Antimicrobial activities of mouthwashes obtained from various combinations of Elettaria cardamomum Maton., Lavandula angustifolia Mill. and Salvia triloba L. essential oils
Year 2020,
, 9 - 17, 30.03.2020
Ayşe Esra Karadağ
,
Esra İpekçi
,
Ayşe Pınar Yağcılar
İlker Demirbolat
Murat Kartal
Panoraia I. Siafaka
Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
Abstract
Essential oils generally show significant antimicrobial activity.Herein,the aim was to obtained the volatileoils ofElettaria cardamomum Maton., Lavandula angustifolia Mill. and Salvia triloba L. and to investigate the antimicrobial activity of mouthwashes formulated with different combinations of E. cardamomum, L. angustifolia and S. triloba essential oils (v/v; 0.1/0.25/0.1; 0.2/0.25/0.1; 0.3/0.1/0.1 in 10 mL).The antimicrobial evaluation was performed using the disc diffusion method against the human pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli NRLL B-3008,Bacillus cereus 14579, Salmonella typhiiclinical isolated. In the present study, among the tested bacteria, S. typhii was the more sensitive to the moutwash formulations, while B. Cereusand E. coli were the most resistant.
References
- Adam, K., Sivropoulou, A., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T., & Arsenakis, M. (1998). Antifungal Activities of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula angustifolia , and Salvia fruticosa Essential Oils against Human Pathogenic Fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46(5), 1739–1745. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9708296
- Adelakun, O. E., Oyelade, O. J., & Olanipekun, B. F. (2016). Use of Essential Oils in Food Preservation. In Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety (pp. 71–84). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00007-9
- Ahmad, S., Sinha, S., Ojha, S., Chadha, H., Aggarwal, B., Ajeet, … Meenu. (2018). Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Herbal Mouthwash Against Oral Disorders. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 08(02), 37–40. https://doi.org/10.35652/IGJPS.2018.3740
- Allaker, R. P., & Ian Douglas, C. (2015). Non-conventional therapeutics for oral infections. Virulence, 6(3), 196–207. https://doi.org/10.4161/21505594.2014.983783
Alshehri, F. A. (2018). The use of mouthwash containing essential oils (LISTERINE®) to improve oral health: A systematic review. The Saudi Dental Journal, 30(1), 2–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.12.004
- Aneja, K. R., & Joshi, R. (2009). Antimicrobial Activity of Amomum subulatum and Elettaria cardamomum Against Dental Caries Causing Microorganisms. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13(4), 840–889. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/60543480.pdf
- Ayla, S., Okur, M. E., Günal, M. Y., Özdemir, E. M., Çiçek Polat, D., Yoltaş, A., … Karahüseyinoğlu, S. (2019). Wound healing effects of methanol extract of Laurocerasus officinalis roem. Biotechnic and Histochemistry, 94(3), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/10520295.2018.1539242
- Azaz, D., Demirci, F., Satıl, F., Kürkçüoğlu, M., Hüsnü, K., & Bașerb, C. (2002). Antimicrobial Activity of Some Satureja Essential Oils. Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C, 57(9–10), 817–821. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2002-9-1011
- Bandara, H. M. H. N., & Samaranayake, L. P. (2019). Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections of the oral mucosa: Types, incidence, predisposing factors, diagnostic algorithms, and management. Periodontology 2000, 80(1), 148–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12273
- Baser, K. H. C., Demirci, B., Iscan, G., Hashimoto, T., Demirci, F., Noma, Y., & Asakawa, Y. (2006). The Essential Oil Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Anthemis aciphylla BOISS. var. discoidea BOISS. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, 54(2), 222–225. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.54.222
- Başer, K. H., Demirci, B., Demirci, F., Koçak, S., Akıncı, Ç., Malyer, H., & Güleryüz, G. (2002). Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Achillea multifida. Planta Medica, 68(10), 941–943. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-34923
- D’Auria, F. D., Tecca, M., Strippoli, V., Salvatore, G., Battinelli, L., & Mazzanti, G. (2005). Antifungal activity of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil against Candida albicans yeast and mycelial form. Medical Mycology, 43(5), 391–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780400004810
- de Rapper, S., Kamatou, G., Viljoen, A., & van Vuuren, S. (2013). The In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/852049
- Jain, I., & Jain, P. (2016). Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of three different formulations of mouth rinses with multi-herbal mouth rinse. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 34(4), 315. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.191409
- Jianu, C., Pop, G., Gruia, A. T., & Horhat, F. G. (2013). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia) grown in Western Romania. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 15(4), 772–776.
