Refugee Influx to France, Russian Refugees in Victor Hugo Camp and French Views on Refugee Russians

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 785 - 806, 23.03.2023

Özer Özocak

https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1177079

Abstract

The concept of refugee comes first among the sociological terms used extensively by the modern world. The concept of refugee included Russians among the nations that came under its circle. The departure of the Russians from their country with large waves of immigration took place right after the First World War. The October 1917 Revolution, which broke out during the years of World War I, experienced one of the most important breaks in Russian history. The result of the struggle between the White Army and the Red Army in favor of the Red Army resulted in the migration of large masses out of the Russian lands. Refugee Russians had to take shelter in many countries in Europe as well as Ottoman lands. Even though it had just come out of the world war, France was among the countries of asylum, whose economic data were constantly updated upwards every year compared to the previous year, especially industry. The development of France in the field of economy revealed the need for labor force. The inadequacy of the existing human resources to meet the required workforce caused it to need external migration and to accept the immigrants into its country. Young population-dominated Russian emigration took place in an atmosphere where some important events took place in France and the traces of xenophobia were seen. Russians entered the country from different cities. Russian immigrants entered the country from different cities. The city of Marseille, where Victor Hugo Camp, described as a ‘Veritable bidonville’ cluster, is located, was also one of the cities where Russian refugees migrated. Victor Hugo Camp, which was used as a military camp during the First World War, was not a permanent settlement, and had a variable and small population, has the qualities to set an important example for the lives of some Russians in France. In this context, the lives of Russian refugees in Victor Hugo Camp, whose details are limited, will be outlined in our study. In order to understand the process that led the Russians to come to the Victor Hugo Camp, intense refugee migration to France and the entry of Russian refugees into the country will be mentioned. Thus, the answer to the question of how France's acceptance of Russian immigrants and their approach will be sought.

Keywords

: Refugee, Migrations to France, Russian Refugees, Victor Hugo Camp, View of the Russians in France

Fransa’ya Mülteci Akını, Victor Hugo Kampı’nda Rus Mülteciler ve Fransızların Mülteci Ruslara Bakışı

Abstract

Modern dünyanın yoğun olarak kullandığı sosyolojik terimlerin başında mülteci kavramı gelir. Mülteci kavramı dairesine giren milletler arasında Ruslar da yer aldılar. Rusların büyük göç dalgalarıyla ülkelerinden ayrılmaları I. Dünya Savaşı’nın hemen ardından gerçekleşti. I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında patlak veren Ekim 1917 Devrimi ile Rus tarihinin en önemli kırılmalarından biri yaşandı. Beyaz Ordu ve Kızıl Ordu arasındaki mücadelenin Kızıl Ordu lehine sonuçlanması, Rusya topraklarından dışarıya doğru büyük kitlelerin göç etmeleri sonucunu doğurdu. Mülteci Ruslar, Osmanlı topraklarının yanı sıra Avrupa’daki pek çok ülkeye sığınmak zorunda kaldılar. Sığınılan ülkeler arasında dünya savaşından henüz çıkmış olmasına rağmen sanayi başta olmak üzere her yıl bir sene öncekine oranla ekonomik verileri sürekli yukarı doğru yenilenen Fransa da yer almaktaydı. Fransa’nın ekonomi alanındaki gelişimi beraberinde işgücü ihtiyacını ortaya çıkardı. Mevcut insan kaynağının gereksinim duyduğu işgücünü karşılamakta yetersiz kalması da dış göçlere ihtiyaç duymasına ve göç edenleri de ülkesine kabul etmesine neden oldu. Genç nüfus ağırlıklı Rus göçleri, Fransa’da bazı önemli hadiselerin yaşandığı ve yabancı düşmanlığının izlerinin görüldüğü bir atmosferde gerçekleşti. Ruslar, ülkeye farklı şehirlerden giriş yaptılar. ‘Veritable bidonville (Gerçek bir gecekondu)’ kümesi olarak nitelendirilen Victor Hugo Kampı’nın yer aldığı Marsilya şehri de Rus mültecilerin göç ettikleri kentlerdendi. I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında askeri bir kamp olarak kullanılan, sürekli bir yerleşim alanı olmayan, nüfusu değişken ve az olan Victor Hugo Kampı, Ruslardan bazılarının Fransa’daki yaşamlarının göz önüne serilmesi için önemli bir örnek teşkil edecek niteliklere sahiptir. Bu kapsamda çalışmamızla detayları ile ilgili sınırlı bilgiye sahip olunan Victor Hugo Kampı’ndaki mülteci Rusların hayatları ana hatlarıyla ortaya konulacaktır. Rusların Victor Hugo Kampı’na gelmelerine yol açan sürecin anlaşılması için Fransa’ya yoğun mülteci göçlerinden ve Rus mültecilerin ülkeye girişlerinden bahsedilecektir. Böylece Fransa’nın Rus göçmenleri kabulleri ve yaklaşımlarının nasıl olduğu sorusunun cevabı aranacaktır.

