Kök kesimi ve tepe budamasının keçiboynuzu (Ceratonia siliqua) fidanlarının bazı morfolojik özelliklerine ve dikim başarısına etkisi

Year 2023, , 124 - 139, 14.12.2023

Dr. Celal Taşdemir , Hakan Keleş

https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1268698

Abstract

Keçiboynuzu ile yapılacak başarılı ağaçlandırmalar için uygun fidan tipinin belirlenmesine yönelik yapılan bu çalışmada, fidanlık koşullarında çıplak köklü fidanlarda alttan kök kesimi ile tepe budaması ve tüplü fidanlarda ise sadece tepe budamasının, 1+0 yaşlı fidanların bazı morfolojik özellikleri ile arazideki yaşamı ve gelişimi üzerine etkisi ortaya konulmuştur. Fidanlıkta yetiştirilen çıplak köklü fidanlarda tek kök kesimi (temmuz sonu) ve iki defa kök kesimi (temmuz sonu- eylülün 2. haftası) uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca hem çıplak hem de tüplü fidanların tepeleri, toprak seviyesinden itibaren ortalama fidan boyunun yaklaşık 1/2 ve 2/3’ünden kasım ayının ortasında budanmıştır. Fidanlıkta 3 yinelemeli olarak üretilen fidanlar, şubat ayının sonunda Osmaniye ili Sumbas ilçesi Akdam yöresinde 4 yinelemeli olarak 2 x 2 m aralıklar ile dikilmiştir. Fidanlıkta çıplak köklü fidan üretiminde “rastlantı bloklarında bölünmüş parsel ve tüplü fidan üretiminde rastlantı parselleri deneme deseni kullanırken arazide rastlantı blokları deneme deseni kullanılmıştır. Hem çıplak köklü hem de tüplü fidanlarda uygulanan işlemler, genel olarak fidan morfolojik özellikleri üzerinde istatistiksel olarak etkili çıkmıştır. Buna rağmen, arazide 3. büyüme sezonun sonunda fidan tipi hariç diğer işlemlerin etkisi düşük olmuştur. Çıplak köklü fidanlara göre tüplü fidanlar, daha fazla yaşama oranına, boy ve çap gelişimine sahip olmuştur.

Keywords

Keçiboynuzu, fidanlık, morfoloji, ağaçlandırma, çelik

Supporting Institution

Doğu Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü

Project Number

20.1610/2015-2020

Thanks

Bu makale, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Doğu Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü tarafından yürütülen “Kök kesimi ve tepe budamasının Ceratonia siliqua fidanlarının bazı morfolojik özellikleri ve dikim başarısına etkisi” projesi kapsamında hazırlanmıştır. Desteklerini esirgemeyen Enstitü Müdürlüğü çalışanları ile fidanlık ve arazi tahsisinde yardımcı olan Mersin ve Adana Orman Bölge Müdürlüğüne teşekkür ederiz.

Effect of undercutting and top pruning on morphological properties and field performance of carob (Ceratonia siliqua) seedlings

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the suitable planting stock for successful carob afforestation. It investigated the effects of both undercutting and top pruning in bare-rooted seedlings and only top pruning in containerized seedlings. The study revealed the impact of these practices on the morphological characteristics of 1+0 seedlings in the nursery, as well as their survival and growth in the field. In addition, in the middle of November in both bare-rooted and containerized seedlings, the tops of seedlings were pruned at about 1/2 (severe) and 2/3 (mild) of the average height from the soil level. The seedlings, produced in three replications in the nursery, were planted in late February with four replications at a spacing of 2 x 2 m in the Akdam region of the Sumbas district in Osmaniye province. In the nursery, a “Completely Randomized Design” was utilized for producing containerized seedlings, while a “Split-Plots in Randomized Complete Block Design” was used for producing bare-rooted seedlings. In the field, a “Randomized Complete Block Design” was implemented. The nursery cultivation techniques applied to both bare-rooted and containerized seedlings had a statistically significant effect on the morphological characteristics of the seedlings in the nursery. However, at the end of the third growing season in the field, the treatments, except for the planting stock type, had a low effect, and they did not significantly improve the survival and growth of seedlings. The containerized seedlings exhibited higher survival rates, as well as greater height and root collar diameter growth compared to the bare-rooted seedlings.