- Jones, S. B., West, N. X., Nesmiyanov, P. P., Krylov, S. E., Klechkovskaya, V. V., Arkharova, N. A., & Zakirova, S. A. (2018). The antibacterial efficacy of a foam mouthwash and its ability to remove biofilms. BDJ Open, 4(1), 17038. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41405-018-0005-5
- Karadag, A. E., Demirci, B., Cecen, O., & Tosun, F. (2019). Chemical characterization of Glaucosciadium cordifolium (Boiss.) B. L. Burtt & P. H. Davis essential oils and their antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Istanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 49(2), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.26650/istanbuljpharm.2019.19013
- Kaushik, P., Goyal, P., Chauhan, A., & Chauhan, G. (2010). In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential of Dry FruitExtracts of Elettaria cardamomum Maton (Chhoti Elaichi). Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR, 9(3), 287–292. https://doi.org/24363739
- Kubo, I., Himejima, M., & Muroi, H. (1991). Antimicrobial activity of flavor components of cardamom Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae) seed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39(11), 1984–1986. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00011a020
- Kulaksiz, B., Er, S., Üstündağ-Okur, N., & Saltan-Işcan, G. (2018). Investigation of antimicrobial activities of some herbs containing essential oils and their mouthwash formulations. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15(3), 370–375. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.37132
- Longaray Delamare, A. P., Moschen-Pistorello, I. T., Artico, L., Atti-Serafini, L., & Echeverrigaray, S. (2007). Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia triloba L. cultivated in South Brazil. Food Chemistry, 100(2), 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.078
- Man, A., Santacroce, L., Jacob, R., Mare, A., & Man, L. (2019). Antimicrobial Activity of Six Essential Oils Against a Group of Human Pathogens: A Comparative Study. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010015
- Marchetti, E., Mummolo, S., Di Mattia, J., Casalena, F., Di Martino, S., Mattei, A., & Marzo, G. (2011). Efficacy of essential oil mouthwash with and without alcohol: a 3-Day plaque accumulation model. Trials, 12(1), 262. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-12-262
- Masoumi-Ardakani, Y., Mandegary, A., Esmaeilpour, K., Najafipour, H., Sharififar, F., Pakravanan, M., & Ghazvini, H. (2016). Chemical Composition, Anticonvulsant Activity, and Toxicity of Essential Oil and Methanolic Extract of Elettaria cardamomum. Planta Medica, 82(17), 1482–1486. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-106971
- Maver, T., Kurečič, M., Maja Smrke, D., Stana Kleinschek, K., & Maver, U. (2019). Plant-Derived Medicines with Potential Use in Wound Treatment. In Herbal Medicine. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72813
- Mori, H.-M., Kawanami, H., Kawahata, H., & Aoki, M. (2016). Wound healing potential of lavender oil by acceleration of granulation and wound contraction through induction of TGF-β in a rat model. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1128-7
- Müller, H.-D., Eick, S., Moritz, A., Lussi, A., & Gruber, R. (2017). Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Oral Rinses In Vitro. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4019723
- Nguyen, S., & Hiorth, M. (2015). Advanced drug delivery systems for local treatment of the oral cavity. Therapeutic Delivery, 6(5), 595–608. https://doi.org/10.4155/tde.15.5
Okur, M. E., Karantas, I. D., Şenyiğit, Z., Okur, N. Ü., & Siafaka, P. I. (2020). Recent trends on wound management; new therapeutic choices based on polymeric carriers. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2019.11.008
- Okur, M. E., Karantas, I. D., & Siafaka, P. I. (2017). Diabetes mellitus: A review on pathophysiology, current status of oral medications and future perspectives. Acta Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 55(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.23893/1307-2080.APS.0555
- Okur, M. E., Polat, D. C., Ozbek, H., Yilmaz, S., Yoltas, A., & Arslan, R. (2018). Evaluation of the antidiabetic property of capparis ovata desf. Var. Paleastina zoh. Extracts using in vivo and in vitro approaches. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets, 18, 489–501. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530318666180328110524
- Özkan, O. E., Olgun, Ç., Güney, B., Gür, M., Güney, K., & Ateş, S. (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Myristica fragrans & Elettaria cardamomum essential oil. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 225–229. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.356765
