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River Ordeal in the Assyrian Documents

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 165 - 177, 21.09.2020

Abstract

River Ordeal, which is one of the important legal practices in Ancient Mesopotamia, is encountered in Kültepe documents, Middle Assyrian Law Code and Neo-Assyrian Period in the history of Assyria. In the documents, it is seen that the river ordeal against the Assyrian authority were also applied, apart from crimes such as murder and theft. It was one of the methods used to prove the suspect himself in cases where the crime was difficult to prove and witnesses were not available. It is understood that sartinnu and sukkallu are the officials who can make decision the river ordeal. In this study, the Old Assyrian and Middle Assyrian periods will be briefly mentioned but the Neo-Assyrian period, records on the river ordal will be examined.

References

  • AKYÜZ, F., (Basımda) “Asur Belgelerinde Kan Parası”. Belleten, C.: 84, S.: 301.
  • BARJAMOVIC, G., 2011. A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period (CNIP 38), Copenhagen.
  • BAYRAM, S. – KAHYA, Ö., 2018. “Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda Anadolu’daki Hukuki Uygulamalar Üzerine Bazı Değerlendirmeler”, Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, C. 5 (17 Ek Özel Sayı), ss. 75–92.
  • DELLER, K. – FALES F. M. – JAKOB-ROST L., 1995. “Neo-Assyrian Texts from Assur Private Archives”, Part 2, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 9, ss. 3–136.
  • DİLEK, Y. 2019. Eski Mezopotamya Dini Ritüeller ve Kullanılan Objeler, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • DONBAZ, V. – PARPOLA S., 2001. Neo-Assyrian Legal Texts in Istanbul (StAT 2), Berlin.
  • DUYMUŞ FLORIOTI, H. H., – DEMİRCİ G., “Çivi Yazılı Kanun Metinlerinde İlginç Bir Suç Tespit ve Cezalandırma Yöntemi: Suya Atılma”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 32/54, 2013, ss. 25–40.
  • FAIST, B., 2014. “The Ordeal in The Neo-Assyrian Legal Procedure” in: AOAT 412, Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, ss. 189–200.
  • FRYMER-KENSKY, T. S., 1979. The judicial Ordeal in the Ancient Near East, 2 vols., PhD Yale University (University Microfilms International 8002726).
  • GÜNBATTI, C., 2000. “Eski Anadolu’da Su Ordali” ArAn, ss. 73–88.
  • JASS, R., Neo–Assyrian Judicial Procedures, SAAS 5, Helsinki, 1996.
  • KAHYA, Ö., 2017. “Kültepe’den “Tanrının Kadehini İçme” Örneği” Archivum Anatolicum 11/2, ss. 45–58.
  • KATAJA, L., 1987. “A Neo-Assyrian document on two cases of river ordeal”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 1, ss. 65–68.
  • KT 6–a: Larsen, M.T. Kültepe Tabletleri VI–a, The Archive of the Šalim–Aššur Family Volume 1: The First Two Generations, TTKY, Ankara, 2010.
  • LAFONT, B., 2005. “Mezopotamya’da Nehir-Tanrı’nın Yargılaması”, Eski Yakındoğu Sümerden Kutsal Kitab’a, Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara, ss.200–209.
  • LARSEN, M. T., 2007. “Going to the river”, in: M. T. Roth – W. Farber – M. W. Stolper – P. von Bechtolsheim Eds., Studies Presented to Robert D. Bigg. From the Workshop of the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, Volume 2, Chicago, ss. 173–88.
  • MICHEL, C. – GARELLI, P., 1996. “Heurts avec une principauté anatolienne”, Festschrift für Hans Hirsch (Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, 86. Band, Wien, ss. 277–90.
  • ÖZ, E., 2015. “Eski Mezopotamya’da Hukuk Kurallarının oluşumu sürecinde Adalet Anlayışı ve Bazı Hukuki Sorunların Çözümünde Nehir/Su Ordali Uygulaması”, Cahit Günbattı’ya Armağan, Editörler, İ. Albayrak, H. Erol, M. Çayır, Ankara, ss. 185-202.
  • PARPOLA, S., 1983. Letters from Asyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal II (AOAT 5/2), Neukirchen-Vluyn.
  • PNA 1/I = K. Radner (ed.), The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, 1/1: A, Helsinki 1998
  • POSTGATE, J. N., 1976. Fifty Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents, Warminster.
  • RADNER, K., 2005. “The Reciprocal Relationship Between Judge and Society in the Neo-Assyrian Period”, Maarav 12, ss. 41–68.
  • ROTH, M. T., Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, Scholars Press, Atlanta, 1995.
  • SAA 6 = Kwasman, T. – Parpola, S., 1991. Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part I. Tiglath-Pileser III through Esarhaddon (State Archives of Assyria VI), Helsinki.
  • SAA 10 = Parpola, S., 1993. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars (State Archives of Assyria X), Helsinki.
  • SAA 13 = Cole, S. W. – Machinist, P., 1998. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Priests to Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal (State Archives of Assyria XIII), Helsinki.
  • SAA 14 = Mattila, R., 2002. Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part II:Assur–banipal through Sîn–šarru–iškun (State Archives of Assyria XIV), Helsinki.
  • SAA 15 = Fuchs, A. – Parpola, S., 2002. The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part III. Letters from Babylonia and the Eastern Provinces (State Archives of Assyria XV), Helsinki.
  • SAA 18 = Reynolds, F., 2003. The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon and Letters to Assurbanipal and Sîn-šarru-iškun from Northern and Central Babylonia (State Archives of Assyria XVIII), Helsinki.
  • SAA 21 = Parpola, S. 2018. The Correspondence of Assurbanipal, Part II: Letters from the King and from Northern and Central Babylonia (State Archives of Assyria 22), Helsinki.
  • TOSUN, M. – Yalvaç, K., Sumer, Babil, Assur Kanunları ve Ammi-Ṣaduqa Fermanı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2002.
  • VAN SOLDT, W. H., 2003–2005. “Ordal. A. Mesopotamien”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 10, ss. 124–29.

