Investigation of Antifungal Effects of Propolis and Curcumin Extracts on Trichophyton Species

Abstract

Aim: Trichophyton is the most common type that causes superficial fungal infections among dermatophytes. The insufficiency of antifungal agents in the treatment of these species has led to the investigation of different therapeutic agents. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the antifungal and synergistic effects of curcumin and propolis extracts on 100 Trichophyton species. Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of propolis and curcumin on 100 Trichophyton isolates that included in the study were determined by the broth microdilution method specified in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Microdilution checkerboard method was used in the investigation of the synergistic effect. Results: 100 Trichophyton isolate, that one (1%) isolated from the hair, 91 (91%) from the skin, and eight (8%) from the nail, were identified as 76 (76%) Trichophyton rubrum and 24 (24%) Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Curcumin MIC values between 5-160 µg/ml and propolis MIC values between 0.625-80 µg/ml were determined against Trichophyton isolates. It was found that the combination of curcumin and propolis was synergistically effective (FICI≤0.5) on 80 (80%) Trichophyton isolates and ineffective (0.5

Keywords

• Trichophyton
• curcumin
• propolis
• MIC
• synergistic effect

Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Abstract

Amaç: Dermatofitler arasında yüzeyel mantar enfeksiyonlarına sebep olan en yaygın tür Trichophyton’dur. Bu türlerin tedavisinde antifungal ajanların yetersizliği farklı terapötik ajanların araştırılmasına yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada 100 Trichophyton türü üzerine kurkumin ve propolis ekstraktlarının antifungal ve sinerjistik etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 100 Trichophyton izolatı üzerine propolis ve kurkuminin minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon (MİK) değerleri Klinik ve Laboratuvar Standartları Enstitüsü’nde belirtilen sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile belirlendi. Sinerjistik etkinin araştırılmasında mikrodilüsyon dama tahtası (checkerboard) yöntemi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Biri (%1) saçtan, 91’i (%91) deriden, sekizi (%8) tırnaktan izole edilen toplam 100 Trichophyton izolatının 76’sı (%76) Trichophyton rubrum, 24’ü (%24) Trichophyton mentagrophytes olarak tanımlandı. Trichophyton izolatlarına karşı kurkumin MİK değerleri 5-160 µg/ml, propolis MİK değerleri 0.625-80 µg/ml aralığında tespit edildi. Kurkumin ve propolis kombinasyonunun 80 (%80) Trichophyton izolatı üzerine sinerjistik etkili (FİKİ≤0.5), 20 (%20) Trichophyton izolatı üzerine ise etkisiz (0.5

Keywords

• Trichophyton
• kurkumin
• propolis
• MİK
• sinerjistik etki

References

1. Hayette MP, Sacheli R. Dermatophytosis, Trends in Epidemiology and Diagnostic Approach. Current Fungal Infection Reports. 2015;9(3):164-179
2. Rouzaud C, Hay R, Chosidow O, Dupin N, Puel A, Lortholary O, et al. Severe Dermatophytosis and Acquired or Innate Immunodeficiency: A Review. J Fungi (Basel). 2016;2(1):4.
3. Yoshikawa FSY, Gonçalves FL, Almeida SR. IL-1 signaling inhibits Trichophyton rubrum conidia development and modulates theIL-17 response in vivo. Virulence. 2015;6(5):449–457.
4. Brasch J, Freitag-Wolf S, Beck-Jendroschek V, Huber M. Inhibition of dermatophytes by photodynamic treatment with curcumin. Medical Mycology. 2017;55(7):754–762.
5. ALP H. Effects of Propolis on Immune System. ANADOLU, J. of AARI. 2018;28(2):99–104.
6. Przybyłek I, Karpiński TM. Antibacterial Properties of Propolis. Molecules. 2019;24(11):2047.
7. Yalçın AS, Yılmaz AM, Altundağ EM, Koçtürk S. Kurkumin, Kuersetin ve Çay KateĢinlerinin Anti-Kanser Etkileri. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal. 2017;21:19-29.
8. Yun DG, Lee DG. Antibacterial activity of curcumin via apoptosis-like response in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016;100(12):5505-14.

9. CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi, Approved Standard-Second Edition. CLSI Document M38-A2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Wayne PA. 2018.
10. Tamura T, Asahara M, Yamamoto M, Yamaura M, Matsumura M, Goto K, et al. In vitro susceptibility of dermatomycoses agents to six antifungal drugs and evaluation by fractional inhibitory concentration index of combined effects of amorolfine and itraconazole in dermatophytes. Microbiol Immunol. 2014;58(1):1-8.
11. Veiga FF, Gadelha MC, da Silva MRT, Costa MI, Kischkel B, de Castro-Hoshino LD, et al. Propolis Extract for Onychomycosis Topical Treatment: From Bench to Clinic. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:779.
12. Falcão SI, Vale N, Cos P, Gomes P, Freire C, Maes L, et al. In vitro evaluation of Portuguese propolis and floral sources for antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antifungal activity. Phytother Res. 2014;28(3):437-43.
13. Koc AN, Silici S, Ayangil D, Ferahbaş A, Çankaya S. Comparison of in vitro activities of antifungal drugs and ethanolic extract of propolis against Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes by using a microdilution assay. Mycoses. 2005;48:205–210.
14. Agüero MB, Gonzalez M, Lima B, Svetaz L, Sánchez M, Zacchino S, et al. Argentinean Propolis from Zuccagnia punctata Cav. (Caesalpinieae) Exudates: Phytochemical Characterization and Antifungal Activity.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010;58(1):194–201.
15. Agüero MB, Svetaz L, Sánchez M, Luna L, Lima B, López ML, et al. Argentinean Andean propolis associated with the medicinal plant Larrea nitida Cav. (Zygophyllaceae). HPLC-MS and GC-MS characterization and antifungal activity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(9):1970-8.
16. Siqueira ABS, Gomes BS, Cambuim I, Maia R, Abreu S, Souza‐Motta CM, et al. Trichophyton species susceptibility to green and red propolis from Brazil. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2009;48:90–96.
17. Monzote L, Cuesta-Rubio O, Fernandez MC, Hernandez IM, Fraga J, Pérez K, et al. In vitro antimicrobial assessment of Cuban propolis extracts. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2012;107(8):978-984.
18. Moghadamtousi SZ, Kadir HA, Hassandarvish P, Tajik H, Abubakar S, Zandi K. A Review on Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Activity of Curcumin. BioMed Research International. 2014;Article ID 186864, 12 pages.
19. Apisariyakul A , Vanittanakom N, Buddhasukh D. Antifungal activity of turmeric oil extracted from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;49(3):163-9.
20. Wuthġ-Udomlert M, Grġsanapan W, Luanratana O, Caġchompoo W. Antifungal activity of Curcuma longa grown in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000;1:178-82.
21. Moon-Riley KC, Copeland JL, Metz GAS, Currie CL. The biological impacts of Indigenous residential school attendance on the next generation. SSM-Population Health. 2019;7:100343.
22. Khattak S, Ur-Rehman S, Shah H, Ahmad W, Ahmad M. Biological effects of indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga. Fitoterapia. 2005;76(2):254-7.
23. Sharma M, Manoharlal R, Negi AS, Prasad R. Synergistic anticandidal activity of pure polyphenol curcumin I in combination with azoles and polyenes generates reactive oxygen species leading to apoptosis. FEMS Yeast Res. 2010;10(5):570-8.
24. Al-Ani I, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M. Antimicrobial Activities of European Propolis Collected from Various Geographic Origins Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics. Medicines (Basel). 2018;5(1):2.

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Clinical Sciences

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Zehra Özlem Ünal
0000-0001-7456-4341
Türkiye

Berna Erdal ^*
0000-0003-3375-7926
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 20, 2020

Submission Date

October 9, 2020

Acceptance Date

November 3, 2020

Published in Issue

Year 2020 Volume: 8 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.37696/nkmj.808104

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA22AB92AK

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Ünal, Z. Ö., & Erdal, B. (2020). Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi, 8(3), 515-522. https://doi.org/10.37696/nkmj.808104

AMA

1.Ünal ZÖ, Erdal B. Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması. NKMJ. 2020;8(3):515-522. doi:10.37696/nkmj.808104

Chicago

Ünal, Zehra Özlem, and Berna Erdal. 2020. “Propolis Ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması”. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi 8 (3): 515-22. https://doi.org/10.37696/nkmj.808104.

EndNote

Ünal ZÖ, Erdal B (December 1, 2020) Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi 8 3 515–522.

IEEE

[1]Z. Ö. Ünal and B. Erdal, “Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması”, NKMJ, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 515–522, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.37696/nkmj.808104.

ISNAD

Ünal, Zehra Özlem - Erdal, Berna. “Propolis Ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması”. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi 8/3 (December 1, 2020): 515-522. https://doi.org/10.37696/nkmj.808104.

JAMA

1.Ünal ZÖ, Erdal B. Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması. NKMJ. 2020;8:515–522.

