Kabuk ve ambrosya böceklerine karşı alternatif mücadele olarak entomopatojen fungusların kullanımı

Abstract

Kabuk ve ambrosya böcekleri (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae ve Platypodinae) dünyanın birçok ülkesinde orman ve meyve ağaçlarını ciddi şekilde tehdit eden önemli zararlılardır. Bu böceklerin hayatlarının uzun bir dönemini ağaçların içerisinde geçirmeleri, sadece ergin dönemde ağaçları terk etmeleri, birden fazla türün aynı bitki türü üzerinde zararlı olabilmesi ve bu türlerin ergin çıkış dönemlerinin uzun bir zaman dilimine yayılıyor olması gibi nedenlerle kimyasal mücadeleleri oldukça zor olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, söz konusu mücadele birden fazla kimyasal uygulama yapılmasını gerektirmektedir. Diğer yandan kimyasal mücadelenin bilinen olumsuzlukları nedeniyle bu zararlılarla mücadelede alternatif yaklaşımlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu açıdan entomopatojen funguslar kabuk ve ambrosya böcekleri gibi ağaç dokuları içinde yaşayan zararlıların mücadelesinde oldukça uygun biyolojik mücadele etmenleridir. Entomopatojen funguslar sadece ergin ölümlerine neden olmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda bu böceklerin galerileri içerisinde horizontal ve vertikal yolla taşınarak böcek popülasyonunu önemli derecede düşürmektedir. Ayrıca, entomopatojen funguslar kabuk ve ambrosya böcekleri üzerinde repellent (kaçırıcı) etkilere de sahiptir.  Diğer yandan bu fungusların kitle üretimleri ve preparat haline getirilmeleri diğer birçok biyolojik etmene göre daha kolaydır. Halen bazı zararlı böceklerin biyolojik mücadelesi için ruhsat almış entomopatojen fungus preparatları piyasada mevcuttur. Ayrıca doğal koşullar altında yapılan çalışmalarda kabuk ve ambrosya böcekleri üzerinde etkili olan entomopatojen funguslara sıkça rastlanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada entomopatojen fungusların kabuk ve ambrosya böcekleriyle biyolojik mücadelede alternatif olarak kullanılabilme potansiyelleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

• Biyolojik mücadele,entomopatojen funguslar,Scolytinae

The use of entomopathogenic fungi as alternative control against bark and ambrosia beetles

Abstract

Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) are serious pest group to forest and fruit trees in many countries across the world. Because they spend the most of their life inside the trees and only adults leave the trees for certain time of periods, the trees are infested by more than one species very often and adult emergence prevails a long time, chemical control of the beetles is very difficult and more than one application is needed. On the other hand, because of well-known negatives in chemical control, alternative pest control approaches are needed. From this perspective, entomopathogenic fungi may be highly suitable biological control agents for pests living inside of trees, such as bark and ambrosia beetles. The entomopathogenic fungi not only cause mortality of the beetles but also they may decrease the beetle population significantly through horizontal and vertical transportation in the galleries. Besides entomopathogenic fungi have repellent effects on bark and ambrosia beetles. On the other hand, mass production and preparation of entomopathogenic fungi is easier than some other biological agents. Currently, there are many commercial preparations registered for many insect pests in the market. Furthermore, entomopathogen fungi on bark and ambrosia beetles are observed very often in natural field conditions. In this review, the potential value of entomopathogenic fungi in the biological control of bark and ambrosia beetles has been discussed.

Keywords

• Biological control,entomopathogenic fungi,Scolytinae

References

1. Batra, L.R., 1967. Ambrosia fungi: a taxonomic revision and nutritional studies of some species. Mycologia 59: 976-1017. Batta, Y.A., 2007. Biocontrol of almond bark beetle (Scolytus amygdali Geurin Meneville, Coleoptera: Scolytidae) using Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Journal of Applied Microbiology 103 (5):1406-1414.
2. Beaver, R.A., 1989. Insect-fungus relationships in the bark and ambrosia beetles. In: Wilding, N., Collins, N. M., Hammond, P.M., Webber, J. F. (eds.), In insect fungus interactions, Academic Press, London, pp. 121-143.
3. Biedermann, P.H.W., 2007. Social behavior in sib mating fungus farmers. MS thesis, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, pp. 85.
4. Castrillo, L.A., Griggs, M.H., Ranger, C.M., Reding, M.E., Vandenberg, J.D., 2011. Virulence of commercial strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) against adult Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and impact on brood. Biological Control 58: 121-126.
5. Castrillo, L.A., Griggs, M.H., Vandenberg, J.D., 2013. Granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), survival and brood production following exposure to entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi. Biological Control 67: 220-226.
6. Christiansen, E., Bakke, A., 1988. The spruce bark beetle of Eurasia. In: Berryman, A.A. (Ed.), Dynamics of forest insect populations; Patterns, Causes, Implications, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 479.
7. Demirbağ, Z., 2008. Entomopatojenler ve Biyolojik Mücadele. Esen Ofset Matbaacılık,Trabzon, pp. 325
8. Draganova, S., Takov, D., Doychev, D., 2006. Bioassay with isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm.) Brown & Smith against Ips sexdentatus Boerner and Ips acuminatus Gyll. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Plant Science 44: 24-28.