Asur Belgelerinde Nehir Ordali

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 165 - 177, 21.09.2020

Abstract

Eski Mezopotamya’da önemli hukuki uygulamalardan biri olan Nehir Ordali ile Asur döneminde Kültepe belgelerinde, Orta Asur Kanununda ve Yeni Asur Döneminde karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu dönem belgelerinde nehir ordaline, cinayet, hırsızlık gibi suçların dışında Asur otoritesine karşı işlenen suçlarda da başvurulduğu görülmektedir. Suçun ispatlanmasının zor olduğu, şahitlerin bulunmadığı durumlarda zanlının kendisini aklaması için başvurulan yöntemlerden biri idi. Sartinnu ve sukkallu’nun nehir ordaline hükmedebilen kişiler olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Eski ve Orta Asur dönemlerine kısaca değinilerek Yeni Asur döneminde nehir ordali ile ilgili kayıtlar incelenecektir.

References

  • AKYÜZ, F., (Basımda) “Asur Belgelerinde Kan Parası”. Belleten, C.: 84, S.: 301.
  • BARJAMOVIC, G., 2011. A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period (CNIP 38), Copenhagen.
  • BAYRAM, S. – KAHYA, Ö., 2018. “Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda Anadolu’daki Hukuki Uygulamalar Üzerine Bazı Değerlendirmeler”, Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, C. 5 (17 Ek Özel Sayı), ss. 75–92.
  • DELLER, K. – FALES F. M. – JAKOB-ROST L., 1995. “Neo-Assyrian Texts from Assur Private Archives”, Part 2, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 9, ss. 3–136.
  • DİLEK, Y. 2019. Eski Mezopotamya Dini Ritüeller ve Kullanılan Objeler, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • DONBAZ, V. – PARPOLA S., 2001. Neo-Assyrian Legal Texts in Istanbul (StAT 2), Berlin.
  • DUYMUŞ FLORIOTI, H. H., – DEMİRCİ G., “Çivi Yazılı Kanun Metinlerinde İlginç Bir Suç Tespit ve Cezalandırma Yöntemi: Suya Atılma”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 32/54, 2013, ss. 25–40.
  • FAIST, B., 2014. “The Ordeal in The Neo-Assyrian Legal Procedure” in: AOAT 412, Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, ss. 189–200.
  • FRYMER-KENSKY, T. S., 1979. The judicial Ordeal in the Ancient Near East, 2 vols., PhD Yale University (University Microfilms International 8002726).
  • GÜNBATTI, C., 2000. “Eski Anadolu’da Su Ordali” ArAn, ss. 73–88.
  • JASS, R., Neo–Assyrian Judicial Procedures, SAAS 5, Helsinki, 1996.
  • KAHYA, Ö., 2017. “Kültepe’den “Tanrının Kadehini İçme” Örneği” Archivum Anatolicum 11/2, ss. 45–58.
  • KATAJA, L., 1987. “A Neo-Assyrian document on two cases of river ordeal”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 1, ss. 65–68.
  • KT 6–a: Larsen, M.T. Kültepe Tabletleri VI–a, The Archive of the Šalim–Aššur Family Volume 1: The First Two Generations, TTKY, Ankara, 2010.
  • LAFONT, B., 2005. “Mezopotamya’da Nehir-Tanrı’nın Yargılaması”, Eski Yakındoğu Sümerden Kutsal Kitab’a, Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara, ss.200–209.
  • LARSEN, M. T., 2007. “Going to the river”, in: M. T. Roth – W. Farber – M. W. Stolper – P. von Bechtolsheim Eds., Studies Presented to Robert D. Bigg. From the Workshop of the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, Volume 2, Chicago, ss. 173–88.
  • MICHEL, C. – GARELLI, P., 1996. “Heurts avec une principauté anatolienne”, Festschrift für Hans Hirsch (Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, 86. Band, Wien, ss. 277–90.
  • ÖZ, E., 2015. “Eski Mezopotamya’da Hukuk Kurallarının oluşumu sürecinde Adalet Anlayışı ve Bazı Hukuki Sorunların Çözümünde Nehir/Su Ordali Uygulaması”, Cahit Günbattı’ya Armağan, Editörler, İ. Albayrak, H. Erol, M. Çayır, Ankara, ss. 185-202.
