Mütevazı Liderlik ile Beyana Dayalı Kişisel İnisiyatif İlişkisinde Psikolojik Güvenliğin Aracı Rolü
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 621 - 638, 23.03.2023
Kürşat Timuroğlu
,
Emre Gül
Öz
Bu araştırmanın amacı mütevazı liderlik ile beyana dayalı kişisel inisiyatif arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik güvenliğin aracı rolünü incelemektir. Araştırma hipotezlerinin testinde Türkiye’de havacılık sektöründe faaliyet gösteren özel bir şirketin çalışanlarından oluşan örneklemden (n = 205) faydalanılmıştır. Anket tekniği kullanılarak elde edilmiş olan veriler SPSS, AMOS ve Process Macro programlarıyla analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizlerde mütevazı liderlik ile beyana dayalı kişisel inisiyatif arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğu ve mütevazı liderlik ile beyana dayalı kişisel inisiyatif arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik güvenliğin aracı rolünün bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Mevcut çalışma mütevazı liderlik ile kişisel inisiyatif alma arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırarak, kişisel inisiyatifin öncülleri hakkındaki literatürü zenginleştirmektedir. Ayrıca mütevazı liderlik ve kişisel inisiyatif arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik güvenliğin aracı rolü incelenerek mütevazı liderlik ve kişisel inisiyatif arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklama noktasında bir sosyal değişim mekanizması kurulmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın literatüre yaptığı teorik ve pratik etkiler detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara ve yöneticilere yönelik yol gösterici birtakım önerilerde bulunulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Aksoy, Ş., & Mamatoğlu, N. (2020). Mediator role of professional self–efficacy belief between psychological safety and self–reported personal initiative. Nesne Dergisi, 8(17), 190-201. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-17-03
- Argandona, A. (2015). Humility in management. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2311-8
- Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202
- Binnewies, C., & Gromer, M. (2012). Creativity and innovation at work: The role of work characteristics and personal initiative. Psicothema, 24(1), 100-105.
- Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Salas, E., Pierce, L., & Kendall, D. (2006). Understanding team adaptation: A conceptual analysis and model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6). 1189-1207. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1189
- Carmeli, A., Brueller, D., & Dutton, J. E. (2009). Learning behaviours in the workplace: The role of high‐quality interpersonal relationships and psychological safety. Systems Research and Behavioral Science: The Official Journal of the International Federation for Systems Research, 26(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.932
- Chen, H., Liang, Q., Feng, C., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Why and when do employees become more proactive under humble leaders? The roles of psychological need satisfaction and chinese traditionality. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 34(5), 1076–1095. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-12-2020-0366
- Chen, S., Jiang, W., Zhang, G., & Chu, F. (2019). Spiritual leadership on proactive workplace behavior: The role of organizational identification and psychological safety. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1206-1216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01206
- Chen, Y., Liu, B., Zhang, L., & Qian, S. (2018). Can leader “humility” spark employee “proactivity”? The mediating role of psychological empowerment. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 39(3), 326–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2017-0307
- Chiaburu, D. S., & Carpenter, N. C. (2013). Employees motivation for personal initiative. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 12(2), 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000089
- Chiu, C. Y. C., Owens, B. P., & Tesluk, P. E. (2016). Initiating and utilizing shared leadership in teams: The role of leader humility, team proactive personality, and team performance capability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(12), 1705-1720. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000159
- Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304
- Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L. Jr., & Hook, J. N. (2010). Humility: Review of measurement strategies and conceptualization as personality judgment. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439761003791672
- Ding, H., Yu, E., Chu, X., Li, Y., & Amin, K. (2020). Humble leadership affects organizational citizenship behavior: The sequential mediating effect of strengths use and job crafting. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 65-76. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00065
- Du, Y., & Yan, M. (2022). Green transformational leadership and employees’ taking charge behavior: The mediating role of personal initiative and the moderating role of green organizational identity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4172-4186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074172
- Edmondson, A. (2003). International handbook of organizational teamwork and cooperative working. M. A. West, D. Tjosvold, & K. G. Smith (Eds.), Managing the risk of learning: Psychological safety in work teams. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
- Edmondson, A.C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
- Elsaied, M. M. (2018). Supportive leadership, proactive personality and employee voice behavior: The mediating role of psychological safety. American Journal of Business, 34(1), 2-18. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJB-01-2017-0004
- Exline, J. J., & Hill, P. C. (2012). Humility: A consistent and robust predictor of generosity. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.671348
- Frese, M., & Fay, D. (2001). Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 133-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(01)23005-6
- Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00639.x
- Frese, M., Teng, E., & Wijnen, C.J.D. (1999). Helping to improve suggestion systems: Predictors of making suggestions in companies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(7), 1139-1155. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199912)20:7<1139::AID-JOB946>3.0.CO;2-I
- Gül, E., & Çakıcı, A. B. (2021). Kapsayıcı liderlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması ve kapsayıcı liderliğin iş performansı üzerindeki etkisinde psikolojik güvenliğin aracılık rolü. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 24 (2), 323-339. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.895678
- Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.003
- Hu, J., Erdogan, B., Jiang, K., Bauer, T. N., & Liu, S. (2018). Leader humility and team creativity: The role of team information sharing, psychological safety, and power distance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(3), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000277
- Jeung, C. W., & Yoon, H. J. (2016). Leader humility and psychological empowerment: Investigating contingencies. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(7), 1122–1136. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2015-0270
- Jeung, C.W., & Yoon, H.J. (2018). When leadership elicits voice: Evidence for a mediated moderation model. Journal of Management and Organization, 24(1), 40-61. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2017.42
- Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
- Kang, F., Li, J., & Hua, Y. (2022). How and when does humble leadership enhance newcomer well-being. Personnel Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2021-0019
- Kerse, G., Koçak, D., & Özdemir, Ş. (2020). Mütevazı liderlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması ve mütevazı liderliğin seslilik davranışına etkisi: Kuşak farklılığının düzenleyici rolü. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(2), 1769-1787. https://www.isarder.org/index.php/isarder/article/view/1114
- Khalili, A. (2018). Creativity and innovation through LMX and personal initiative. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(2), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-09-2016-0183
- Kim, J. E. (2021). Paradoxical leadership and proactive work behavior: The role of psychological safety in the hotel industry. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(5), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no5.0167
- Kim, T.Y., Hon, A.H.Y., & Crant, J.M. (2009). Proactive personality, employee creativity, and newcomer outcomes: A longitudinal study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(1), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9094-4
- LaBouff, J. P., Rowatt, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Tsang, J. A., & Willerton, G. M. (2012). Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons: Evidence from three studies. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.626787
- Laguna, M., Walachowska, K., Gorgievski-Duijvesteijn, M. J., & Moriano, J. A. (2019). Authentic leadership and employees’ innovative behaviour: A multilevel investigation in three countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4201-4218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214201
- Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131
- Liang, J., Farh, C. I. C., & Farh, J. L. (2012). Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: A two-wave examination. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0176
- Lin, X., Chen, Z.X., Herman, H., Wei, W., & Ma, C. (2019). Why and when employees like to speak up more under humble leaders? The roles of personal sense of power and power distance. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 937-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3704-2
- Lisbona, A., Palaci, F., Salanova, M., & Frese, M. (2018). The effects of work engagement and self-efficacy on personal initiative and performance. Psicothema, 30(1), 89-96. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=72754594014
- Liu, W., Mao, J., & Chen, X. (2017). Leader humility and team innovation: Investigating the substituting role of task interdependence and the mediating role of team voice climate. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1115-1127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01115
- Luu, T. T. (2020a). Can sales leaders with humility create adaptive retail salespersons? Psychology & Marketing, 37(9), 1292–1315. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21365
- Morris, J.A., Brotheridge, C.M., & Urbanski, J.C. (2005). Bringing humility to leadership: Antecedents and consequences of leader humility. Human Relations, 58(10), 1323-1350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726705059929
- Nielsen, M. B., Eid, J., Mearns, K., & Larsson, G. (2013). Authentic leadership and its relationship with risk perception and safety climate. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 34(4), 308-325. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2011-0065
- Ou, A.Y., Tsui, A.S., & Kinicki, A.J. (2014). Humble chief executive officers’ connections to top management team integration and middle managers’ responses. Administrative Science Quarterly, 59(1), 34-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839213520131
- Owens, B. P., Johnson, M. D., & Mitchell, T. R. (2013). Expressed humility in organizations: Implications for performance, teams, and leadership. Organization Science, 24(5), 1517-1538. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0795
- Owens, B.P., & Hekman, D.R. (2012). Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 787-818. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0441
- Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3), 633-662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308321554
- Peters, A. S., Rowat, W. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). Associations between dispositional humility and social relationship quality. Psychology, 2(3), 155-161. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2011.230
- Powers, C., Nam, R. K., Rowatt, W. C., & Hill, P. C. (2007). Associations between humility, spiritual transcendence, and forgiveness. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158511.i-301.32
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
- Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170701341316
- Rego, O.B., Yam, K.C., Bluhm, D., Cunha, M.P.E., Silard, A., & Liu, W. (2019). Leader humility and team performance: Exploring the mediating mechanisms of team psycap and task allocation effectiveness. Journal of Management, 45(3), 1009-1033. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316688941
- Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(2), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392563
- Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. http://www.mpr-online.de
- Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 518-528. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.518
- Speier, C., & Frese, M. (1997). Generalized self efficacy as a mediator and moderator between control and complexity at work and personal initiative: A longitudinal field study in East Germany. Human performance, 10(2), 171-192. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_7
- Tangney, I. P. (2000). Humility: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings and directions for future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 70–82.