Keywords

Mültecilik, Fransa’ya Göçler, Rus Mülteciler, Victor Hugo Kampı, Fransa'da Ruslara Bakış

References

• Andreyev, C. (2004). Russia abroad: Prague and the Russian diaspora, 1918-1938. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Bariç, İ.L., Gladkova, T.L., Mnuhin L.A. (2020). Severokavkaztsı v Emigratsii v XX veke, Moskova: Direkt-Media Yayınevi.
• Bernard, P. (1993). L’immigration, Le Monde Editions. https://livre.fnac.com/a117461/Philippe-Bernard-L-immigration.
• Etheredge, L. (2022, April 20). Bidonville. Britanicca. https://www.britannica.com/topic/bidonville.
• Burgess, G. (2008). Refuge in the Land of Liberty France and its Refugees, from the Revolution to the End of Asylum, 1787-1939. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Chahine, I. K. (2013). Marseille racontée par des voyageurs russes du XVIII e au XXI e siècle (d’après le Corpus National de la Langue Russe) (Véronique Dallet-Mann, Florence Bancaud, Marion Picker eds.). Marseille. Éclat(s) du mythe, Université de Provence. ffhal-02963664f.
• Cross, G. S. (1980). Toward Social Peace and Prosperity: The Politics of Immigration in France during the Era of World War I. French Historical Studies, 11(4), 610. doi:10.2307/286352.
• Diamond, H. (2005). Conflicting Identities in a Mining Community on Strike 1930–50 (H. Diamond, S. Kitson Ed.). Vichy, Resistance, Liberation New Perspectives on Wartime France. Oxford: Berg,
• Demangeon, A. (1932). Les étrangers en France. Annales de Géographie, 41(232), 408-411. https://doi.org/10.3406/geo.1932.10802
• Fetzer, J. S. (2000). Public Attitudes Toward Immigration in the United States, France, and Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Foshko, K. (2008). France's Russian Moment: Russian Emigres in Interwar Paris and French Society (Publication No: 3317106) [Doctoral dissertation, Yale University ]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
• Glad, J. (1999). Russia abroad: writers, history, politics. New York: Birchbark Press.
• Gousseff, C. (2008). L’exil russe: La fabrique du réfugié apatride (1920-1939). Paris: CNRS Éditions, http://books.openedition.org/editionscnrs/9028
• Hassell, J. E. (1991). Russian Refugees in France and the United States between the World Wars. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 81 (7) 1-96. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1006535.
• Hewitt, N. (2019). Wicked City The Many Culture of Marseille. London: Hurst&Company.
• Hutchins, J. A. (1972). The Wrangel Refugees A Study ıf General Baron Peter. Wrangel’s Defeated White Russian Forces, Both Military and Civilian, in Exile) (Publication No: 1304385) [Master of Arts dissertation, University of Louisville]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
• Johnston, R. H. (1988). New Mecca, new Babylon: Paris and the Russian exiles, 1920-1945. Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Kaplan, K. A. (2017). Beyaz Rus Mültecilerinin Gözünden Milli Mücadele ve Ankara Hükümeti ile Olan İlişkileri, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, XXXII (2), 297-325. DOI: 10.18513/egetid.376786.
• Kitson, S. (2014). Police and Politics in Marseille, 1936-1945, Leiden: Brill.
• Kunavina, M. (2012). The Impact of Cultural Relatıons and Cultural Exchange on Perception of France in Russıa and Russıa in France [Master of Arts dissertaion, The Palacky University]. https://theses.cz/id/927j4k/THESIS.pdf.
• Lewi, M. D. (2002). The Strangeness of Foreıgners Policing Migration and Nation in Interwar Marseille. French Politics, Culture & Society. 20 (3), s.66-96. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/mlewis/files/strangeness_foreigners.pdf.
