The Effect of Crises and The Mediating Role of Involvement in Travel Decisions of Tourists to Destinations

Abstract

This research aims to determine the effect of crises and the mediating role of their involvement in the decisions of tourists to travel to destinations. For this purpose, a questionnaire was used as a quantitative data collection technique in the research. Cause and effect relationships between the variables in the theoretical model were tested with the structural equation modeling technique. According to the findings obtained as a result of the analyzes, it has been determined that the crisis has a full mediation effect on the decisions to travel to the destinations. In the scale of the research, it is seen that the participants mostly participate in the pleasure dimension, which is one of the subdimensions of involvement. On the other hand, a statistically significant relationship was found between tourist involvement, crises and purchasing decisions.

Keywords

• Involvement
• Tourist involvement
• Crisis
• Consumer Behavior
• Decision to Travel

Turistlerin Destinasyonlara Seyahat Kararlarında Krizlerin Etkisi ve İlgilenimlerinin Aracılık Rolü

Abstract

Bu araştırmada turistlerin destinasyonlara seyahat etme kararlarında krizlerin etkisi ve ilgilenimlerinin aracılık rolünün belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmada nicel veri toplama tekniği olarak anket kullanılmıştır. Kuramsal modelde yer alan değişkenler arasındaki neden sonuç ilişkileri yapısal eşitlik modellemesi tekniğiyle test edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre krizlerin destinasyonlara seyahat etme kararlarında ilgilenimin tam aracılık etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın ölçeğinde ilgilenimin alt boyutlarından katılımcıların en çok zevk/haz boyutuna katılım gösterdikleri görülmektedir. Diğer taraftan turist ilgilenimi ile krizler ve satın alma kararı arasında da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur.

Keywords

• İlgilenim
• Turist ilgilenimi
• Kriz
• Tüketici davranışı
• Seyahat Etme Kararı

References

1. Alegre, J.; Cladera, M. (2009), “Analysing the Effect of Satisfaction and Previous Visits on Tourist İntentions To Return”, European Journal of Marketing, 43(5/6), 670–685.
2. Aliperti, G.; Sandholz, S.; Hagenlocher, M.; Rizzi, F.; Frey, M.; Garschagen, M. (2019), “Tourism, Crisis, Disaster: An İnter-Disciplinary Approach”, Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 102808.
3. Alpar, R. (2013). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Yöntemler Dördüncü Baskı. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
4. Altunel, M. C.; Erkut, B. (2015), “Cultural Tourism in Istanbul: The Mediation Effect of Tourist Experience and Satisfaction on the Relationship Between İnvolvement And Recommendation İntention”, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(4), 213–221.
5. Andereck, K. L. (2016), “Tourism Product Involvement and Information Search”, Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally. 1.
6. Avraham, E. (2016), “Destination Marketing and Image Repair during Tourism Crises: The case of Egypt”, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 41-48.
7. Balcı, A. (2009), Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntem, Teknik ve İlkeler, 7. Baskı, pegem akademi, Ankara.
8. Baron, R. M.; Kenny, D. A. (1986), “The Moderator–Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.