9. Eilenberg, J., Hajek, A., Lomer, C., 2001. Suggestions for unifying the terminology in biological control. Biocontrol 46: 387-400.
10. Eroğlu, M., 1995. Dendroctonus micans (Kug.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)’ın popülasyon dinamiğine etki eden faktörler üzerine araştırmalar. I. Ulusal Karadeniz Ormancılık Kongresi, Trabzon, pp. 148-159.
11. Esmer, E.T., (2011). Dendroctonus micans’tan entomopatojenik funguslarin izolasyonu, karakterizasyonu ve mikrobiyal mücadele potansiyelinin araştirilmasi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon, 69 s.
12. Fang, W., Leng, B., Xiao, Y., Jin, K., Ma, J., Fan, Y., Feng, J., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Pei, Y. 2005. Cloning of Beauveria bassiana chitinase gene bbchit1 and its application to improve fungal strain virulence. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 363- 370.
13. Farrell, B.D., Sequeira, A.S., O’Meara, B.C., Normark, B.B., Chung, J.H., Jordal, B.H., 2001. The evolution of agriculture in beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae). Evolution 55: 2011-2027.
14. Fayt, P., Machmer, M.M., Steeger, C., 2005. Regulation of spruce bark beetles by woodpeckers-a literature review. Forest Ecology and Management 206(1): 14-503.
15. Goettel, M.S., Eilenberg, J., Glare, T., 2005. Entomopathogenic fungi and their role in regulation of insect populations. In: Gilbert, L.I., Iatrou, K., Gill, S.S. (eds.), Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 361-405.
16. Harrington, T.C., 2005. Ecology and evolution of mycophagous bark beetles and their fungal partners. Vega, F.E., Blackwell, M. (eds.), Ecological and evolutionary advances in insect-fungal associations, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 257–291.
17. Hulcr, J., Dunn, R.R., 2011. The sudden emergence of pathogenicity in insect fungus symbioses threatens naive forest ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B., 278: 2866-2873.
18. Kocacevik, S., Sevim, A., Eroglu, M., Demirbag, Z., Demir, I., 2015. Molecular characterization, virulence and horizontal transmission of Beauveria pseudobassiana from Dendroctonus micans (Kug.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 139: 381-389.
19. Kocaçevik, S., Sevim, A., Eroğlu, M., Demirbağ, Z., Demir, I., 2016. Virulence and horizontal transmission of Beauveria pseudobassiana S.A. Rehner & Humber in Ips sexdentatus and Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 40: 241-248.
20. Kreutz, J., Vaupel, O., Zimmermann, G., 2004. Horizontal transmission of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana among the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (Col., Scolytidae) in the laboratory and under field conditions. Biocontrol Science and Technology 14: 837-848.
21. Kushiyev, R., 2015. Fındıkta önemli yazıcı böcek türlerindeki funguslarin belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Samsun, 63 s.
22. Kushiyev, R., Tuncer, C., Erper, I., Saruhan. I., 2017a. Effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against Anisandrus dispar (Coleoptera: Curculıonıdae: Scolytınae). Ⅸ. International congress on Hazelnut, Samsun, Turkey, 15-19 August 2017, pp.152.
23. Kushiyev, R., Erper, I., Saruhan, I., Ozdemir, I.O., Toksöz, Ş., Tuncer, C., 2017b. Repellent effects of some entomopathogenic fungi and commercial bio-insecticides against Xylosandrus germanus Blandford (Scolytinae). 6 th. Entomopathogens and microbial control congress, Tokat, Turkey 14-16 September 2017, pp. 122.
24. Landa Z., Hornak, P., Osborne, L.S., Novakova, A., Bursova, E., 2001. Entomogeneus fungi associated with spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera. Scolytidae) in the Bohemian Forest. Silva Gabreta 6: 250-272.
25. Matha, V., Weiser, J., 1985. Effect of the fungus Bauveria bassiana on adult bark beetles Ips typographus. Conference biological and Biotechnical Conrol of Forest pests. Tabor (CSFR).
26. Oliver, J.B., Mannion, C.M., 2001. Ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) species attacking chestnut and captured in ethanol-baited traps in middle Tennessee. Environtal Entomology 30: 909-918.