- Parashar, A. (2015). Mouthwashes and Their Use in Different Oral Conditions. Scholars Journal of Dental Sciences J. Dent. Sci, 2(2B), 186–191. Retrieved from www.saspublisher.com
- Pelino, J. E. P., Passero, A., Martin, A. A., & Charles, C. A. (2018). In vitro effects of alcohol-containing mouthwashes on human enamel and restorative materials. Brazilian Oral Research, 32, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0025
- Pierozan, M. K., Pauletti, G. F., Rota, L., Santos, A. C. A. dos, Lerin, L. A., di Luccio, M., … Oliveira, J. V. (2009). Chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of salvia L. species. Food Science and Technology, 29(4), 764–770. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612009000400010
- Polatoglu, K., Demirci, F., Demirci, B., Gören, N., & Baser, K. H. C. (2010). Antibacterial Activity and the Variation of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. Essential Oils from Turkey. Journal of Oleo Science, 59(4), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.59.177
- Sankar, V., Hearnden, V., Hull, K., Juras, D. V., Greenberg, M., Kerr, A., … Thornhill, M. (2011). Local drug delivery for oral mucosal diseases: challenges and opportunities. Oral Diseases, 17, 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01793.x
- Sekita, Y., Murakami, K., Yumoto, H., Amoh, T., Fujiwara, N., Ogata, S., … Kashiwada, Y. (2016). Preventive Effects of Houttuynia cordata Extract for Oral Infectious Diseases. BioMed Research International, 2016, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2581876
- Shaik, R., Reddy, S. P., Shaik, S., Sheela Nemalladinne, S. E., Prasad Reddy, D. S., & Sai Praveen, K. N. (2017). ESTIMATION OF pH, TOTAL ACID AND ETHANOL CONTENT OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ALCOHOL-CONTAINING MOUTHWASHES AND ITS EFFECT ON SALIVARY pH. Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 4(54), 3302–3307. https://doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2017/656
- Shimoni, M., Putievsky, E., Ravid, U., & Reuveni, R. (1993). Antifungal activity of volatile fractions of essential oils from four aromatic wild plants in israel. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19(6), 1129–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987374
- Siafaka, P. I., Zisi, A. P., Exindari, M. K., Karantas, I. D., & Bikiaris, D. N. (2016). Porous dressings of modified chitosan with poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) for topical wound delivery of levofloxacin. Carbohydrate Polymers, 143, 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.009
- Siafaka, P., Okur, M. E., Ayla, Ş., Er, S., Cağlar, E. Ş., & Okur, N. Ü. (2019). Design and characterization of nanocarriers loaded with Levofloxacin for enhanced antimicrobial activity; physicochemical properties, in vitro release and oral acute toxicity. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 55, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000118295
- Siafaka, P., Üstündağ Okur, N., Mone, M., Giannakopoulou, S., Er, S., Pavlidou, E., … Bikiaris, D. (2016). Two Different Approaches for Oral Administration of Voriconazole Loaded Formulations: Electrospun Fibers versus β-Cyclodextrin Complexes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(3), 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030282
- Singh, G., Kiran, S., Marimuthu, P., Isidorov, V., & Vinogorova, V. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and various oleoresins ofElettaria cardamomum (seeds and pods). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88(2), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3087
- Tabanca, N., Demirci, F., Demirci, B., Wedge, D. E., & Baser, K. H. C. (2007). Composition, enantiomeric distribution, and antimicrobial activity of Tanacetum argenteum subsp. flabellifolium essential oil. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 45(5), 714–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.006
- Tabanca, N., Kırımer, N., Demirci, B., Demirci, F., & Başer, K. H. C. (2001). Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Micromeria cristata subsp. phrygia and the Enantiomeric Distribution of Borneol. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(9), 4300–4303. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0105034
- Uslu, H., Uslu, G. A., Özen, H., & Karaman, M. (2018). Effects of different doses of Prunus laurocerasus L. leaf extract on oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia induced by type I diabetes. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (Vol. 17).
