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Fizikalizm, bilgi argümanı ve felsefi düşünce deneyleri

Year 2021, Issue: 8, 1 - 11, 31.12.2021

Abstract

Bilgi edinmenin en etkili yollarından bir tanesi olarak değerlendirilen düşünce deneyleri bilim insanları ya da düşünürler tarafından kendi çalışma alanları içerisinde sıklıkla başvurulan düşünsel bir araçtır. Bilimsel konulara cevap vermek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen düşünce deneyleri bilimsel düşünce deneyleri olarak değerlendirilirken, felsefi sorunlara yönelik kullanılan düşünce deneyleri ise felsefi düşünce deneyleri olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda makalede ilk olarak bilimsel ve felsefi düşünce deneyleri arasındaki farklılıklar belirlenmektedir. Özellikle, epistemoloji alanı içerisinde yer alan tartışmalarda felsefi düşünce deneylerine sıklıkla ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmanın devamında epistemolojide önemli görüşlerden bir tanesi olan ve doğal dünyanın en temelde fiziksel olduğu ve fiziksel yasalarla her şeyin açıklanabileceği iddiasında bulunan fizikalizm düşüncesine karşı ileri sürülmüş bilgi argümanına yer verilmektedir. Bilgi argümanı kısaca sadece bilinçli deneyim yoluyla elde edilebilen ve fiziksel olarak ifade edilemeyen öznel deneyimlerin ve özelliklerin olduğunu savunmaktadır. Buna göre, başka bir bilinçli varlık hakkında bütün fiziksel bilgiye sahip olan birinin, o varlığın qualia gibi öznel deneyimlerine sahip olmasının nasıl bir his olduğu konusundaki bilgilerden yoksun olabileceği fikri savunulmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, makalenin temel savı fizikalizm gibi epistemolojik bir teze Mary’nin Odası, ‘Yarasa Olmak Nasıl Bir Şeydir’, Marslı ve Felsefi Zombi gibi felsefi düşünce deneyleri bağlamında çeşitli filozoflarca nasıl itiraz edildiğini ve düşünce deneylerinin bu bağlamda nasıl kullanıldığını ortaya koymaktır

