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KİMMER – İSKİT OK UCU BİÇİMİNDEKİ PARALARI

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 61 - 80, 20.03.2021

Said Mübin Çalış

Abstract

Lidya Kralı Kroisos dönemiyle birlikte paraların boyut ve kimyasal özellikleri standartlaştırılmış, nümismatik olarak para özelliği kazanabilen bir alışveriş aracı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Lidyalıların standart boyut ve kimyasal özellikli paraları kısa sürede diğer toplumlar tarafından öğrenilerek kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Lidya öncesi dönemde, çeşitli toplumlar kendi paralarını oluşturmayı başarmış ancak boyut ve kimyasal özellikler açısından bu paralarda standart sağlanamamıştır.
Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde yaşayan bozkır halklarından Kimmerler ve İskitler; arkeolojik buluntulara göre MÖ VIII. yüzyıldan başlamak üzere, ok uçlarını kendi para birimleri olarak belirlemişlerdir. Kültürel özellikleri içinde savaşçılığın ve savaş aletlerinin oldukça önemli yeri bulunan bozkır toplumları, kullandıkları paralara savaşçılıkla ilgili ögeleri yansıtmışlardır. İskitler; ok ucu biçimindeki paraları sınıflandırma yoluna gitmiş, temel ürünleri okların üzerine betimleyerek alışverişi yapılacak her temel için farklı bir ok ucu oluşturmuşlardır.
MÖ VI. yüzyılda Karadeniz çevresinde yerleşim oluşturan Grekler, burada yaşayan ve egemen güç olan bozkır halklarıyla kültürel etkileşime girerek sentez bir kültür oluşturmuşlardır. Karadeniz çevresindeki Grek kolonileri, para birimi olarak MÖ V. yüzyıla kadar İskit tipi ok uçlarını kullanmışlardır. MÖ V. yüzyılda İskit tipi ok ucu biçimindeki paralar, değişime uğrayarak yunus görüntüsüne benzetilmiş ve Grek koloni kentlerinde kullanılmaya devam edilmiştir. Ok ucu biçimindeki paralar üzerindeki değişim sürecinin son basamağında, Grek ve bozkır kültürel özelliklerini yansıtan, yuvarlak biçimli sikkelerin ortaya çıktığı; bu paraların bir yüzünde İskit tipi ok – yay betimlemelerinin kullanımının devam ettiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışma; Kimmer – İskit döneminde Kuzey Karadeniz’de para olarak ok uçlarının kullanılmasının bozkır kültürüyle ilişkisi ve ok ucu biçimli paraların yerleşik toplumlar arasında nasıl bir kullanım alanı ve etki yaratıp, ortaya çıkardığı sonuçları değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

Kimmerler İskitler Ok ucu paraları Grek kolonileri

References

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Arrowhead – Shaped Coins of Cimmerians and Scythians

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 61 - 80, 20.03.2021

Said Mübin Çalış

Abstract

With the Lydian King Kroisos era, the size and chemical properties of the coins were standardized and a shopping tool that undertook the numismatically money was generated. The standard size and chemical features of the Lydian coins were soon learned and used by other societies. In the pre-Lydian period, various societies succeeded in creating their own money, but the standard could not be achieved in terms of size and chemical properties.
Cimmerians and Scythians, who are among the steppe people living in the north of the Black Sea; according to archaeological finds, starting from the VIII BC. century, they set the arrowheads as their own coins. The steppe societies, which have a very important worth in the cultural features of warfare and combat devices, reflected the items related to warfare in their coins. Scythians; they went to classify coins in the form of arrowheads, by describing the essential products on the arrows, they created a different arrowhead for each product to be trading.
The Greeks, which settled around the Black Sea in the VI BC century, created a synthesis culture by interacting culturally with the steppe societies living here. Greek colonies around the Black Sea have used Scythian arrowheads until the 5th century BC as their coins. The coins in the form of the Scythian arrowhead in the 5th century BC were transformed into a dolphin image by changing and continued to be used in the Greek colonial cities. In the last step of the change process on arrowhead coins, round-shaped coins emerging reflecting Greek and steppe cultural characteristics; on one side of these coins, it is seen that the use of Scythian arrow - bow descriptions continues. This work; it aims to evaluate the relationship between the use of arrowheads as money in the Northern Black Sea during the Cimmerians - Scythians period with the steppe culture and how the arrowhead-shaped coins have created and influenced among sedentary societies.

