The Characters of Shahname in Classical Turkish and Persian Poetry

Year 2019, , 45 - 68, 29.12.2019

Yasemin Yaylalı , Yasemin Yaylalı

https://doi.org/10.32330/nusha.629575

Cited By: 3

Abstract

With regard to the information it has, the great work
of Firdevsî, Shahname, attracted the attention of researchers both in the field
of history and literature and it enabled many studies to be done. Shahname has
received great interest both in Persian and Turkish literature. Classical
Persian literature and Classical Turkish literature inspired works written by
Shahname. Sometimes poets used Shahname to write their poems and used the
characters in Shahname within the literary devices. The poets sometimes liken
him to a great and powerful hero in Shahname to glorify the memduh in his odes.
In classical Persian and Turkish poetry, poets sometimes likened the enemy of
the memduh to a cruel character in Shahname. In our study, instead of the uses
of Shahname characters, which have hundreds of examples in the classical
Persian literature and in Classical Turkish literature, mostly in the eulogies,
the different uses in odes in both literatures were determined and presented to
the attention with couplet samples. Considering the breadth of the subject,
care was taken to include the characters that were exemplified in both
literatures. In both literatures, couplets have been carefully selected for
these examples; Persian couplets were translated into Turkish. After giving
information about the heroes in couplets, necessary explanations have been
deducted.

Structured
Abstract

In classical Persian and Classical
Turkish literature, poets have profited profusely from literary arts in order
to show their mastery of utterance and to make their poems more beautiful and
more impressive. In the literary arts, the likening is more preferred than
other arts. In classical Persian poetry and Classical Turkish poetry,While  the poets 
formed their likenings,  they  made use of precious stones such as diamonds,
rubies, emeralds, sometimes cosmic elements such as sun, moon, stars, sometimes
beautiful, attractive and fragrant flowers such as tulips, roses, hyacinths,
violets, and sometimes historical and mythological characters that stood out
with their strength, splendor and courage. Of these, there is no doubt that the
Shahname has been a source of treasure for everyone in terms of its historical
and mythological characters. Some of the heroes in the Shahnameh were also used
much more. Some are given only by name, while some have a number of prominent
features, or some have multiple features, which have been used by poets for
analogy. Or some of the heroes 'objects or objects that identify with them
adorned the poets' poems.  For example,
Cem's famous Chalice, which shows everything, as well as his throne and Crown,
have been numerous metaphors for poets. In addition, Rustem's courage, bravery
or fearlessness were much preferred both in classical Persian poetry and in
Classical Turkish poetry when parables were made for praise by poets.

