İslam Dünyasından Avrupa'ya Astronomik Teorilerin Aktarımı: Kopernik Paradigmasının Kökenleri

Year 2021, Issue: 8, 129 - 147, 31.12.2021

Ebrahim Al-khaffaf

Abstract

İslam Altın Çağı, yüzyıllar boyunca Avrupa kültürünü etkilemiştir. Bu etkiye birkaç farklı yoldan ulaşıldı. Bununla birlikte, bu makale, büyük ölçüde, yüzyıllarca süren uzun bir süreç boyunca ortaya çıkan Bizans bağlantısına (ve bunun etkilerine) odaklanmaktadır. Ağırlıklı olarak Toledo ve Sicilya'da meydana gelen çeviri hareketinin etkisini anlamak, çok sayıda el yazmasının (Arapça, Latince, Yunanca vb.) varlığı nedeniyle oldukça kolaydır. Örneğin tercüme yerlerini, en önemli tercümanları ve Arapçadan Latinceye çevirdikleri kitapların isimlerini biliyoruz ve sadece birkaçını belirtmek gerekirse: Afrikalı Konstantin (ö 1099), Sevilyalı John (ö 1180) , Toledolu Mark (ö 1216), Toledolu Peter (ö 1160), Kettonlu Robert (ö 1160), Bahtlı Adelard (ö 1152), Roger Bacon (ö 1292) ve Cremona'ı Gerard (ö 1187). Örneğin, George Sarton (ö 1956) Bilim Tarihine Girişinde Gerard tarafından çevrilmiş 87 Arapça kitap listeledi; Batlamyus'un Almagest'i, Al-Farabi'nin Bilim Sınıflandırması, al-Khwārizmī'nin Cebir Üzerine ve Almuqabala, al-Farghānī'nin Astronominin Elementleri ve al-Zarqālī, Jabir ibn Eflaḥ, the Banū Mūsā, Abu Kāmil Shujā' ibn Eslem, al-Kindī ve Ibn al-Heytham'ın birçok önemli eseri (Al-Hassan, 2001, s. 135-141). Kısacası, çeviri hareketinin Batı üzerindeki etkisini anlamak, Maragha okulunun batı astronomisi üzerindeki etkisini görmekten çok daha kolaydır. Bu alanda iddia edilen aktarım için daha az somut kanıt olduğundan Kopernik üzerindeki geç İslamın astronomik etkisine gelince, mesele daha karmaşık hale geliyor. Bu durumda, bu tür etki unsurlarını vurgulamak için farklı araştırma araçları kullanılmalıdır. Bu nedenle, bu makalede, makalenin ana argümanını güçlendirmek için çeşitli yöntemler kullanılmıştır.
Gerçekten de, erken dönem Müslümanlarına ait astronomi kitaplarının (9-12 yüzyıl) Avrupa üzerindeki etkisini göstermek daha kolaydır. Buna karşılık, Müslümanların sonraki yüzyıllarda yaptığı astronomik etkiyi takip etmek daha zordur. Örneğin, Maragha Okulu'nun Kopernik üzerindeki etkisi ancak son yüzyılda ciddi bir şekilde incelenmeye başlandı. Bu nedenle bu makale, bu etki ile ilgili olarak son yetmiş yılda yapılmış bazı önemli çalışmaları bir araya getirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu anlamda, aşağıdaki ileriye dönük araştırmaların yeni araştırmacısına bir giriş olabilir. Kısacası, bu çalışma, sözü edilen etkinin bazı İslami parmak izlerinin izini sürerek, Müslüman bilim adamlarının Avrupanın astronomik gelişimine, deyim yerindeyse, Kopernik devrimin olgunlaşmasına nasıl büyük ölçüde katkıda bulunduklarını gösterecektir.
Son olarak, bu makale, ilgili teknik terimlerle okuyucuyu boğmak yerine, tartışılan konulara, sistematik bir yöntemle yaklaşarak okuyucunun Doğu ve Batı arasında bir şekilde temaslar kurmuş olan aydınlar, ilgili bilim adamları, çevirmenler ve kişiler hakkında genel kronolojik bilgi bulabileceği bir çalışmadır.

Keywords

Astronomi, İslamın Altın ÇAğı, Maragha Okulu,, Avrupa Rönesansı, Kopernik Devrimi

The Transmission of Astronomical Theories from the Islamic World into Europe: The Roots of the Copernican Paradigm

Abstract

The Islamic Golden Age had influenced the European culture for many centuries. This influence was reached through several different ways. However, this paper majorly focuses on the Byzantine link (and its ramifications) which was manifested through a long process that lasted for many centuries. Unlike the impact of the translation movement that took place mostly in Toledo and Sicily, which is easy to trace back due to the existence of many manuscripts (Arabic, Latin, Greek, etc.) to compare and examine. When it comes to the late Islamic astronomical impact on Copernicus, the matter becomes more complex. Since in this area there is less concrete evidence for the claimed transmission. In this case different researching tools should be employed in order to highlight such elements of influence. Therefore, in this paper various methods are used to strengthen the paper’s main argument.
Indeed, the impact of early Muslims’ astronomical books (9-12 centuries) on Europe is easier to show. By contrast, the Muslims’ astronomical impact made in the next centuries is harder to follow. For instance, the impact of Maragha School on Copernicus only started to be seriously examined in the last century. Thus, this paper aims to bring some important studies made in the last seventy years regarding this impact. In this sense, this paper can be an introduction to the new researcher of the following prospective research. In short, by tracing back some Islamic fingerprints of the mentioned impact, this paper will demonstrate how Muslim scientists have immensely contributed to the European astronomical development being ripened, so to speak, in the Copernican revolution.
Finally, instead of disturbing the reader with the relevant technical terms this paper strives to approach the discussed topics in a kind of systematic method where the reader–in most cases–can find a somewhat general and chronological order of the relevant scientists, translators, intellectuals, and persons who had somehow established such contact between East and West at such critical times.

Keywords

Astronomy, Islamic Golden Age, Maragha School, European Renaissance, the Copernican Revolution

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