Keywords

Cimmerians Scythians Arrowhead coins Greek colonies

References

  • AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS, 2000. History, C. 2., Çev.: John Rolfe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • ARISTOTLE, 1959. Politics, Çev.: H. Rackham, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • CLEMENT of ALEXANDRIA, 1960. The Exhortation to the Greeks, Çev.: G. W. Butterworth, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • HERODOTOS, 2013. Tarih, Çev.: Müntekim Ökmen, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • PLATO, 2005. Euthypro – Apology – Crito – Phaedo – Phaedrus, Çev.: H. N. Fowler, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • PLINY, 1961. Natural History, Çev.: H. Rackham, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • STRABO, 1961. Geography, C. 5, Çev.: Horace Leonard Jones, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • STRABO, 1917. Geography, C. 1, Çev.: Horace Leonard Jones, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • THUCYDIDES, 1956. History of the Peloponnesian War, C. 1, Çev.: Charles Foster Smith, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • XENOPHON, 1997, Memorabilia – Oeconomicus, Çev.: E. C. Marchant, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • AYDA, A., 1976. "Etrüsklerle İskitler Arasında Benzerlikler", VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, C. 2, ss. 287-292.
  • BARRINGER, J. M., 2004. “Two Skythian Hunters on Attic Vases”, Greek Vases: Images, Contexts and Controversies, Ed.: C. Marconi, Brill, Boston, ss.13-26.
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  • BOARDMAN, J., 1980. The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colony and Trade, Thames and Hudson, London.
  • BRAUND, D., 2018. Greek Religion and Cults in the Black Sea Region, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • BRIDGMAN, T., 1998. “Who Were the Cimmerians?”, Hermathena, (164), ss.31-64.
  • COHEN, B., 2018. “The Non-Greek in Greek Art”, A Companion to Greek Art, Ed.: T. J. Smit – D. Plantzos, Wiley, Sussex, ss.456-479
  • CONSTANTINESCU, B. – D.C. STAN – G.M. TALMATCHI – D. CECCATO, 2015.”New Information on Monetary Arrowheads Found in Dobroudja Based on X-rays Analysis of Their Alloy Composition”, XV. International Numismatic Congress, Taormina.
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  • DAN, A., 2016. “The River Called Phasis”, Ancient East and West, 15, ss.245-277.
  • DAVIES, G., 2002. A History of Money from Ancient Times to Present Day, University of Wales Press, Cardiff.
  • de BOER, J., G., 2007. “The Greek Colonies in the Pontic Area During the 5th Century BC, Athens, The Rise of the Barbarian Kingdoms and the Ionian Revolt: An Economic Approach”, Talanta: Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological an Historical Society, (36), ss.269-287.
  • de BOER, J. G., 2013. “Stamped Amphorae from the Greek Black Sea Colony of Sinope in the Mediterranean During the Hellenistic Period”, The Bosporus: Gateway Between the Ancient West and East, Ed.:G. R. Tsetskhladze, S. Atasoy, A. Avram, Ş. Dönmez, J. Hargrave, Bar International Series, ss. 109-114.
  • DÖNMEZ, S., 2013. “Hitit Döneminde Değişim Araçları ve Ölçü Birimleri”, The Journal od Academic Social Studies, 8(6), ss.813-812.
  • DURMUŞ, İ., 2008. İskitler, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara.
  • EMİR, O., 2011. “Grek Kolonizayon Dönemi’nde Karadeniz’de Önemli Bir Geçim Kaynağı: Köle Ticareti”, Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi, (10), ss.9-28.
  • EMİR, O., 2012a. “Eskiçağ’da Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin Jeopolitik Önemi”, Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi, (13), ss.9-26.
  • EMİR, O., 2012b. “Antik Dönemde Karadeniz’de Deniz Ticareti ve Başlıca İhraç Ürünler”, Türk Deniz Ticareti Tarihi Sempozyumu: Doğu Karadeniz, (IV), ss.165-178.
  • EROĞLU, E., 2014. "İskitlerde Kuyumculuk", Cappadocia Journal of History and Social Sciences, (3), ss. 14-22.
  • FRIEDELL, E., 1999. Antik Yunan'ın Kültür Tarihi, Çev.: N. Aça, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • FRIGERIO, G., 2018. “The Myth of the Foundation of the Oracle of Delphi” Quaderni Borromaici, (5), ss.15-34.
  • GÖZLÜ, A., 2015. “Antik Yunan (Hellen)’de Koloniler ve Bunların Nitelikleri”, Folklor/Edebiyat, 21(81), ss.179-190.
  • GRIERSON, P., 1977. Origin of Money, Athlone Press, London.
  • HELLMUTH, A., 2014. “Horse, Bow and Arrow: A Comparison between the Scythian Impact on the Mediterrian and on Eastern Middle Europe”, Mediterrian Review, 7(1), ss.1-38.
  • HIND, J. G. F., 1992. “Archaeology of the Greeks and Barbarian People Around the Black Sea (1982 – 1992)”, Archaeological Reports, (39), ss.82-112.
  • IŞIN, G., 2008. “The Great God Mamblasenos/Apollo”, Bollettino di Archeologia, Volume Speciale, ss.1-7.
  • IVANTCHIK, A. I., 2006. “Scythian Archers on Archaic Attic Vases: Problems of Interpretation”, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, 12(3-4), ss.197-271.
  • KÖSEOĞLU, F. N., 2017. “Hellen Dünyasında Ok, Yay ve Okçuluk”, Masrop Dergisi, 7(8), ss.13-26.
  • KRAAY, C. M., 1966. Greek Coins, Harry N. Abrams Inc. Publishers, New York.
  • KRAPIVINA, V. V. - S. D. KRYZHITSKIJ - S. B. OKHOTNIKOV - E. F. REDINA - T. L. SOMOYLOVA - N. M. SEKERSKAIA - J. CHOCHOROWSKI, 2001. Ancient Greek Sites on the Nothwest Coast of the Black Sea, Hellenic Foundation for Culture Odessa Branch, Kiev.
  • KUTAJSOV, V. A., 1996. “Cast Money and Coins of Kerkinitis of the Fifth Century BC”, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, 2(1), ss.39-60.
  • MAKHORTYKH, S. V., 2005. “The North Black Sea Steppes in the Cimmerian Epoch”, Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia, Ed.:Marian Scott, Andrey Yu. Alekseev, Ganna Zaitseva, Kluver Academic Publishers, Moscow, ss.35-44.
  • MAYOR, A. – J. COLARUSSO – D. SAUNDERS, 2012. "Making Sense of Nonsense Inscriptions Associated with Amazons and Scythians on Athenian Vases", The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 83(3), ss. 447-493.
  • MAYOR, A., 2009. Greek Fire, Poison Arrow and Scorpion Bombs, Overlook Duckworth, New York.
  • MITCHINER, M., 1973. The Early Coinage of Central Asia, Hawkins Publications, London.
  • MUNDELL, R. A., 2002. Birth of Coinage, Columbia University Department of Economics, New York.
  • NAMEROVA, A., 2010. “Relations Between Greeks and Scythians in Black Sea Area”, Anodos: Studies of the Ancient World, (10), ss.207-211.
  • PAPUC, G. - G. TALMATCHI, 2007. “The Arrowhead-Monetary Signs Hoard, Founded in Constanta”, Coin Hoard of Dobrudja, Ed.: Gabriel Custurea, Mihai Dima, Gabriel Talmatchi, Ana-Marie Velter, Ex Ponto, Constanta, ss.11-35.
  • PENG, K. – Y. ZHU, 1995. “New Research on the Origin of Cowries Used in Ancient China”, (68), Sino-Platonic Papers, ss.1-21.
  • PETERSEN, J. H., 2010. Cultural Interactions and Social Strategies on the Pontic Shores, Aarhus University Press, Aarhus.
  • PIOTROVSKY, B. B., 1974. "Early Cultures of the Lands of the Scythians", From the Land of the Scythians, The Metropolitian Museum of Art, New York, ss. 12-25.
  • ROEBUCK, C., 1959. Ionian Trade and Colonization, The Archaeological Institue of America, New York.
  • RUSAEVA, A. S., 1995. “Investigations of the Western Temenos of Olbia”, Ancient Civilization from Scythia to Siberia, 1(1), ss.80-102.
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There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Said Mübin Çalış 0000-0001-9435-4149