Keywords

Carob, nursery, morphology, afforestation, seedling

Project Number

20.1610/2015-2020

References

• Aldhus, J.R., 1994. Nursery policy and planning. In: Aldhus, J.R., Mason,W.L. (Eds.), Forest Nursery Practice, 111. Forestry Commission Bulletin, 1-12.
• Ambebe, T.F., Fontem, L.A., Azibo, B.R., Mogho, N.M.T., 2013. Evaluation of regeneration stock alternatives for optimization of growth and survival of field-grown forest trees. Journal of Life Sciences, 7, 5: 507-516.
• Anonim, 2006. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2006-2015 Keçiboynuzu rehabilitasyon eylem planı, Ankara.
• Aslan, S., 1986. Kazdağı göknarı fidanlık tekniği üzerine araştırmalar. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Bülten Serisi, 157, Ankara.
• Barnett, J.P., 1984. Top pruning and needle clipping of container- grown southern pine seedlings. In: Lantz C, Compiler. Proceedings: Southern Nursery Conferences, Atlanta (GA): USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Southern Region, 39-45.
• Briscoe, C.B., 1969. Establishment and early care of sycamore plantations. Research Paper, SO-50. New Orleans: USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, USDA.
• Burdett, A.N., Simpson, D.G., Thompson, C.F., 1983. Root development and plantation establishment success. Plant Soil, 71; 103–110.
• Chavasse, C. G. R., 1980. Planting stock quality: A review of factors affecting performance. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 25: 145 – 171.
• Colombo, S.J., 2003. How to improve the quality of broadleaved seedlings produced in tree nurseries, Nursery operations, nursery production and stand stablishment of broad-leaves to promote sustainable forest management. Agency for the Environmental Protection and for Technical Services (APAT), 41-54.
• Davis, A.S., Jacobs, D.F., 2005. Quantifying root system quality of nursery seedlings and relationship to outplanting performance. New Forests, 30: 295-311.
• Deligöz, A. ve Genç, M., 2010. Orman fidanlıklarında fidan söküm dönemi tespitinde kullanılabilecek yöntemler. III. Ulusal Karadeniz Ormancılık Kongresi 20-22 Mayıs 2010, Artvin, II: 804-813.
• Deligöz, A., Genç, M., Özçelik, H., 2009. Kalite sınıflamasının Anadolu karaçamı [Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] fidanlarının arazi performansına etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, A2: 37-50., ISSN: 1302-7085.
• Dierauf, T.A., Garner, J.W., 1980. Results of root wrenching in a sandy nursery soil. Viriginia Division of Forestry, Department of Conservation and Economic Development, USA.
• Dierauf, T.A., Olinger, H.L.,1982. A study of undercutting, lateral root pruning and top clipping in loblolly pine nursery beds. Virginia Division of Forestry, Charlottesville Occasional Report, 58, USA.
• Dilek, Y., Gübbük, H., 2005. Keçiboynuzu tohumlarına yapılan bazı ön uygulamaların çimlenme oranı ve süresi ile çöğür gelişimi üzerine etkileri. IV. GAP Tarım Kongresi, Şanlıurfa, 192-195.
• Dirik, H., 1998. Orman ağaçlarında köklerin büyümesi ve yenilenmesi. Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, B48, (1-4): 41-57.
• Dorsser, J.C., Rook, D.A., 1971. Conditioning of radiata pine seedlings by undercutting and wrenching: description of methods, equipment, and seedling response. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 171: 61-73.
• Duryea, M.L., 1984. Nursery cultural practices: impacts on seedling quality. In: Duryea ML, Landis TD (Eds.) Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 143–164.
• Duryea, M.L., 1986. Shoot and root pruning at southern nurseries. In: Schroeder, Robert A., Comp. Proceedings of the Southern Forest Nursery Association; 1986 July 22-24; Pensacola, FL: Southern Forest Nursery Association, 114-129.
• Eyüboğlu, A. K., 1988. Fidanlıkta değişik sıklık derecelerinde yetiştirilmiş, şaşırtılmış ve şaşırtılmamış Doğu ladini (Picea orientalis (L.) Link) fidanlarının arazideki durumları. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Bülten, 201, Ankara.
• Genç, M., Yahyaoğlu, Z., 2007. Fidan tipleri, standart fidan yetiştirmenin biyolojik ve teknik esasları, (Editörler: Zeki Yahyaoğlu ve Musa Genç). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayını, 75, Isparta.
• Gould, P.J., Harrington, C.A. 2009. Root morphology and growth of bare-root seedlings of oregon white oak. Tree Planters’ Notes, 53(2): 22-28.
• Grossnickle, S.C., 2012. Why seedlings survive: influence of plant attributes. New Forests (2012), 43:711–738.
• Grossnickle, S.C., MacDonald, J.E., 2018. Why seedlings grow: Influence of plant attributes. New Forests, 49: 1–34.