  • PARPOLA, S., 1983. Letters from Asyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal II (AOAT 5/2), Neukirchen-Vluyn.
  • PNA 1/I = K. Radner (ed.), The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, 1/1: A, Helsinki 1998
  • POSTGATE, J. N., 1976. Fifty Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents, Warminster.
  • RADNER, K., 2005. “The Reciprocal Relationship Between Judge and Society in the Neo-Assyrian Period”, Maarav 12, ss. 41–68.
  • ROTH, M. T., Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, Scholars Press, Atlanta, 1995.
  • SAA 6 = Kwasman, T. – Parpola, S., 1991. Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part I. Tiglath-Pileser III through Esarhaddon (State Archives of Assyria VI), Helsinki.
  • SAA 10 = Parpola, S., 1993. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars (State Archives of Assyria X), Helsinki.
  • SAA 13 = Cole, S. W. – Machinist, P., 1998. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Priests to Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal (State Archives of Assyria XIII), Helsinki.
  • SAA 14 = Mattila, R., 2002. Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part II:Assur–banipal through Sîn–šarru–iškun (State Archives of Assyria XIV), Helsinki.
  • SAA 15 = Fuchs, A. – Parpola, S., 2002. The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part III. Letters from Babylonia and the Eastern Provinces (State Archives of Assyria XV), Helsinki.
  • SAA 18 = Reynolds, F., 2003. The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon and Letters to Assurbanipal and Sîn-šarru-iškun from Northern and Central Babylonia (State Archives of Assyria XVIII), Helsinki.
  • SAA 21 = Parpola, S. 2018. The Correspondence of Assurbanipal, Part II: Letters from the King and from Northern and Central Babylonia (State Archives of Assyria 22), Helsinki.
  • TOSUN, M. – Yalvaç, K., Sumer, Babil, Assur Kanunları ve Ammi-Ṣaduqa Fermanı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2002.
  • VAN SOLDT, W. H., 2003–2005. “Ordal. A. Mesopotamien”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 10, ss. 124–29.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Faruk Akyuz 0000-0003-1132-8653

Publication Date September 21, 2020
Submission Date June 12, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akyuz, F. (2020). Asur Belgelerinde Nehir Ordali. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 2(2), 165-177.
AMA Akyuz F. Asur Belgelerinde Nehir Ordali. OANNES. September 2020;2(2):165-177.
Chicago Akyuz, Faruk. “Asur Belgelerinde Nehir Ordali”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 2, no. 2 (September 2020): 165-77.
EndNote Akyuz F (September 1, 2020) Asur Belgelerinde Nehir Ordali. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 2 2 165–177.
IEEE F. Akyuz, “Asur Belgelerinde Nehir Ordali”, OANNES, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 165–177, 2020.
ISNAD Akyuz, Faruk. “Asur Belgelerinde Nehir Ordali”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 2/2 (September 2020), 165-177.
JAMA Akyuz F. Asur Belgelerinde Nehir Ordali. OANNES. 2020;2:165–177.
MLA Akyuz, Faruk. “Asur Belgelerinde Nehir Ordali”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 2, no. 2, 2020, pp. 165-77.
Vancouver Akyuz F. Asur Belgelerinde Nehir Ordali. OANNES. 2020;2(2):165-77.

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