• Lewis, M. D. (2007). Les Frontiéres de la République, Immigration Limits Universalisme France (1918-1940). Marseille: Agone. Macar, O. D, Macar, E. (2010). Beyaz Rus Ordusu Türkiye’de. İstanbul: Libra.
• Macioti, M. I. (2015). Armenian Emigration to Italy (A. Mkrtichyan Ed.). Armenians around the World: Migration and Transnationality, Peter Lang. https://www.peterlang.com/document/1049471.
• Mauco, G. (1984). Les étrangers en France et le problème du racism. Paris: La Pensee Universelle.
• Melander, G. (1988). The concept of the term ‘refugee’ (M.R. Marrus, A. C. Bramwell Ed.). Refugees in the age of total war, London: Unwin Hyman.
• Olcay, T. (2018). İstanbul’da Rus Mülteci Okulları (1920-1925), Turkish History Education Journal, 7 (2), 325-343. http://dergipark.gov.tr/tr/pub/tuhed/issue/39129/438823.
• Papault, A. (1933). Le Rôle de l'immigration agricole étrangère dans l'économie française. [Doctoral dissertation, Université de Paris]. https://www.walmart.com/ip/Le-R-le-de-l-immigration-agricole-trang-re-dans-l-conomie-fran-aise-Th-se-pour-le-doctorat-pr-sent-e-par-Andr-Papault-Universit-Paris-Facult-droit-19/1735787985?wmlspartner=wlpa&selectedSellerId=101121701.
• Pavlova, A. (2015). Les Russes et les Sovıétıques en France durant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale: Entre Collaboratıon et Résıstance. [Master of Arts dissertaion, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne]. https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01256694/document.
• Raeff, M. (1990). Russia Abroad A Cultural History of the Russian Emigration 1919-1929, Oxford: Oxfford University Press.
• Rosello, M. (1997.) French Bidonvilles in the 1960s: Urban & individual initiatives. Culture, Theory and Critique, 40 (1), 97-110, DOI: 10.1080/14735789709366607.
• Shain,Y. (1989). The Frontier of Loyalty Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press.
• Simpson, J. H. (1938). The Refugee Problem. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939), 17 (5). 607-628. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3020054.pdf.
• Starostina, N. (2013). On Nostalgia and Courage: Russian Émigré Experience in Interwar Paris through the Eyes of Nadezhda Teffi. Diasporas, 22. https://doi.org/10.4000/diasporas.213
• Stora, B., Èmile T. (2007). Immigrances: L’immigration en France au XX’e Siécle, Ankara: Hachette Littéeratures.
• Tacel, M. (1989). La France et Le Monde au XXé Siécle. Paris: Masson.
• Temime, E. (2007). Les Arméniens à Marseille. Des années vingt à aujourd'hui, Hommes et Migrations, 22-32, https://doi.org/10.3406/homig.2007.4564.
• Tortel, E. (2021). Marseille, City of Refuge: International Solidarity, American Humanitarianism, and Vichy France (1940–1942). Esboços, 28 (48), 364-385. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2021.e78244.
• Trumbauer, L. (2005). Immigration to the United States: Russian Immigrants. New York: Facts On File.
• Uturgauri, S. (11-15 Eylül 2007). Beyaz Ruslar Ve Kemalist Türkiye [Conference presentation]. 38. Lcanas (Uluslararası Asya ve Kuzey Afrika Çalışmaları Kongresi), 2009, Ankara, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu. https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/UTURGAUR%c4%b0-Svetlana-BEYAZ-RUSLAR-VE-KEMAL%c4%b0ST-T%c3%9cRK%c4%b0YE.pdf
• Zuckerman, F. (2009). Policing the Russian Emigration in Paris, 1880-1914: The Twentieth Century as the Century of Political Police (V. Drapac, A. Lambelet Ed.). French History and Civilization, 2. https://h-france.net/rude/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/vol2_Zuckerman_Final_Version.pdf.