- Walters, K. N., & Diab, D. L. (2016). Humble leadership: Implications for psychological safety and follower engagement. Journal of Leadership Studies, 10(2), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21434
- Wang, H. F., Chen, Y. C., Yang, F. H., & Juan, C. W. (2021). Relationship between transformational leadership and nurses' job performance: The mediating effect of psychological safety. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 49(5), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9712
- Wang, Liu, J., & Zhu, Y. (2018a). How does humble leadership promote follower creativity? The roles of psychological capital and growth need strength. The Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 39(4), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-03-2017-0069
- Yener, S. (2015). Psikolojik rahatlık ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi (ODÜSOBİAD), 5(13), 280-305. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/odusobiad/issue/27561/289997
- Zhang, W., & Liu, W. (2019). Leader humility and taking charge: The role of OBSE and leader prototypicality. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2515-2525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02515
- Zhang, Z., & Song, P. (2020). Multi-Level effects of humble leadership on employees’ work well-being: The roles of psychological safety and error management climate. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3150-3163. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571840
- Zhou, F., & Wu, Y.J. (2018). How humble leadership fosters employee innovation behavior: A two-way perspective on the leader-employee interaction. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(3), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2017-0181
The Mediating Role of Psychological Safety on The Relationship Between Humble Leadership and Self – Reported Personal Initiative
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 621 - 638, 23.03.2023
Kürşat Timuroğlu
,
Emre Gül
Öz
The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of psychological safety on the relationship between humble leadership and self – reported personal initiative. A sample (n = 205) of employees of a private company operating in the aviation industry in Turkey was used to test the research hypotheses. The data obtained by the survey technique were analyzed with SPSS, AMOS and Process Macro programs. In the analysis, it was determined that there is a significant relationship between humble leadership and self – reported personal initiative and psychological safety has a mediating effect on the relationship between humble leadership and self – reported personal initiative. The present study enriches the literature on the antecedents of personal initiative by exploring the relationship between humble leadership and taking personal initiative. In addition, by examining the mediating role of psychological safety in the relationship between humble leadership and personal initiative, a social change mechanism has been tried to be established in order to explain the relationship between humble leadership and personal initiative. The theoretical and practical effects of the research on the literature are discussed in detail. In addition, it has been tried to make some guiding suggestions for future research and administrators.
Kaynakça
- Aksoy, Ş., & Mamatoğlu, N. (2020). Mediator role of professional self–efficacy belief between psychological safety and self–reported personal initiative. Nesne Dergisi, 8(17), 190-201. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-17-03
- Argandona, A. (2015). Humility in management. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2311-8
- Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202
- Binnewies, C., & Gromer, M. (2012). Creativity and innovation at work: The role of work characteristics and personal initiative. Psicothema, 24(1), 100-105.
- Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Salas, E., Pierce, L., & Kendall, D. (2006). Understanding team adaptation: A conceptual analysis and model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6). 1189-1207. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1189
- Carmeli, A., Brueller, D., & Dutton, J. E. (2009). Learning behaviours in the workplace: The role of high‐quality interpersonal relationships and psychological safety. Systems Research and Behavioral Science: The Official Journal of the International Federation for Systems Research, 26(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.932
- Chen, H., Liang, Q., Feng, C., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Why and when do employees become more proactive under humble leaders? The roles of psychological need satisfaction and chinese traditionality. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 34(5), 1076–1095. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-12-2020-0366
- Chen, S., Jiang, W., Zhang, G., & Chu, F. (2019). Spiritual leadership on proactive workplace behavior: The role of organizational identification and psychological safety. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1206-1216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01206
- Chen, Y., Liu, B., Zhang, L., & Qian, S. (2018). Can leader “humility” spark employee “proactivity”? The mediating role of psychological empowerment. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 39(3), 326–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2017-0307
- Chiaburu, D. S., & Carpenter, N. C. (2013). Employees motivation for personal initiative. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 12(2), 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000089
- Chiu, C. Y. C., Owens, B. P., & Tesluk, P. E. (2016). Initiating and utilizing shared leadership in teams: The role of leader humility, team proactive personality, and team performance capability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(12), 1705-1720. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000159
- Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304
- Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L. Jr., & Hook, J. N. (2010). Humility: Review of measurement strategies and conceptualization as personality judgment. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439761003791672
- Ding, H., Yu, E., Chu, X., Li, Y., & Amin, K. (2020). Humble leadership affects organizational citizenship behavior: The sequential mediating effect of strengths use and job crafting. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 65-76. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00065
- Du, Y., & Yan, M. (2022). Green transformational leadership and employees’ taking charge behavior: The mediating role of personal initiative and the moderating role of green organizational identity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4172-4186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074172
- Edmondson, A. (2003). International handbook of organizational teamwork and cooperative working. M. A. West, D. Tjosvold, & K. G. Smith (Eds.), Managing the risk of learning: Psychological safety in work teams. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
- Edmondson, A.C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
- Elsaied, M. M. (2018). Supportive leadership, proactive personality and employee voice behavior: The mediating role of psychological safety. American Journal of Business, 34(1), 2-18. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJB-01-2017-0004
- Exline, J. J., & Hill, P. C. (2012). Humility: A consistent and robust predictor of generosity. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.671348
- Frese, M., & Fay, D. (2001). Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 133-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(01)23005-6
- Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00639.x
- Frese, M., Teng, E., & Wijnen, C.J.D. (1999). Helping to improve suggestion systems: Predictors of making suggestions in companies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(7), 1139-1155. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199912)20:7<1139::AID-JOB946>3.0.CO;2-I
- Gül, E., & Çakıcı, A. B. (2021). Kapsayıcı liderlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması ve kapsayıcı liderliğin iş performansı üzerindeki etkisinde psikolojik güvenliğin aracılık rolü. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 24 (2), 323-339. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.895678
- Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.003
- Hu, J., Erdogan, B., Jiang, K., Bauer, T. N., & Liu, S. (2018). Leader humility and team creativity: The role of team information sharing, psychological safety, and power distance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(3), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000277
- Jeung, C. W., & Yoon, H. J. (2016). Leader humility and psychological empowerment: Investigating contingencies. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(7), 1122–1136. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2015-0270
- Jeung, C.W., & Yoon, H.J. (2018). When leadership elicits voice: Evidence for a mediated moderation model. Journal of Management and Organization, 24(1), 40-61. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2017.42
- Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
- Kang, F., Li, J., & Hua, Y. (2022). How and when does humble leadership enhance newcomer well-being. Personnel Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2021-0019
- Kerse, G., Koçak, D., & Özdemir, Ş. (2020). Mütevazı liderlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması ve mütevazı liderliğin seslilik davranışına etkisi: Kuşak farklılığının düzenleyici rolü. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(2), 1769-1787. https://www.isarder.org/index.php/isarder/article/view/1114
- Khalili, A. (2018). Creativity and innovation through LMX and personal initiative. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(2), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-09-2016-0183
- Kim, J. E. (2021). Paradoxical leadership and proactive work behavior: The role of psychological safety in the hotel industry. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(5), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no5.0167
- Kim, T.Y., Hon, A.H.Y., & Crant, J.M. (2009). Proactive personality, employee creativity, and newcomer outcomes: A longitudinal study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(1), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9094-4