27. Peña, J.E., Crane, J.H., Capinera, J.L., Duncan, R.E., Kendra, P., Ploetz, R., Mclean, S., Brar, G., Thomas, M.C., Cave, R., 2011. Chemical control of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, and other Scolytinae. Florida Entomology 94: 882-896.
28. Popa, V., Deziel, E., Lavallee, R., Bauce, E., Guertin, C., 2011. The complex symbiotic relationship of bark beetles with microorganisms: a potential practical approach for biological control in Forestry. Pest Management Science 68: 963-975.
29. Prazak, R.A., 1991. Studies on indirect infection of Trypodendron lineatum Oliv. with Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Zeitzchrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 111: 431-441.
30. Prazak, R.A., 1997. Laboratory evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Deuteromycotina: Hypomycetes) against Trypodendron lineatum Oliv. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 104: 459-465.
31. Ranger, C.M., Reding, M.E., Persad, A.B., Herms, D.A., 2010. Ability of stress related volatiles to attract and induce attacks by Xylosandrus germanus and other ambrosia beetles. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 12: 177-185.
32. Roy, H.E., Steinkraus, D.C., Eilenberg, J., Hajek, A.E., Pell, J.K., 2006. Bizarre interactions and endgames: entomopathogenic fungi and their arthropod hosts. Annual Review of Entomology 331: 51-57.
33. Saruhan, I., Akyol, H., 2012. Monitoring population density and fluctuations of Anisandrus dispar and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Coleoptera: Scolytinae, Curculionidae) in hazelnut orchards. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(18): 4202-4207.
34. Sevim, A., Demir, I., Höfte, M., Humber, R.A., Demirbağ, Z., 2010a. Isolation and characterization of entomopathogenic fungi from hazelnut-growing region of Turkey. Biocontrol 55: 279-97.
35. Sevim, A., Demir, I., Tanyeli, E., Demirbag, Z., 2010b. Screening of entomopathogenic fungi against the european spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 20: 3-11.
36. Sevim, A., Sevim, E., Demirbağ, Z., 2015. Entomopatojenik fungusların genel biyolojileri ve türkiye’de zararlı böceklerin mücadelesinde kullanılma potansiyelleri. Erzincan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 8(1): 115-147.
37. Shah, P.A., Pell, J.K., 2003. Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 61: 413-423.
38. Steinwender, B.M., Krenn, H.W., Wegensteiner, R., 2010. Different effects of the insectpathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycota) on the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and on its predator Thanasimus formicarius (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 117(1): 33-38.
39. Tuncer, T., Kushiyev, R., Saruhan, I., Erper, I., 2016. Entomopatojen funguslar Metarhizium anisopliae ve Baeuveria bassiana’nın Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)’a karşı etkinliğinin belirlenmesi. Türkiye VI. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, Konya, 5-8 Eylül 2016, 126 s.
40. Tuncer, C., Kushiyev, R., Erper, I., Ozdemir I.O., Saruhan, I., 2017a. Effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea against Anisandrus dispar Fabricius and Xylosandrus germanus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). 6 th. Entomopathogens and microbial control congress, Tokat, Turkey 14-16 September 2017, pp. 44.
41. Tuncer, C., Knížek, M., Hulcr J., 2017b. Scolytinae in hazelnut orchards of Turkey: clarification of species and identification key (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). ZooKeys 710: 65-76. Villani, M.G., Krueger, S.R., Schroeder, P.C., Consolie, F., Consolie, N.H., Prestonwilsey, L.M., Roberts, D.W., 1994. Soil application effects of Metarhizium anisopliae on Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae) behavior and survival in turf grass microcosms. Environmental Entomology 23: 502-513.
42. Zimmermann, G., 2007a. Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii. Biocontrol Science and Technology 17: 553-596.
43. Zimmermann, G., 2007b. Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Biocontrol Science and Technology 17: 879-920.