References

  • Bealer, G. (1998). Intuition and the Autonomy of Philosophy, in: M. R. De Paul and W. Ramsey (eds), Rethinking Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition and Its Role in Philosophical Inquiry, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, Maryland.
  • Brown, J. R. (1991). Laboratory of the Mind: Thought Experiments in the Natural Sciences. Second Ed. London: Routledge.
  • Brown, J. R. (2004a). Why Thought Experiments Transcend Empiricism. In Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science (p. 23-43). (Ed. C. Hitchcock). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Brown, J. R. (2004b). Peeking into Plato’s heaven. Philosophy of Science, 71(5), 1126-1138. Cevizci, A. (1999). Felsefe Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayıncılık.
  • Çelebi, V. (2019). Searle ve Nagel'in Bilinç Kuramlarında Fizikalizm Eleştirisi Bağlamında Yapay Zekânın Sınırı Tartışması. Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy, 9(2), 352-376.
  • Doğan, M. (2017). Zihne “Zihinsel Özne” ile Bakmanın İmkânı Üzerine. Amasya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 35-53.
  • Engel, P. (2011). Philosophical Thought Experiments: in or out of the Armchair?. In Ierodiakonou, K. & Roux, S. (Eds), Thought Experiments in Methodological and Historical Contexts (p. 143-163). Netherland: Brill.
  • Farrell, B. A. (1950). “Experience”, Mind, 59, 170–198.
  • Feigl, H. (1958), “The Mental and the Physical”, in H. Feigl, M. Scriven & G. Maxwell (eds.), Concepts, Theories, and the Mind-Body Problem (Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Volume II) (p. 370–497). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Galileo, G. (1632) [1967]. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, S. Drake (trans.), Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Gulick, R. V. (1993). Understanding the Phenomenal Mind: Are We All Just Armadillos? In M. Davies and G. Humphreys, eds., Consciousness: Psychological and Philosophical Essays. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Jackson, F. (1982). “Epiphenomenal Qualia”, Philosophical Quarterly, 32, 127–136.
  • Jackson, F. (1986). “What Mary Didn’t Know”, Journal of Philosophy, 83, 291–295.
  • Kripke, S. (1972). Naming and Necessity, Oxford: Blackwell. (Revised and enlarged version of ‘Naming and Necessity’, in Semantics of Natural Language, D. Davidson and G. Harman (eds.), (p. 253-355). Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
  • Kuna, M. (2004). The Knowledge Argument and the Refutation of Physicalism. Organon F, 11(2), 128-142.
  • Mach, E. (1976). Knowledge and Error: Sketches on the Psychology of Enquiry. Dordrecht: Reidel.
  • Malatesti, L. (2004). “The Knowledge Argument”, Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, University of Stirling
  • Maxwell, N. (1965). “Physics and Common Sense”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 16, 295–311.
  • Menezes, J. T. (2018). On Understanding Physicalism, Kriterion Revista de Filosofia 59(140), 511-531.
  • Moue, A. S., Masavetas, K. A., & Karayianni, H. (2006). Tracing the development of thought experiments in the philosophy of natural sciences. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 37(1), 61-75.
  • Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a Bat. Readings in philosophy of psychology, 1, 159-168.
  • Nagel, T. (1987). What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nida-Rümelin, Martine and Donnchadh O Conaill, "Qualia: The Knowledge Argument", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/qualia-knowledge/>.
  • Norton, J. D. (2004). Why Thought Experiments Do Not Transcend Empiricism. In Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science (p. 44-66). (Ed. C. Hitchcock). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Sandıkçıoğlu, P. A. (2020). Epiphenomenalism and the Causal Theory of Knowing. Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy, 10(4), 1220- 1237.
  • Sorensen, R. A. (1992). Thought Experiments. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stoljar, Daniel, "Physicalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/physicalism/>.
  • Weinert, F. (2016). The Demons of Science-What They Can and Cannot Tell Us About Our World, Bradford: Springer.
  • Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical Investigations, Second Edition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Yardımcı, A. B. (2020). Düşünce Deneylerinin Tarihsel Kökeni, Kavramın İlk Kullanımı ve Ernst Mach’ın Düşünce Deneyi. E. Doğan (Ed.), Current and Historical Debates in Social Sciences içinde (s. 51-68). London: Ijopec Publication.

Physicalism, the knowledge argument and philosophical thought experiments

Year 2021, Issue: 8, 1 - 11, 31.12.2021

Abstract

Thought experiments, one of the most effective ways of acquiring knowledge, are an intellectual tool frequently used by scientists or thinkers in their fields of study. Thought experiments used to respond to scientific issues are considered scientific thought experiments, while thought experiments used for philosophical problems are called philosophical thought experiments. In this context, firstly, the differences between scientific and philosophical thought experiments are determined in the article. In particular, philosophical thought experiments are often needed in discussions within the field of epistemology. For this reason, in the rest of the study, the knowledge argument put forward against the idea of physicalism, which is one of the critical views in epistemology and which claims that the natural world is basically physical and that everything can be explained by physical laws is included. The knowledge argument briefly argues that there are non-physical properties and information that can only be discovered through conscious experience. Accordingly, it is argued that someone who has all physical knowledge about another consciousness may lack knowledge of what it would feel like to have subjective experiences of that entity such as qualia. Consequently, the main idea of the article is to reveal how an epistemological thesis has been questioned by various philosophers in the context of philosophical thought experiments such as Mary’s room, ‘What is it like to be a Bat’, The Martian and the Philosophical Zombie.