- LaBouff, J. P., Rowatt, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Tsang, J. A., & Willerton, G. M. (2012). Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons: Evidence from three studies. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.626787
- Laguna, M., Walachowska, K., Gorgievski-Duijvesteijn, M. J., & Moriano, J. A. (2019). Authentic leadership and employees’ innovative behaviour: A multilevel investigation in three countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4201-4218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214201
- Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131
- Liang, J., Farh, C. I. C., & Farh, J. L. (2012). Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: A two-wave examination. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0176
- Lin, X., Chen, Z.X., Herman, H., Wei, W., & Ma, C. (2019). Why and when employees like to speak up more under humble leaders? The roles of personal sense of power and power distance. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 937-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3704-2
- Lisbona, A., Palaci, F., Salanova, M., & Frese, M. (2018). The effects of work engagement and self-efficacy on personal initiative and performance. Psicothema, 30(1), 89-96. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=72754594014
- Liu, W., Mao, J., & Chen, X. (2017). Leader humility and team innovation: Investigating the substituting role of task interdependence and the mediating role of team voice climate. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1115-1127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01115
- Luu, T. T. (2020a). Can sales leaders with humility create adaptive retail salespersons? Psychology & Marketing, 37(9), 1292–1315. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21365
- Morris, J.A., Brotheridge, C.M., & Urbanski, J.C. (2005). Bringing humility to leadership: Antecedents and consequences of leader humility. Human Relations, 58(10), 1323-1350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726705059929
- Nielsen, M. B., Eid, J., Mearns, K., & Larsson, G. (2013). Authentic leadership and its relationship with risk perception and safety climate. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 34(4), 308-325. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2011-0065
- Ou, A.Y., Tsui, A.S., & Kinicki, A.J. (2014). Humble chief executive officers’ connections to top management team integration and middle managers’ responses. Administrative Science Quarterly, 59(1), 34-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839213520131
- Owens, B. P., Johnson, M. D., & Mitchell, T. R. (2013). Expressed humility in organizations: Implications for performance, teams, and leadership. Organization Science, 24(5), 1517-1538. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0795
- Owens, B.P., & Hekman, D.R. (2012). Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 787-818. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0441
- Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3), 633-662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308321554
- Peters, A. S., Rowat, W. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). Associations between dispositional humility and social relationship quality. Psychology, 2(3), 155-161. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2011.230
- Powers, C., Nam, R. K., Rowatt, W. C., & Hill, P. C. (2007). Associations between humility, spiritual transcendence, and forgiveness. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158511.i-301.32
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
- Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170701341316
- Rego, O.B., Yam, K.C., Bluhm, D., Cunha, M.P.E., Silard, A., & Liu, W. (2019). Leader humility and team performance: Exploring the mediating mechanisms of team psycap and task allocation effectiveness. Journal of Management, 45(3), 1009-1033. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316688941
- Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(2), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392563
- Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. http://www.mpr-online.de
- Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 518-528. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.518
- Speier, C., & Frese, M. (1997). Generalized self efficacy as a mediator and moderator between control and complexity at work and personal initiative: A longitudinal field study in East Germany. Human performance, 10(2), 171-192. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_7
- Tangney, I. P. (2000). Humility: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings and directions for future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 70–82.
- Walters, K. N., & Diab, D. L. (2016). Humble leadership: Implications for psychological safety and follower engagement. Journal of Leadership Studies, 10(2), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21434
- Wang, H. F., Chen, Y. C., Yang, F. H., & Juan, C. W. (2021). Relationship between transformational leadership and nurses' job performance: The mediating effect of psychological safety. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 49(5), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9712
- Wang, Liu, J., & Zhu, Y. (2018a). How does humble leadership promote follower creativity? The roles of psychological capital and growth need strength. The Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 39(4), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-03-2017-0069
- Yener, S. (2015). Psikolojik rahatlık ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi (ODÜSOBİAD), 5(13), 280-305. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/odusobiad/issue/27561/289997
- Zhang, W., & Liu, W. (2019). Leader humility and taking charge: The role of OBSE and leader prototypicality. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2515-2525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02515
- Zhang, Z., & Song, P. (2020). Multi-Level effects of humble leadership on employees’ work well-being: The roles of psychological safety and error management climate. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3150-3163. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571840
- Zhou, F., & Wu, Y.J. (2018). How humble leadership fosters employee innovation behavior: A two-way perspective on the leader-employee interaction. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(3), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2017-0181