;S1201-9712(20)30333-7. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.026.
46. Pontali E, Volpi S, Antonucci G, et al. Safety and efficacy of early high-dose IV anakinra in severe COVID-19 lung disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;S0091-6749(20)30634-5. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.002.
47. Aouba A, Baldolli A, Geffray L, et al. Targeting the inflammatory cascade with anakinra in moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia: case series. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;annrheumdis-2020-217706. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217706.
48. Conner SD, Schmid SL. Identification of an adaptor-associated kinase, AAK1, as a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The Journal of cell biology. 2002;156(5):921-9.
49. Bechman K, Subesinghe S, Norton S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of infection risk with small molecule JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2019;58(10):1755-66.
50. Richardson P, Griffin I, Tucker C, et al. Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):e30‐1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30304-4.
51. Cantini F, Niccoli L, Matarrese D, Nicastri E, Stobbione P, Goletti D. Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: A pilot study on safety and clinical impact. J Infect. 2020;S0163-4453(20)30228-0. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.017.
52. Praveen D, Puvvada RC, M VA. Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib is not an ideal option for management of COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105967. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105967.