• Gültekin, H.C., 2007. Yabanıl meyveli ağaç türlerimiz ve fidan üretim teknikleri. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Ağaçlandırma ve Erozyon Kontrolü Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Günal, N., 1999. Ceratonia siliqua L.’nın Türkiye’deki coğrafik yayılışı, ekolojik ve floristik özellikleri. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 2: 60-74.
• Haase, D.L., 2007. Morphological and physiological evaluations of seedling quality. In: Riley, L.E.; Dumroese, R.K.; Landis, T.D. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations- 2006. Proceedings RMRS-P-50. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 3-8.
• Haase, D.L., 2008. Understanding forest seedling quality: Measurements and interpretation. Tree Planters’ Notes, 52(2): 24-30.
• Jaenicke, H., 1999. Good tree nursery practices: Practical guidelines for research nurseries. Internatıonal Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, ISBN 92 9059 130 7.
• Johnson, P.S, Novinger, S.L., Mares, W.G., 1984. Root, shoot, and leaf area growth potential of northern red oak planting stock. Forest Science, 30:1017-1026.
• Johnson, J.D., Cline, M.L., 1991. Seedling quality of southern pines. M.L. Duryea & P.M. Dougherty (eds), Forest Regeneration Manual, 143-159.
• Kelly, R.J., Moser, B.C., 1983: Root regeneration of Liriodendron tulipifera in response to auxin, sterm pruning, and environrnental conditions. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 108:1085- 1190.
• Kormanik, P.P., 1986. Lateral root morphology as an expression of sweetgum seedling quality. Forest Science, 32: 595-604.
• Landis, T.D., 2005. Top pruning. In: Dumroese, R. Kastm; Landis, Tom D.; Watson, Rae. Forest Nursery Notes.R6-CP-TP-06-2005. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Rgion, State and Private Forestry, Cooperative Forestry, 13- 16.
• Landis, T. D., 2008a. Nursery practices. In: Bonner, F. T, R. P. Karrfalt, (Eds). The Woody Plant Seed Manual. Agrie. Handbook No. 727. Washington, DC, USDA, Forest Service Chronickle, 7: 125-145.
• Landis, T.D., 2008b. Forest nursery notes. Winter 2008, USDA Forest Service, 28(1): 9-15.
• Leugner, J., Jurásek, A., Martincová, J., 2009. Comparison of morphological and physiological parameters of the planting material of norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) from intensive nursery technologies with current bareroot plants. Journal of Forest Scıence, 55(11): 511–517.
• Mason, W.L, 1994. Production of undercut stock. In: Aldhous J.R. and Mason W.L. (Eds). Forest Nursery Practice, Forestry Commission Bulletin, 112-121.
• Mattsson, A., 1996. Predicting field performance using seedling quality assessment. New Forests, 13: 223-248.
• McCreary, D., Tecklin, J., 1993. Top pruning improves field performance of blue oak seedlings. Tree Planter’s Notes, 44, 2: 73-77.
• Mexal, J.G., Landis, T.D., 1990. Target seedling concepts: height and diameter. In Robin, R.; Campbell, S. J.; Landis, T. D., (Eds). Target Seedling Symposium, Proceedings, Combined Meeting of the Western Forest Nursery Associations; 1990 August 13-17; Roseburg, Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-200. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 17-35.
• Mexal, J.G., South, D.B., 1991. Bareroot seedling culture. In: Duryea ML, Dougherty, PM (Eds). Forest Regeneration Manual. Kluwer, Netherlands, 89-115.
• Miller, A.E., Rose, W., Ray, K.F., 1985. Root wrenching and top pruning effects on loblolly pine nursery seedling development. Proceedings of the Third Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, (Shoulders, E., Ed.). USDA Forest Service GTR-SO-54, New Orleans, Louisiana, 11-17.
• Morrissey, N., Reilly, C.O., 2002. Effect of root wrenching in the nursery on the quality of Japanese larch transplants. Irish Forestry, Journal of The Society of Irish Foresters, 59, 1(2): 2-16.
• Ouedraogo, F. B., Brorsen, B. W., Biermacher, J. T., Rohla, C. T., 2020. Effects of pruning at planting on pecan trunk development and total shoot growth. Hort Technology, 30 (2): 248-250.
• Puttonen, P., 1997. Looking for the ‘‘Silver Bullet’’- Can one test do it all. New Forests, 13: 9 – 27.
• Ritchie, G.A., Dunlap, J.R., 1980. Root growth potential: Its development and expressıon in forest tree seedlings. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 10 (1): 218-48.
• Russell, T.E., 1979. Planting methods for black walnut on cumberland plateau sites. Tree Planters’ Notes, 30(1): 11-13.