- Valeriano, C., de Oliveira, T. L. C., de Carvalho, S. M., Cardoso, M. das G., Alves, E., & Piccoli, R. H. (2012). The sanitizing action of essential oil-based solutions against Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis S64 biofilm formation on AISI 304 stainless steel. Food Control, 25(2), 673–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.12.015
- Welz, A. N., Emberger-Klein, A., & Menrad, K. (2018). Why people use herbal medicine: insights from a focus-group study in Germany. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2160-6
- Yap, P. S. X., Yiap, B. C., Ping, H. C., & Lim, S. H. E. (2014). Essential oils, a new horizon in combating bacterial antibiotic resistance. The Open Microbiology Journal, 8, 6–14. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801408010006
Year 2020,
, 9 - 17, 30.03.2020
Ayşe Esra Karadağ
,
Esra İpekçi
,
Ayşe Pınar Yağcılar
İlker Demirbolat
Murat Kartal
Panoraia I. Siafaka
Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
References
- Adam, K., Sivropoulou, A., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T., & Arsenakis, M. (1998). Antifungal Activities of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula angustifolia , and Salvia fruticosa Essential Oils against Human Pathogenic Fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46(5), 1739–1745. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9708296
- Adelakun, O. E., Oyelade, O. J., & Olanipekun, B. F. (2016). Use of Essential Oils in Food Preservation. In Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety (pp. 71–84). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00007-9
- Ahmad, S., Sinha, S., Ojha, S., Chadha, H., Aggarwal, B., Ajeet, … Meenu. (2018). Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Herbal Mouthwash Against Oral Disorders. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 08(02), 37–40. https://doi.org/10.35652/IGJPS.2018.3740
- Allaker, R. P., & Ian Douglas, C. (2015). Non-conventional therapeutics for oral infections. Virulence, 6(3), 196–207. https://doi.org/10.4161/21505594.2014.983783
Alshehri, F. A. (2018). The use of mouthwash containing essential oils (LISTERINE®) to improve oral health: A systematic review. The Saudi Dental Journal, 30(1), 2–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.12.004
- Aneja, K. R., & Joshi, R. (2009). Antimicrobial Activity of Amomum subulatum and Elettaria cardamomum Against Dental Caries Causing Microorganisms. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13(4), 840–889. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/60543480.pdf
- Ayla, S., Okur, M. E., Günal, M. Y., Özdemir, E. M., Çiçek Polat, D., Yoltaş, A., … Karahüseyinoğlu, S. (2019). Wound healing effects of methanol extract of Laurocerasus officinalis roem. Biotechnic and Histochemistry, 94(3), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/10520295.2018.1539242
- Azaz, D., Demirci, F., Satıl, F., Kürkçüoğlu, M., Hüsnü, K., & Bașerb, C. (2002). Antimicrobial Activity of Some Satureja Essential Oils. Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C, 57(9–10), 817–821. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2002-9-1011
- Bandara, H. M. H. N., & Samaranayake, L. P. (2019). Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections of the oral mucosa: Types, incidence, predisposing factors, diagnostic algorithms, and management. Periodontology 2000, 80(1), 148–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12273
- Baser, K. H. C., Demirci, B., Iscan, G., Hashimoto, T., Demirci, F., Noma, Y., & Asakawa, Y. (2006). The Essential Oil Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Anthemis aciphylla BOISS. var. discoidea BOISS. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, 54(2), 222–225. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.54.222
- Başer, K. H., Demirci, B., Demirci, F., Koçak, S., Akıncı, Ç., Malyer, H., & Güleryüz, G. (2002). Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Achillea multifida. Planta Medica, 68(10), 941–943. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-34923
- D’Auria, F. D., Tecca, M., Strippoli, V., Salvatore, G., Battinelli, L., & Mazzanti, G. (2005). Antifungal activity of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil against Candida albicans yeast and mycelial form. Medical Mycology, 43(5), 391–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780400004810
- de Rapper, S., Kamatou, G., Viljoen, A., & van Vuuren, S. (2013). The In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/852049
- Jain, I., & Jain, P. (2016). Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of three different formulations of mouth rinses with multi-herbal mouth rinse. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 34(4), 315. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.191409
- Jianu, C., Pop, G., Gruia, A. T., & Horhat, F. G. (2013). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia) grown in Western Romania. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 15(4), 772–776.