MLA

Ünal, Zehra Özlem, and Berna Erdal. “Propolis Ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması”. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 3, Dec. 2020, pp. 515-22, doi:10.37696/nkmj.808104.

Vancouver

1.Zehra Özlem Ünal, Berna Erdal. Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması. NKMJ. 2020 Dec. 1;8(3):515-22. doi:10.37696/nkmj.808104

Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Abstract

Amaç: Dermatofitler arasında yüzeyel mantar enfeksiyonlarına sebep olan en yaygın tür Trichophyton’dur. Bu türlerin tedavisinde antifungal ajanların yetersizliği farklı terapötik ajanların araştırılmasına yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada 100 Trichophyton türü üzerine kurkumin ve propolis ekstraktlarının antifungal ve sinerjistik etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 100 Trichophyton izolatı üzerine propolis ve kurkuminin minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon (MİK) değerleri Klinik ve Laboratuvar Standartları Enstitüsü’nde belirtilen sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile belirlendi. Sinerjistik etkinin araştırılmasında mikrodilüsyon dama tahtası (checkerboard) yöntemi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Biri (%1) saçtan, 91’i (%91) deriden, sekizi (%8) tırnaktan izole edilen toplam 100 Trichophyton izolatının 76’sı (%76) Trichophyton rubrum, 24’ü (%24) Trichophyton mentagrophytes olarak tanımlandı. Trichophyton izolatlarına karşı kurkumin MİK değerleri 5-160 µg/ml, propolis MİK değerleri 0.625-80 µg/ml aralığında tespit edildi. Kurkumin ve propolis kombinasyonunun 80 (%80) Trichophyton izolatı üzerine sinerjistik etkili (FİKİ≤0.5), 20 (%20) Trichophyton izolatı üzerine ise etkisiz (0.5

Keywords

• Trichophyton
• kurkumin
• propolis
• MİK
• sinerjistik etki

References

1. Hayette MP, Sacheli R. Dermatophytosis, Trends in Epidemiology and Diagnostic Approach. Current Fungal Infection Reports. 2015;9(3):164-179
2. Rouzaud C, Hay R, Chosidow O, Dupin N, Puel A, Lortholary O, et al. Severe Dermatophytosis and Acquired or Innate Immunodeficiency: A Review. J Fungi (Basel). 2016;2(1):4.
3. Yoshikawa FSY, Gonçalves FL, Almeida SR. IL-1 signaling inhibits Trichophyton rubrum conidia development and modulates theIL-17 response in vivo. Virulence. 2015;6(5):449–457.
4. Brasch J, Freitag-Wolf S, Beck-Jendroschek V, Huber M. Inhibition of dermatophytes by photodynamic treatment with curcumin. Medical Mycology. 2017;55(7):754–762.
5. ALP H. Effects of Propolis on Immune System. ANADOLU, J. of AARI. 2018;28(2):99–104.
6. Przybyłek I, Karpiński TM. Antibacterial Properties of Propolis. Molecules. 2019;24(11):2047.
7. Yalçın AS, Yılmaz AM, Altundağ EM, Koçtürk S. Kurkumin, Kuersetin ve Çay KateĢinlerinin Anti-Kanser Etkileri. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal. 2017;21:19-29.
8. Yun DG, Lee DG. Antibacterial activity of curcumin via apoptosis-like response in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016;100(12):5505-14.

9. CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi, Approved Standard-Second Edition. CLSI Document M38-A2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Wayne PA. 2018.
10. Tamura T, Asahara M, Yamamoto M, Yamaura M, Matsumura M, Goto K, et al. In vitro susceptibility of dermatomycoses agents to six antifungal drugs and evaluation by fractional inhibitory concentration index of combined effects of amorolfine and itraconazole in dermatophytes. Microbiol Immunol. 2014;58(1):1-8.
11. Veiga FF, Gadelha MC, da Silva MRT, Costa MI, Kischkel B, de Castro-Hoshino LD, et al. Propolis Extract for Onychomycosis Topical Treatment: From Bench to Clinic. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:779.
12. Falcão SI, Vale N, Cos P, Gomes P, Freire C, Maes L, et al. In vitro evaluation of Portuguese propolis and floral sources for antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antifungal activity. Phytother Res. 2014;28(3):437-43.
13. Koc AN, Silici S, Ayangil D, Ferahbaş A, Çankaya S. Comparison of in vitro activities of antifungal drugs and ethanolic extract of propolis against Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes by using a microdilution assay. Mycoses. 2005;48:205–210.
14. Agüero MB, Gonzalez M, Lima B, Svetaz L, Sánchez M, Zacchino S, et al. Argentinean Propolis from Zuccagnia punctata Cav. (Caesalpinieae) Exudates: Phytochemical Characterization and Antifungal Activity.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010;58(1):194–201.
15. Agüero MB, Svetaz L, Sánchez M, Luna L, Lima B, López ML, et al. Argentinean Andean propolis associated with the medicinal plant Larrea nitida Cav. (Zygophyllaceae). HPLC-MS and GC-MS characterization and antifungal activity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(9):1970-8.
16. Siqueira ABS, Gomes BS, Cambuim I, Maia R, Abreu S, Souza‐Motta CM, et al. Trichophyton species susceptibility to green and red propolis from Brazil. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2009;48:90–96.
17. Monzote L, Cuesta-Rubio O, Fernandez MC, Hernandez IM, Fraga J, Pérez K, et al. In vitro antimicrobial assessment of Cuban propolis extracts. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2012;107(8):978-984.
18. Moghadamtousi SZ, Kadir HA, Hassandarvish P, Tajik H, Abubakar S, Zandi K. A Review on Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Activity of Curcumin. BioMed Research International. 2014;Article ID 186864, 12 pages.
19. Apisariyakul A , Vanittanakom N, Buddhasukh D. Antifungal activity of turmeric oil extracted from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;49(3):163-9.
20. Wuthġ-Udomlert M, Grġsanapan W, Luanratana O, Caġchompoo W. Antifungal activity of Curcuma longa grown in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000;1:178-82.
21. Moon-Riley KC, Copeland JL, Metz GAS, Currie CL. The biological impacts of Indigenous residential school attendance on the next generation. SSM-Population Health. 2019;7:100343.
22. Khattak S, Ur-Rehman S, Shah H, Ahmad W, Ahmad M. Biological effects of indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga. Fitoterapia. 2005;76(2):254-7.
23. Sharma M, Manoharlal R, Negi AS, Prasad R. Synergistic anticandidal activity of pure polyphenol curcumin I in combination with azoles and polyenes generates reactive oxygen species leading to apoptosis. FEMS Yeast Res. 2010;10(5):570-8.
24. Al-Ani I, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M. Antimicrobial Activities of European Propolis Collected from Various Geographic Origins Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics. Medicines (Basel). 2018;5(1):2.

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Clinical Sciences

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Zehra Özlem Ünal
0000-0001-7456-4341
Türkiye

Berna Erdal ^*
0000-0003-3375-7926
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 20, 2020

Submission Date

October 9, 2020

Acceptance Date

November 3, 2020

Published in Issue

Year 2020 Volume: 8 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.37696/nkmj.808104

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA22AB92AK

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Ünal, Z. Ö., & Erdal, B. (2020). Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi, 8(3), 515-522. https://doi.org/10.37696/nkmj.808104

AMA

1.Ünal ZÖ, Erdal B. Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması. NKMJ. 2020;8(3):515-522. doi:10.37696/nkmj.808104

Chicago

Ünal, Zehra Özlem, and Berna Erdal. 2020. “Propolis Ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması”. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi 8 (3): 515-22. https://doi.org/10.37696/nkmj.808104.

EndNote

Ünal ZÖ, Erdal B (December 1, 2020) Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi 8 3 515–522.

IEEE

[1]Z. Ö. Ünal and B. Erdal, “Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması”, NKMJ, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 515–522, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.37696/nkmj.808104.

ISNAD

Ünal, Zehra Özlem - Erdal, Berna. “Propolis Ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması”. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi 8/3 (December 1, 2020): 515-522. https://doi.org/10.37696/nkmj.808104.

JAMA

1.Ünal ZÖ, Erdal B. Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması. NKMJ. 2020;8:515–522.

MLA

Ünal, Zehra Özlem, and Berna Erdal. “Propolis Ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması”. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 3, Dec. 2020, pp. 515-22, doi:10.37696/nkmj.808104.

Vancouver

1.Zehra Özlem Ünal, Berna Erdal. Propolis ve Kurkumin Ekstraktlarının Trichophyton Türleri Üzerine Antifungal Etkilerinin Araştırılması. NKMJ. 2020 Dec. 1;8(3):515-22. doi:10.37696/nkmj.808104