Publication Date March 20, 2021
Submission Date July 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çalış, S. M. (2021). KİMMER – İSKİT OK UCU BİÇİMİNDEKİ PARALARI. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 3(1), 61-80.
AMA Çalış SM. KİMMER – İSKİT OK UCU BİÇİMİNDEKİ PARALARI. OANNES. March 2021;3(1):61-80.
Chicago Çalış, Said Mübin. “KİMMER – İSKİT OK UCU BİÇİMİNDEKİ PARALARI”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 3, no. 1 (March 2021): 61-80.
EndNote Çalış SM (March 1, 2021) KİMMER – İSKİT OK UCU BİÇİMİNDEKİ PARALARI. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 3 1 61–80.
IEEE S. M. Çalış, “KİMMER – İSKİT OK UCU BİÇİMİNDEKİ PARALARI”, OANNES, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 61–80, 2021.
ISNAD Çalış, Said Mübin. “KİMMER – İSKİT OK UCU BİÇİMİNDEKİ PARALARI”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 3/1 (March 2021), 61-80.
JAMA Çalış SM. KİMMER – İSKİT OK UCU BİÇİMİNDEKİ PARALARI. OANNES. 2021;3:61–80.
MLA Çalış, Said Mübin. “KİMMER – İSKİT OK UCU BİÇİMİNDEKİ PARALARI”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 3, no. 1, 2021, pp. 61-80.
Vancouver Çalış SM. KİMMER – İSKİT OK UCU BİÇİMİNDEKİ PARALARI. OANNES. 2021;3(1):61-80.
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