9. Baxter, E.; Bowen, D. (2004), “Anatomy of Tourism Crisis: Explaining the Effects on Tourism of the UK Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemics of 1967–68 and 2001 with Special Reference to Media Portrayal”, International Journal of Tourism Research, 6, 263-273.
10. Bayraktaroğlu, A. G. (2004), “Türkiye’de Yaşanan Son Ekonomik Krizin Tüketici Satın Alma Davranışına Etkileri: Çamaşır Deterjanı Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, Öneri Dergisi, 6 (21) , 71-81.
11. Beaton, A. A.; Funk, D. C.; Ridinger, L.; Jordan, J. (2011), “Sport involvement: Aconceptual and Empirical Analysis”, Sport Management Review, 14(1), 126-140.
12. Bei, L. T.; Widdows, R. (1999), “Product Knowledge and Product Involvement as Moderators of the Effects of Information on Purchase Decisions: A Case Study Using the Perfect Information Frontier Approach”, Journal of Consumer Affairs, 33(1), 165–186.
13. Bentler, P.; Yuan, K. H. (1999), “Structural Equation Modeling with Small Samples: Test Statistics”, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 34(2), 181-197.
14. Bodosca, Ş.; Gheorghe, G.; Nistoreanu, P. (2014), “Tourist Consumption Behaviour before and after the Crisis from 2008”, Procedia Economics and Finance, 16, 77–87.
15. Butu, A.; Bruma, I. S.; Tanasa, L.; Rodino, S.; Vasiliu, C. D.; Dobos, S.; Butu, M. (2020), “The Impact of COVID-19 Crisis upon the Consumer Buying Behavior of Fresh Vegetables Directly from Local Producers Case Study: The Quarantined Area of Suceava County, Romania”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 1-24.
16. Byrne, B. Y. (2001), Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming, New Jersey: Cambridge University Press.
17. Cai, L.; Feng, R.; Breiter, D. (2004), “Tourist Purchase Decision İnvolvement and İnformation Preferences”, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), 138-148.
18. Campo, S.; Garau, J.B.; Martinez, M. P. (2010), “Factors Influencing Repeat Visits to a Destination: The Influence of Group Composition”, Tourism Management, 31(6), 862–870.
19. Campos, A.N.; Agapito, D.; Valle, P. (2014), “Clustering Tourist İnvolvement in A Rural Destination”, Journal of Business Research, 59(6), 245-246.
20. Chang, S.; Gibson, H.; Sisson, L. (2014), “The Loyalty Process Of Residents and Tourists İn The Festival Context”, Current Issues in Tourism, 17(9), 783–799.
21. Chang, S.; Gibson, H. J. (2011), “Physically Active Leisure and Tourism Connection: Leisure Involvement and Choice of Tourism Activities Among Paddlers”, Leisure Sciences, 33:2, 162-181.
22. Chebli, A.; Ben Said, F. (2020), “The Impact of Covid-19 on Tourist Consumption Behaviour: A Perspective Article”, Journal of Tourism Management Research, 7(2), 196–207.
23. Chen, M. H. (2011), “The response of hotel performance to international tourism development and crisis events”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 200-212.
24. Choo, H.; Park, D. B. (2018), “Potential for Collaboration Among Agricultural Food Festivals İn Korea For Cross-Retention Of Visitors”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(9), 1499–1515.
25. Choo, H.; Petrick, F. C.; Park, D. (2021), “Predictive Validity Of Unidimensional And Multidimensional Measures Of İnvolvement İn The Tourism Research”, Current Issues in Tourism, 1-15.
26. Choubtarash, N.; Mahdieh, O. ; Marnani, A. B. (2013), “The Study of the Relationship between Consumer Involvement and Purchase Decision (Case Study: Cell Phone)”, Interdıscıplınary Journal of Contemporary Research in Busıness, 4(12), 276-296.
27. Chua, B. L.; Lee, S.; Han, H. (2017), “Consequences of Cruise Line İnvolvement: A Comparison Of First-Time And Repeat Passengers”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(6), 1658–1683.
28. Clements, C. J.; Josiam, B. (1995), “Role of Involvement in the Travel Decision”, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 1, 337-348.
29. Creswell, J. W. (2014), Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
30. Çelik, H. ve Yılmaz, V. (2013), Lisrel 9.1 ile Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
31. Çilingir, Z.; Yıldız, S. (2010), “Tüketicilerin Ürünlere Olan İlgileniminin Marka Sadakati Üzerindeki Etkisi: Sembolik Nitelikteki Bir Ürün Grubu İçin İstanbul İli Pilot Çalışması”, ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(11), 79–100.
32. Di-Clemente, E.; Hernández-Mogollón, J. M.; Campón-Cerro, A. M. (2020), “Tourists’ İnvolvement And Memorable Foodbased Experiences As New Determinants Of Behavioural İntentions Towards Typical Products”, Current Issues in Tourism, 23(18), 2319–2332.
33. Dimanch, F.; Havitz, M.; Howard, D.R. (1991), “Testing Involvement Profile (IP) Scale in the Context of Selected Recreational and Touristic Activities”, Journal of Leisure Research, 23(1), 51-66.
34. Duro, J. A.; Perez-Laborda, A.; Turrion-Prats, J.; Fernández-Fernández, M. (2021), “Covid-19 and Tourism Vulnerability”, Tourism Management Perspectives, 38 (1), 4-12.
35. Engel, F. J.; Blackwell, D. R.; Miniard, W. P. (1995), Consumer Behavior. USA: The Dreyden Press, FL.
36. Eugenio-Martin, J. L.; Campos-Soria, J. A. (2014), “Economic crisis and tourism expenditure cutback decision”, Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 53-73.
37. Farmaki, A.; Khalilzadeh, J.; Altinay, L. (2019), “Travel motivation and demotivation within politically unstable nations”, Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 118-130.
38. Filo, K.; Chen, N.; King, C.; Funk, C. (2013), “Sport Tourists’ Involvement with a Destınatıon: A Stage-Based Examınation”, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 37(1), 100-124.