References

1. Hayette MP, Sacheli R. Dermatophytosis, Trends in Epidemiology and Diagnostic Approach. Current Fungal Infection Reports. 2015;9(3):164-179
2. Rouzaud C, Hay R, Chosidow O, Dupin N, Puel A, Lortholary O, et al. Severe Dermatophytosis and Acquired or Innate Immunodeficiency: A Review. J Fungi (Basel). 2016;2(1):4.
3. Yoshikawa FSY, Gonçalves FL, Almeida SR. IL-1 signaling inhibits Trichophyton rubrum conidia development and modulates theIL-17 response in vivo. Virulence. 2015;6(5):449–457.
4. Brasch J, Freitag-Wolf S, Beck-Jendroschek V, Huber M. Inhibition of dermatophytes by photodynamic treatment with curcumin. Medical Mycology. 2017;55(7):754–762.
5. ALP H. Effects of Propolis on Immune System. ANADOLU, J. of AARI. 2018;28(2):99–104.
6. Przybyłek I, Karpiński TM. Antibacterial Properties of Propolis. Molecules. 2019;24(11):2047.
7. Yalçın AS, Yılmaz AM, Altundağ EM, Koçtürk S. Kurkumin, Kuersetin ve Çay KateĢinlerinin Anti-Kanser Etkileri. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal. 2017;21:19-29.
8. Yun DG, Lee DG. Antibacterial activity of curcumin via apoptosis-like response in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016;100(12):5505-14.

9. CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi, Approved Standard-Second Edition. CLSI Document M38-A2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Wayne PA. 2018.
10. Tamura T, Asahara M, Yamamoto M, Yamaura M, Matsumura M, Goto K, et al. In vitro susceptibility of dermatomycoses agents to six antifungal drugs and evaluation by fractional inhibitory concentration index of combined effects of amorolfine and itraconazole in dermatophytes. Microbiol Immunol. 2014;58(1):1-8.
11. Veiga FF, Gadelha MC, da Silva MRT, Costa MI, Kischkel B, de Castro-Hoshino LD, et al. Propolis Extract for Onychomycosis Topical Treatment: From Bench to Clinic. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:779.
12. Falcão SI, Vale N, Cos P, Gomes P, Freire C, Maes L, et al. In vitro evaluation of Portuguese propolis and floral sources for antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antifungal activity. Phytother Res. 2014;28(3):437-43.
13. Koc AN, Silici S, Ayangil D, Ferahbaş A, Çankaya S. Comparison of in vitro activities of antifungal drugs and ethanolic extract of propolis against Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes by using a microdilution assay. Mycoses. 2005;48:205–210.
14. Agüero MB, Gonzalez M, Lima B, Svetaz L, Sánchez M, Zacchino S, et al. Argentinean Propolis from Zuccagnia punctata Cav. (Caesalpinieae) Exudates: Phytochemical Characterization and Antifungal Activity.J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010;58(1):194–201.
15. Agüero MB, Svetaz L, Sánchez M, Luna L, Lima B, López ML, et al. Argentinean Andean propolis associated with the medicinal plant Larrea nitida Cav. (Zygophyllaceae). HPLC-MS and GC-MS characterization and antifungal activity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(9):1970-8.
16. Siqueira ABS, Gomes BS, Cambuim I, Maia R, Abreu S, Souza‐Motta CM, et al. Trichophyton species susceptibility to green and red propolis from Brazil. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2009;48:90–96.
17. Monzote L, Cuesta-Rubio O, Fernandez MC, Hernandez IM, Fraga J, Pérez K, et al. In vitro antimicrobial assessment of Cuban propolis extracts. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2012;107(8):978-984.
18. Moghadamtousi SZ, Kadir HA, Hassandarvish P, Tajik H, Abubakar S, Zandi K. A Review on Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Activity of Curcumin. BioMed Research International. 2014;Article ID 186864, 12 pages.
19. Apisariyakul A , Vanittanakom N, Buddhasukh D. Antifungal activity of turmeric oil extracted from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;49(3):163-9.
20. Wuthġ-Udomlert M, Grġsanapan W, Luanratana O, Caġchompoo W. Antifungal activity of Curcuma longa grown in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000;1:178-82.
21. Moon-Riley KC, Copeland JL, Metz GAS, Currie CL. The biological impacts of Indigenous residential school attendance on the next generation. SSM-Population Health. 2019;7:100343.
22. Khattak S, Ur-Rehman S, Shah H, Ahmad W, Ahmad M. Biological effects of indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga. Fitoterapia. 2005;76(2):254-7.
23. Sharma M, Manoharlal R, Negi AS, Prasad R. Synergistic anticandidal activity of pure polyphenol curcumin I in combination with azoles and polyenes generates reactive oxygen species leading to apoptosis. FEMS Yeast Res. 2010;10(5):570-8.
24. Al-Ani I, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M. Antimicrobial Activities of European Propolis Collected from Various Geographic Origins Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics. Medicines (Basel). 2018;5(1):2.