Clinical Research
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Development of an experimental nephrolithiasis model with ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride in rats

Year 2025, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 110 - 117

Abstract

This study aimed to develop an experimental nephrolithiasis model using a combination of 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) and 1% ammonium chloride (AC) in rats. Fourteen male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing between 190–320 g, were housed under standard laboratory conditions. To induce kidney stone formation, a mixture of EG and AC was administered in their drinking water. Urine samples were collected on days 3, 5, and 8, and analyzed for the presence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. On day 8, both CaOx monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate (COD) crystals were detected in all rats.

By day 9, a decrease in water consumption and urine output was observed, and one rat was lost. Given the suspected adverse effect of AC on kidney function, the experiment was continued with only EG added to the drinking water from this point onward. This modification led to increased water consumption and urine output, and decreased toxicity. At the end of day 20, all rats were sacrificed, and their kidneys were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Crystals were observed in the cortex, medulla, and papilla of all kidneys. Histopathological examination with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Pizzolato staining confirmed CaOx crystal accumulation and tubular damage.

In conclusion, while the combination of 0.75% EG and 1% AC rapidly induced crystal formation, continuing the experiment with EG alone prolonged animal survival and improved the sustainability of the model. This protocol offers a reliable and repeatable method for establishing an experimental kidney stone model, serving as a foundation for future studies.

Project Number

TDK-2015-5949

References

  • Curhan GC. Epidemiology of stone disease. UrologicClinics of North America. 2007;34(3):287–93.
  • Koursh A, Gordon M, Frank P, Rowja M, Elizabeth H,Joao LP, et al. Outcome of small residual stonefragments following shock wave lithotripsy inchildren. Journal of Urology. 2004; 172:1600–3.
  • Khan SR. Reactive oxygen species as the molecularmodulators of calcium oxalate kidney stoneformation: evidence from clinical and experimentalinvestigations. Journal of Urology. 2013;189(3):803–11.
  • Hoopes R, Reid R, Sen S. Quantitative trait loci forhypercalciuria in a rat model of kidney stone. Journalof the American Society of Nephrology. 2003;14:1844–50.
  • Bihl G, Eyers A. Recurrent renal stone disease:advances in pathogenesis and clinical management.The Lancet. 2001; 358:651–6.
  • Khan SR. Animal models of kidney stone formation:an analysis. World Journal of Urology. 1997; 15:236–43.
  • Esen T, Akıncı M, Aytekin Y, Altuğ T. Hiperoksalüriksıçanlarda magnezyum sitrat, polifosfat vepiridoksinin intratubüler kristalizasyona etkisi. TürkÜroloji Dergisi. 1990; 16:365–70.
  • Bruijn WC, Boevé ER, Van Run PR, Van Miert PP,Romijn JC, Verkoelen CF, et al. Etiology ofexperimental calcium oxalate monohydratenephrolithiasis in rats. Scanning Microscopy. 1994;8:541–9.
  • Carol EH, John L. Calcium oxalate crystalluria.Urology. 2008;27–8.
  • Khan SR. Nephrocalcinosis in animal models withand without stones. Urological Research.2010;38:429–38.
  • Fan J, Glass MA, Chandhoke PS. Impact of ammoniumchloride administration on a rat ethylene glycolurolithiasis model. Scanning Microscopy. 1999;13:299–306.
  • Mardani P, Moshtaghian J, Mahzooni P, Moradi M. Theeffects of ethylene glycol on factors influencingurolithiasis in rats. International Journal of Natural andEngineering Sciences. 2011;5:1–6.
  • Thatikonda V, Nallani V, Rao RNN, Babu AN,Manoharan SK, Sharmila P et al. Antiurolithiaticactivity of methanolic extract of dried leaves ofGlochidion velutinum using ethylene glycol-inducedrats. International Journal of Biological Research.2013;4(12):878–84.
  • Chandaka M, Donthala K, Sreekanth G, Narayana GJ,Kumar KS, Kedari N et al. Antiurolithic Activity OfAqueous Extract On Roots And Seeds Of PlectranthusTomentora On Ethylene Glycol Induced Kidney StonesIn Male Albino Rats.,Indo American Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences, 2023;10(06):315-321
  • Atmani F, Silimani Y. Prophylaxis of calcium oxalatestones by Herniaria hirsuta on experimentally inducednephrolithiasis in rats. British Journal of Urology.2003;92(Suppl 1):137–40.
  • Bashir S, Gilani AH, Siddiqui A, Pervez S, Khan SR,Sarfaraz NJ et al. Berberis vulgaris root bark extractprevents hyperoxaluria-induced urolithiasis in rats.Phytotherapy Research. 2010;24:1250–5.

Sıçanlarda etilen glikol ve amonyum klorür ile deneysel nefrolitiazis modeli geliştirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 110 - 117