- Jones, S. B., West, N. X., Nesmiyanov, P. P., Krylov, S. E., Klechkovskaya, V. V., Arkharova, N. A., & Zakirova, S. A. (2018). The antibacterial efficacy of a foam mouthwash and its ability to remove biofilms. BDJ Open, 4(1), 17038. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41405-018-0005-5
- Karadag, A. E., Demirci, B., Cecen, O., & Tosun, F. (2019). Chemical characterization of Glaucosciadium cordifolium (Boiss.) B. L. Burtt & P. H. Davis essential oils and their antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Istanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 49(2), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.26650/istanbuljpharm.2019.19013
- Kaushik, P., Goyal, P., Chauhan, A., & Chauhan, G. (2010). In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential of Dry FruitExtracts of Elettaria cardamomum Maton (Chhoti Elaichi). Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR, 9(3), 287–292. https://doi.org/24363739
- Kubo, I., Himejima, M., & Muroi, H. (1991). Antimicrobial activity of flavor components of cardamom Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae) seed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39(11), 1984–1986. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00011a020
- Kulaksiz, B., Er, S., Üstündağ-Okur, N., & Saltan-Işcan, G. (2018). Investigation of antimicrobial activities of some herbs containing essential oils and their mouthwash formulations. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15(3), 370–375. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.37132
- Longaray Delamare, A. P., Moschen-Pistorello, I. T., Artico, L., Atti-Serafini, L., & Echeverrigaray, S. (2007). Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia triloba L. cultivated in South Brazil. Food Chemistry, 100(2), 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.078
- Man, A., Santacroce, L., Jacob, R., Mare, A., & Man, L. (2019). Antimicrobial Activity of Six Essential Oils Against a Group of Human Pathogens: A Comparative Study. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010015
- Marchetti, E., Mummolo, S., Di Mattia, J., Casalena, F., Di Martino, S., Mattei, A., & Marzo, G. (2011). Efficacy of essential oil mouthwash with and without alcohol: a 3-Day plaque accumulation model. Trials, 12(1), 262. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-12-262
- Masoumi-Ardakani, Y., Mandegary, A., Esmaeilpour, K., Najafipour, H., Sharififar, F., Pakravanan, M., & Ghazvini, H. (2016). Chemical Composition, Anticonvulsant Activity, and Toxicity of Essential Oil and Methanolic Extract of Elettaria cardamomum. Planta Medica, 82(17), 1482–1486. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-106971
- Maver, T., Kurečič, M., Maja Smrke, D., Stana Kleinschek, K., & Maver, U. (2019). Plant-Derived Medicines with Potential Use in Wound Treatment. In Herbal Medicine. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72813
- Mori, H.-M., Kawanami, H., Kawahata, H., & Aoki, M. (2016). Wound healing potential of lavender oil by acceleration of granulation and wound contraction through induction of TGF-β in a rat model. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1128-7
- Müller, H.-D., Eick, S., Moritz, A., Lussi, A., & Gruber, R. (2017). Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Oral Rinses In Vitro. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4019723
- Nguyen, S., & Hiorth, M. (2015). Advanced drug delivery systems for local treatment of the oral cavity. Therapeutic Delivery, 6(5), 595–608. https://doi.org/10.4155/tde.15.5
Okur, M. E., Karantas, I. D., Şenyiğit, Z., Okur, N. Ü., & Siafaka, P. I. (2020). Recent trends on wound management; new therapeutic choices based on polymeric carriers. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2019.11.008
- Okur, M. E., Karantas, I. D., & Siafaka, P. I. (2017). Diabetes mellitus: A review on pathophysiology, current status of oral medications and future perspectives. Acta Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 55(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.23893/1307-2080.APS.0555
- Okur, M. E., Polat, D. C., Ozbek, H., Yilmaz, S., Yoltas, A., & Arslan, R. (2018). Evaluation of the antidiabetic property of capparis ovata desf. Var. Paleastina zoh. Extracts using in vivo and in vitro approaches. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets, 18, 489–501. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530318666180328110524
- Özkan, O. E., Olgun, Ç., Güney, B., Gür, M., Güney, K., & Ateş, S. (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Myristica fragrans & Elettaria cardamomum essential oil. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 225–229. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.356765
- Parashar, A. (2015). Mouthwashes and Their Use in Different Oral Conditions. Scholars Journal of Dental Sciences J. Dent. Sci, 2(2B), 186–191. Retrieved from www.saspublisher.com