References

  • Bealer, G. (1998). Intuition and the Autonomy of Philosophy, in: M. R. De Paul and W. Ramsey (eds), Rethinking Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition and Its Role in Philosophical Inquiry, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, Maryland.
  • Brown, J. R. (1991). Laboratory of the Mind: Thought Experiments in the Natural Sciences. Second Ed. London: Routledge.
  • Brown, J. R. (2004a). Why Thought Experiments Transcend Empiricism. In Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science (p. 23-43). (Ed. C. Hitchcock). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Brown, J. R. (2004b). Peeking into Plato’s heaven. Philosophy of Science, 71(5), 1126-1138. Cevizci, A. (1999). Felsefe Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayıncılık.
  • Çelebi, V. (2019). Searle ve Nagel'in Bilinç Kuramlarında Fizikalizm Eleştirisi Bağlamında Yapay Zekânın Sınırı Tartışması. Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy, 9(2), 352-376.
  • Doğan, M. (2017). Zihne “Zihinsel Özne” ile Bakmanın İmkânı Üzerine. Amasya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 35-53.
  • Engel, P. (2011). Philosophical Thought Experiments: in or out of the Armchair?. In Ierodiakonou, K. & Roux, S. (Eds), Thought Experiments in Methodological and Historical Contexts (p. 143-163). Netherland: Brill.
  • Farrell, B. A. (1950). “Experience”, Mind, 59, 170–198.
  • Feigl, H. (1958), “The Mental and the Physical”, in H. Feigl, M. Scriven & G. Maxwell (eds.), Concepts, Theories, and the Mind-Body Problem (Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Volume II) (p. 370–497). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Galileo, G. (1632) [1967]. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, S. Drake (trans.), Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Gulick, R. V. (1993). Understanding the Phenomenal Mind: Are We All Just Armadillos? In M. Davies and G. Humphreys, eds., Consciousness: Psychological and Philosophical Essays. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Jackson, F. (1982). “Epiphenomenal Qualia”, Philosophical Quarterly, 32, 127–136.
  • Jackson, F. (1986). “What Mary Didn’t Know”, Journal of Philosophy, 83, 291–295.
  • Kripke, S. (1972). Naming and Necessity, Oxford: Blackwell. (Revised and enlarged version of ‘Naming and Necessity’, in Semantics of Natural Language, D. Davidson and G. Harman (eds.), (p. 253-355). Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
  • Kuna, M. (2004). The Knowledge Argument and the Refutation of Physicalism. Organon F, 11(2), 128-142.
  • Mach, E. (1976). Knowledge and Error: Sketches on the Psychology of Enquiry. Dordrecht: Reidel.
  • Malatesti, L. (2004). “The Knowledge Argument”, Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, University of Stirling
  • Maxwell, N. (1965). “Physics and Common Sense”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 16, 295–311.
  • Menezes, J. T. (2018). On Understanding Physicalism, Kriterion Revista de Filosofia 59(140), 511-531.
  • Moue, A. S., Masavetas, K. A., & Karayianni, H. (2006). Tracing the development of thought experiments in the philosophy of natural sciences. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 37(1), 61-75.
  • Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a Bat. Readings in philosophy of psychology, 1, 159-168.
  • Nagel, T. (1987). What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nida-Rümelin, Martine and Donnchadh O Conaill, "Qualia: The Knowledge Argument", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/qualia-knowledge/>.
  • Norton, J. D. (2004). Why Thought Experiments Do Not Transcend Empiricism. In Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science (p. 44-66). (Ed. C. Hitchcock). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Sandıkçıoğlu, P. A. (2020). Epiphenomenalism and the Causal Theory of Knowing. Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy, 10(4), 1220- 1237.
  • Sorensen, R. A. (1992). Thought Experiments. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stoljar, Daniel, "Physicalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/physicalism/>.
  • Weinert, F. (2016). The Demons of Science-What They Can and Cannot Tell Us About Our World, Bradford: Springer.
  • Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical Investigations, Second Edition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Yardımcı, A. B. (2020). Düşünce Deneylerinin Tarihsel Kökeni, Kavramın İlk Kullanımı ve Ernst Mach’ın Düşünce Deneyi. E. Doğan (Ed.), Current and Historical Debates in Social Sciences içinde (s. 51-68). London: Ijopec Publication.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Alper Bilgehan Yardımcı 0000-0002-3245-7203

Atilla Volkan Çam 0000-0002-4945-800X

Early Pub Date December 30, 2020
Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date November 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 8

Cite

APA Yardımcı, A. B., & Çam, A. V. (2021). Fizikalizm, bilgi argümanı ve felsefi düşünce deneyleri. NOSYON: Uluslararası Toplum Ve Kültür Çalışmaları Dergisi(8), 1-11.

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