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, sıçanlarda %0,75 etilen glikol (EG) ve %1 amonyum klorür (AC) kombinasyonu kullanılarak deneysel nefrolitiazis modeli geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ortalama ağırlıkları 190–320 g arasında değişen 14 adet erkek Sprague Dawley sıçanı standart laboratuvar koşullarında barındırılmıştır. Böbrek taşı oluşumunu indüklemek amacıyla EG ve AC karışımı içme sularına katılarak uygulanmıştır. İdrar örnekleri 3., 5. ve 8. günlerde toplanarak kalsiyum oksalat (CaOx) kristali varlığı açısından analiz edilmiştir. Sekizinci günde tüm sıçanlarda CaOx monohidrat (COM) ve dihidrat (COD) kristalleri tespit edilmiştir.
Dokuzuncu gün itibarıyla su tüketimi ve idrar çıkışında azalma gözlenmiş, bir sıçan kaybedilmiştir. AC'nin böbrek fonksiyonlarına olumsuz etkisi olduğu düşünülerek bu noktadan itibaren içme suyuna yalnızca EG eklenerek deneye devam edilmiştir. Bu değişiklikle su tüketimi ve idrar çıkışı artmış, toksisite azalmıştır. Yirminci günün sonunda tüm sıçanlar sakrifiye edilmiş, böbrekleri makroskopik ve mikroskobik olarak incelenmiştir. Tüm böbreklerde korteks, medulla ve papillada kristaller gözlenmiştir. Histopatolojik incelemede Hematoksilen-Eozin ve Pizzolato boyamaları ile CaOx kristal birikimi ve tübüler hasarlar doğrulanmıştır.
Sonuç olarak, %0,75 EG ve %1 AC kombinasyonu ile kısa sürede kristal oluşumu sağlanabilirken, yalnız EG ile çalışmaya devam edilmesi hayvan sağkalımını uzatmakta ve modelin sürdürülebilirliğini artırmaktadır. Bu protokol, deneysel böbrek taşı modeli oluşturmak için güvenilir ve tekrarlanabilir bir yöntem olup, ileri çalışmalar için temel teşkil etmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Deney Hayvanları Yerel Etik Kurulunun 12.08.2012 tarih ve 12/89 numaralı kararı ile onaylanmış ve çalışma Hakan Çetinsaya Deneysel Araştırmalar Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’ (DEKAM) gerçekleştirilmiştir

Supporting Institution

ERCİYES ÜNİVERSİTESİ BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA PROJELERİ BİRİMİ

Project Number

TDK-2015-5949

References

  • Curhan GC. Epidemiology of stone disease. UrologicClinics of North America. 2007;34(3):287–93.
  • Koursh A, Gordon M, Frank P, Rowja M, Elizabeth H,Joao LP, et al. Outcome of small residual stonefragments following shock wave lithotripsy inchildren. Journal of Urology. 2004; 172:1600–3.
  • Khan SR. Reactive oxygen species as the molecularmodulators of calcium oxalate kidney stoneformation: evidence from clinical and experimentalinvestigations. Journal of Urology. 2013;189(3):803–11.
  • Hoopes R, Reid R, Sen S. Quantitative trait loci forhypercalciuria in a rat model of kidney stone. Journalof the American Society of Nephrology. 2003;14:1844–50.
  • Bihl G, Eyers A. Recurrent renal stone disease:advances in pathogenesis and clinical management.The Lancet. 2001; 358:651–6.
  • Khan SR. Animal models of kidney stone formation:an analysis. World Journal of Urology. 1997; 15:236–43.
  • Esen T, Akıncı M, Aytekin Y, Altuğ T. Hiperoksalüriksıçanlarda magnezyum sitrat, polifosfat vepiridoksinin intratubüler kristalizasyona etkisi. TürkÜroloji Dergisi. 1990; 16:365–70.
  • Bruijn WC, Boevé ER, Van Run PR, Van Miert PP,Romijn JC, Verkoelen CF, et al. Etiology ofexperimental calcium oxalate monohydratenephrolithiasis in rats. Scanning Microscopy. 1994;8:541–9.
  • Carol EH, John L. Calcium oxalate crystalluria.Urology. 2008;27–8.
  • Khan SR. Nephrocalcinosis in animal models withand without stones. Urological Research.2010;38:429–38.
  • Fan J, Glass MA, Chandhoke PS. Impact of ammoniumchloride administration on a rat ethylene glycolurolithiasis model. Scanning Microscopy. 1999;13:299–306.
  • Mardani P, Moshtaghian J, Mahzooni P, Moradi M. Theeffects of ethylene glycol on factors influencingurolithiasis in rats. International Journal of Natural andEngineering Sciences. 2011;5:1–6.
  • Thatikonda V, Nallani V, Rao RNN, Babu AN,Manoharan SK, Sharmila P et al. Antiurolithiaticactivity of methanolic extract of dried leaves ofGlochidion velutinum using ethylene glycol-inducedrats. International Journal of Biological Research.2013;4(12):878–84.
  • Chandaka M, Donthala K, Sreekanth G, Narayana GJ,Kumar KS, Kedari N et al. Antiurolithic Activity OfAqueous Extract On Roots And Seeds Of PlectranthusTomentora On Ethylene Glycol Induced Kidney StonesIn Male Albino Rats.,Indo American Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences, 2023;10(06):315-321
  • Atmani F, Silimani Y. Prophylaxis of calcium oxalatestones by Herniaria hirsuta on experimentally inducednephrolithiasis in rats. British Journal of Urology.2003;92(Suppl 1):137–40.
  • Bashir S, Gilani AH, Siddiqui A, Pervez S, Khan SR,Sarfaraz NJ et al. Berberis vulgaris root bark extractprevents hyperoxaluria-induced urolithiasis in rats.Phytotherapy Research. 2010;24:1250–5.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Phytotherapy, Medicinal Plants
Journal Section Clinical Research
Authors

Ayşe Ömerli

Harun Ülger

Project Number TDK-2015-5949
Early Pub Date November 27, 2025
Publication Date November 28, 2025
Submission Date August 5, 2025
Acceptance Date September 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Ömerli A, Ülger H. Sıçanlarda etilen glikol ve amonyum klorür ile deneysel nefrolitiazis modeli geliştirilmesi. Journal of Health Research. 2025;1(2):110-7.