- Pelino, J. E. P., Passero, A., Martin, A. A., & Charles, C. A. (2018). In vitro effects of alcohol-containing mouthwashes on human enamel and restorative materials. Brazilian Oral Research, 32, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0025
- Pierozan, M. K., Pauletti, G. F., Rota, L., Santos, A. C. A. dos, Lerin, L. A., di Luccio, M., … Oliveira, J. V. (2009). Chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of salvia L. species. Food Science and Technology, 29(4), 764–770. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612009000400010
- Polatoglu, K., Demirci, F., Demirci, B., Gören, N., & Baser, K. H. C. (2010). Antibacterial Activity and the Variation of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. Essential Oils from Turkey. Journal of Oleo Science, 59(4), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.59.177
- Sankar, V., Hearnden, V., Hull, K., Juras, D. V., Greenberg, M., Kerr, A., … Thornhill, M. (2011). Local drug delivery for oral mucosal diseases: challenges and opportunities. Oral Diseases, 17, 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01793.x
- Sekita, Y., Murakami, K., Yumoto, H., Amoh, T., Fujiwara, N., Ogata, S., … Kashiwada, Y. (2016). Preventive Effects of Houttuynia cordata Extract for Oral Infectious Diseases. BioMed Research International, 2016, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2581876
- Shaik, R., Reddy, S. P., Shaik, S., Sheela Nemalladinne, S. E., Prasad Reddy, D. S., & Sai Praveen, K. N. (2017). ESTIMATION OF pH, TOTAL ACID AND ETHANOL CONTENT OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ALCOHOL-CONTAINING MOUTHWASHES AND ITS EFFECT ON SALIVARY pH. Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 4(54), 3302–3307. https://doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2017/656
- Shimoni, M., Putievsky, E., Ravid, U., & Reuveni, R. (1993). Antifungal activity of volatile fractions of essential oils from four aromatic wild plants in israel. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19(6), 1129–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987374
- Siafaka, P. I., Zisi, A. P., Exindari, M. K., Karantas, I. D., & Bikiaris, D. N. (2016). Porous dressings of modified chitosan with poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) for topical wound delivery of levofloxacin. Carbohydrate Polymers, 143, 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.009
- Siafaka, P., Okur, M. E., Ayla, Ş., Er, S., Cağlar, E. Ş., & Okur, N. Ü. (2019). Design and characterization of nanocarriers loaded with Levofloxacin for enhanced antimicrobial activity; physicochemical properties, in vitro release and oral acute toxicity. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 55, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000118295
- Siafaka, P., Üstündağ Okur, N., Mone, M., Giannakopoulou, S., Er, S., Pavlidou, E., … Bikiaris, D. (2016). Two Different Approaches for Oral Administration of Voriconazole Loaded Formulations: Electrospun Fibers versus β-Cyclodextrin Complexes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(3), 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030282
- Singh, G., Kiran, S., Marimuthu, P., Isidorov, V., & Vinogorova, V. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and various oleoresins ofElettaria cardamomum (seeds and pods). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88(2), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3087
- Tabanca, N., Demirci, F., Demirci, B., Wedge, D. E., & Baser, K. H. C. (2007). Composition, enantiomeric distribution, and antimicrobial activity of Tanacetum argenteum subsp. flabellifolium essential oil. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 45(5), 714–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.006
- Tabanca, N., Kırımer, N., Demirci, B., Demirci, F., & Başer, K. H. C. (2001). Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Micromeria cristata subsp. phrygia and the Enantiomeric Distribution of Borneol. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(9), 4300–4303. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0105034
- Uslu, H., Uslu, G. A., Özen, H., & Karaman, M. (2018). Effects of different doses of Prunus laurocerasus L. leaf extract on oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia induced by type I diabetes. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (Vol. 17).
- Valeriano, C., de Oliveira, T. L. C., de Carvalho, S. M., Cardoso, M. das G., Alves, E., & Piccoli, R. H. (2012). The sanitizing action of essential oil-based solutions against Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis S64 biofilm formation on AISI 304 stainless steel. Food Control, 25(2), 673–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.12.015
- Welz, A. N., Emberger-Klein, A., & Menrad, K. (2018). Why people use herbal medicine: insights from a focus-group study in Germany. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2160-6
- Yap, P. S. X., Yiap, B. C., Ping, H. C., & Lim, S. H. E. (2014). Essential oils, a new horizon in combating bacterial antibiotic resistance. The Open Microbiology Journal, 8, 6–14. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801408010006