 In classical Persian and Classical Turkish
literature, the Persian historical and mythological characters mentioned in the
Shahnameh have been used for praise in the literary arts, especially in
eulogies. There are numerous examples of poetry in the works of poets of such
uses in both literatures. Although studies and studies have been conducted by
researchers in both Persian and Turkish literature to identify and examine
these uses, these are rather eulogies in which the praise of memduhun is made.
And there are examples of poetry in which memduhun is compared with Shahname
heroes in terms of courage, bravery, glory, or that memduhun is regarded as
superior to them. In our study, mostly Ghazal poems are preferred, but there
are also a few kasids and continents.  In
classical Persian poetry and Classical Turkish poetry, examples where the
interest in analogy was established except for the praise of Shahname
characters and memduhun were identified; the Persian ones were translated into
Turkish and the interest in analogy was explained. While the work in question
was done, the subject was somewhat limited by scanning the major poets and
their divans in classical Persian poetry and Classical Turkish poetry. Later,
the common ones were preferred in both literatures. Metaphor in classical
Turkish poetry Classical Persian poetry as a result of this study in the
context of Şehnâme about the use of characters and all of the issues have been
identified: Iranian classical mythological and historical characters mentioned
in sahname in classical Turkish poetry in Persian cute and the priorities of,
for example, Rustam's aggression, bravery, brutality dahhak; or stories of
heroes such as Rustem's unknowingly stabbing his son Sohrab with a dagger in
his chest, Rustem's removal of Bijen from the well and the shedding of
Siyavush's blood, or objects such as Cem's Goblet, Alexander's mirror, Kubad's
crown, and sometimes the lover's beauty elements such as face, cheek and hair
have been established as an analogy. Flowers such as Daffodils, tulips, Jasmine
and roses, or trees such as the willow tree, which are sometimes found in
nature in terms of color, shape and images, have been likened to Shahname
characters. For example, in classical Persian poetry, the two zülfü of the
lover were likened to dahhak's serpents with their shape, color and appearance;
and Cem's goblet with its beautiful face in terms of brightness, redness and
reception. In terms of the color and appearance of the daffodil flower, the
crown of Cem; the tulip, which is black in the middle, is red in color and
shape, and the Rose is similar to the chalice of Cem and the mirror of
Alexander. Or the spring season Kavus, Rüstem Nowruza and autumn are likened to
the white camel. Nowruz is similar to the fact that the plants come out of the
soil and grow with the arrival of Spring, and Rüstem breaks the White giant's
stomach and brings his liver for the treatment of Kavus. In classical Turkish
literature, the lover's red lips were compared to Cem's goblet in terms of
color and brightness; his attractive and radiant face was compared to
Alexander's mirror; and sometimes the lover's red lip and bright beautiful
face, like a goblet, were held superior to Cem's goblet and Alexander's mirror.
Some time in spring with the arrival of spring is likened to a sultan on the
throne while cemsid growing grass on each side, and also with Alexander's crown
shape and attractive color tulips among the grass; the color of tulips, the Cem
has been likened to a cone in terms of shape. The yellow Daffodil flower has
been likened to the crown of Kubad in terms of the shape and yellow color of
its leaves. The lover, enchanted by the influence and peace of Love, has
revealed himself to Bijen and Rustem in terms of  fighting against  all the troubles of love.

Keywords

Shahname, Literature, Analogy, Mitology

KLASİK FARS VE TÜRK ŞİİRİNDE ŞAHNÂME KARAKTERLERİ

Abstract

Firdevsî’nin
büyük eseri Şahnâme içerdiği bilgiler bakımından gerek tarih alanında gerekse
edebiyat alanında araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmiş ve üzerinde birçok çalışma
yapılmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Şahnâme hem Fars edebiyatında hem de Türk
edebiyatında büyük ilgi görmüştür. Klasik Fars edebiyatında ve Klasik Türk
edebiyatında Şahnâme’den esinlenerek eserler yazılmıştır. Kimi zamanda şairler
şiirlerini yazarken Şahnâme’den faydalanmış ve Şahnâme’de geçen karakterleri
edebi sanatlar bünyesinde kullanmışlardır. Şairler bazen memduhları için
yazdığı kasidelerde memduhu yüceltmek için Şahnâme’de geçen büyük ve güçlü bir
kahramana benzetmiştir. Klasik Fars ve Türk şiirinde şairler kimi zaman da
memduhun düşmanını Şahnâme’de yer alan zalim bir karaktere benzetmişlerdir.
Çalışmamızda hem Klasik Fars edebiyatında hem de Klasik Türk edebiyatında
çoğunlukla kasidelerde yüzlerce örneği olan Şahnâme karakterlerine yer verilen bu
tarz kullanımlardan ziyade her iki edebiyatta da gazellerde geçen farklı
kullanımlar tespit edilerek beyit örnekleriyle dikkatlere sunulmuştur. Konunun
genişliği göz önünde bulundurulduğundan her iki edebiyatta da örneği bulunan
karakterlere yer verilmeye özen gösterilmiştir. Söz konusu örneklerle ilgili
olarak her iki edebiyatta da beyitler dikkatle seçilmiş; Farsça beyitler
Türkçeye çevrilmiş; beyitlerde geçen kahramanlarla ilgili bilgiler verildikten
sonra gerekli açıklamalar düşülmüştür. 

Keywords

Şahnâme, Mitoloji, Edebiyat, Benzetme

References

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