• Saleh, A., Aldın, H.A., Ali, W., 2013. Improvement of seedlings production techniques of Ceratonia siliqua L. in the nursery and investigating the influence of improvement done on seedlings survival ratio in outplanting. Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies-Biological Sciences Series, 35(2): 105-123.
• Sambeek, J.W.V., Godsey, L.D., Walter, W.D., Garrett, H.E., Dwyer, J.P., 2016. Field performance of Quercus bicolor established as repeatedly air-root-pruned container and bareroot planting stock. Open Journal of Forestry, 6: 163-176.
• Schultz, R. C., Thompson, J. R. 1990. Nursery practices that improve hardwood seedling root morphology. Tree Planters’ Notes, 41: 21–32.
• Schultz, R., Thompson, J., 1997. Effect of density control and undercutting on root morphology of 1+0 bareroot hardwood seedlings: Five-year field performance of root-graded stock in the central USA. New Forests, 13: 301–314.
• Seçmen, Ö., 1974. Ceratonia siliqua L’nın ekolojisi. Bitki, 1 (4):533-543.
• Shoulders, E., 1963. Root pruning southern pines in nursery. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Exp., New Orleans, Louisiana, Forest Service Research Paper SO- 5.
• Shoulders, E., 1965. Root pruning in southern pine nurseries. Tree Planters’ Notes, 70:12-15.
• Smith, M.W., Johnson, J.L., 1981. The effect of top pruning and root length on growth and survival of transplanted pecan trees. Pecan Quarterly, 15(2):20-22.
• South, D.B., Blake, J.I., 1994. Top-pruning increases survival of pine seedlings. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. Highlights of Agricultural Research, 41(2): 9.
• South, D.B., 1996. Top-pruning bareroot hardwoods: A review of the literature. Tree Planters’ Notes, 47(1):34-40.
• South, D.B., 2016. Top pruning of bareroot hardwood seedlings. Tree Planters’ Notes, 59, 2: 37-48.
• Steiner, K.C., Zaczek, J.J., Bowersox, T.W., 1990. Effects of nursery regime and other treatments on field performance of northern red oak. Van Sambeek, J.W.; Larson, Merlyn M., Eds., Fourth Workshop on Seedling Physiology and Growth Problems in Oak Plantings; 1989 March 1-2; Columbus, OH. General Technical Report NC-139. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. Sutton, R.F., 1980. Planting stock quality, root growth capacity and field performance of three boreal conifers. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 10: 54–71.
• Şahin, M., Sabuncu, R., Cengiz, Y.,2004. Ceratonia siliqua L.’nın yetiştirilmesi. Teknik Bülten: 21, Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü Yayını, 23, Antalya.
• Tanaka, Y., Walstad, J. D., Borrecco, J. E. 1976. The Effect of wrenching on morphology and field performance of douglas fir and loblolly pine seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 6: 453-458.
• Tilki, F., 1999. Çıplak köklü fidan üretiminde tepe budaması. İstanbul Üniversitesi. Orman Fak. Dergisi, B49 (1-4): 119-130.
• Tilki, F., Yüksek, F.T. Yüksek, Güner, S.,2009. The effect of undercutting on growth and morphology of 1+0 bareroot sessile oak seedlings in relation to acorn size. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4): 3900-3905.
• Tolay, U., 1983. Hendek orman fidanlığında Uludağ. göknarının (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) yetiştirme teknikleri ile fidan kalitesi ve dikim başarısı arasındaki ilişkiler üzerine araştırmalar. Kavak ve Hızlı Gelişen Yabancı Tür Orman Ağaçları Araştırma Enstitüsü Yıllık Bülteni, 19: 348 – 448, İzmit.
• Tolay, U., 1987. Yapraklı tür orman ağaçları fidanlık tekniği. Kavak ve Hızlı Gelişen Yabancı Tür Orman Ağaçları Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Bülten, 140, İzmit.
• Tolliver, J.R., Sparks, R.C., Hansbrough, T., 1980. Effects of top and lateral root pruning on survival and early growth-three bottomland hardwood tree species. 1980, Tree Planters Note, 31(3): 13-15.
• Vardar, Y., Seçmen, Ö., Öztürk, M., 1980. Some distributional problems and biological characteristics of carob in Turkey. Acta Biologica, (A) XVI(1-4), Portugaliae, 16: 75-86.
• Wilson, E.R., Vitols, K.C., Park, A., 2007. Root characteristics and growth potential of container and bare-root seedlings of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Ontario. Canada, New Forests, 34:163-176.
• Zaczek, J.J., Steiner, K. C., Bowersox, T.W., 1993. Performance of northern red oak planting stock. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 10: 105-111.
• Zaczek, J.J., Steiner, K. C., Bowersox, T.W., 1997. Northern red oak planting stock: 6 Year Results. New Forests, 13: 177-191.