39. Filo, K.; Chen, N.; King, C.; Funk, D. C. (2011), “Sport Tourists’ Involvement with a Destination” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 37(1), 100–124.
40. Garg, A. (2015), “Travel Risks vs Tourist Decision Making: A Tourist Perspective”, International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems,8(1), 1-9.
41. Ghaderi, Z.; Mat Som, A. P.; Henderson, J. C. (2012), “Tourism crises and island destinations: Experiences in Penang, Malaysia”, Tourism Management Perspectives, 2-3, 79–84.
42. Gu, Q.; Hanqin, Z.; Brian, K.; Songshan, H. (2018), “Wine Tourism İnvolvement: A Segmentation Of Chinese Tourists”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35:5, 633-648.
43. Gursoy, D.; McCleary, K. W. (2004), “An İntegrative Model Of Tourists’ İnformation Search Behavior”, Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 353-373.
44. Gürbüz, S.; Şahin, F. (2016), Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: Felsefe‐ Yöntem‐Analiz, (3. Baskı), Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
45. Gürsoy, D.; Gavcar, E. (2003), “International Leisure Travelers Involvement Profile”, Annuals of Tourism Research, 30(4), UK.
46. Gross, M. J.; Brown, G. (2006), “Tourism Experiences İn A Lifestyle Destination Setting: The Roles Of İnvolvement And Place Attachment”, Journal of Business Research, 59(6), 696-700.
47. Hayta, A. (2012), Ekonomik Krizin Tüketicilerin Satın Alma Davranışı Üzerine Etkileri, Tüketici Yazıları (III), 7-24.
48. Hesham, F.; Riadh, H.; Sihem, N. K. (2021), “What Have We Learned about the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer Behavior?”, Sustainability 2021, 13, 1-23.
49. Huang, S. S.; Hsu, C.H.C. (2009), “Effects of travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on revisit intention”, Journal of Travel Research, 48(1), 29–44.
50. Hung, K. P.; Peng, N.; Chen, A. (2019), “Incorporating On-Site Activity İnvolvement And Sense Of Belonging İnto The Mehrabian-Russell Model – The Experiential Value Of Cultural Tourism Destinations”, Tourism Management Perspectives, 30, 43–52.
51. Hollebeek, L.; Jaeger, S.; Brodie, R.; Balemi, A. (2007), “The influence of involvement on purchase intention for new world wine”, Food Quality and Preference, 18, 1033- 1049.
52. Hwang, S.N.; Lee, C.; Chen, H. J. (2005), “The Relationship Among Tourists’ İnvolvement, Place Attachment, and İnterpretation Satisfaction İn Taiwan’s National Parks”, Tourism Management, 26, 143-156.
53. Irvine, A.; Anderson, A. R. (2005), “The impacts of foot and mouth disease on a peripheral tourism area: The role and effect of crisis management”, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(2-3), 47-60.
54. Jin, X.; Qu, M.; Bao, J. (2019), “Impact of crisis events on Chinese outbound tourist flow: A framework for post-events growth”, Tourism Management, 74, 334-344.
55. Josiam, B. M.; Kinley, T. R.; Kim, Y. K. (2005), “Involvement and The Tourist Shopper: Using The İnvolvement Construct To Segment The American Tourist Shopper At The Mall”, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(2), 135-154.
56. Josiam, B. M.; Smeaton, G.; Clements, C. J. (1999), “Involvement: Travel Motivation and Destination Selection”, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5(2), 167–175.
57. Kapferer, J. N.; Laurent, G. (1985), “Measuring Consumer Involvement Profiles”, Journal of Marketing Research, 22(1), 41-53.
58. Karagöz, Y. (2017), Spss ve Amos Uygulamalı Nicel-Nitel-Karma Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri ve Yayın Etiği, Sivas: NOBEL Akademik Yayıncılık.
59. Karasar, N. (2009), Bilimsel Araştirma Yöntemleri. Nobel Yayinlari, Ankara.
60. Kim, S.; Han, H.; Holland, S.; Byon, K. (2008), “Structural relationships among involvement, destination brand equity, satisfaction and destination visit intentions: The case of Japanese outbound travelers”, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(4), 349-365.
61. Lam, T.; Hsu, C.H.C. (2006), “Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination”, Tourism Management, 27(4), 588–599.
62. Laws, E.; Prideaux, B.; Chon, K. (2007), Crisis Management in Tourism, Athenaeum Press, London.
63. Lee, J.; Beeler, C. (2009), “An Investigation of Predictors of Satisfaction and Future Intention: Links to Motivation, Involvement, and Service Quality in a Local Festival”, Event Management, 13(1), 17-29.
64. Lee, C.; Chen, C. (2011), “The reaction of elderly Asian tourists to avian influenza and SARS”, Tourism Management, 32, 1421-1422.
65. Lee, T. H.; Chang, Y. S. (2012), “The İnfluence Of Experiential Marketing And Activity İnvolvement On The Loyalty İntentions Of Wine Tourists İn Taiwan”, Leisure Studies, 31(1), 103–121.
66. Lehto, X.; Douglas, A.; Park, J. (2008), “Mediating the Effects of Natural Disasters on Travel Intention”, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 23(2-4), 29-43.
67. Lehto, X. Y.; O’Leary, J. T.; Morrison, A. M. (2004), “The Effect of Prior Experience on Vacation Behavior”, Annals of Tourism Research, 31, 801-818.
68. Lin, L.; Chen, C. (2006), “The İnfluence of the Country‐Of‐Origin Image, Product Knowledge and Product Involvement on Consumer Purchase Decisions: An Empirical Study Of İnsurance And Catering Services in Taiwan”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23(5), 248–265.
69. Li, S.; Blake, A.; Cooper, C. (2010), “China's tourism in a global financial crisis: A computable general equilibrium approach”, Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 435-453.
70. Li, X.; Gong, J.; Gao, B.; Yuan, P. (2021), “Impacts of Covıd-19 On Tourısts’destınatıon Preferences: Evıdence From Chına”, Annals of Tourism Research, 90(1),1-11.
71. Liang, Y. P. (2012), “The Relationship between Consumer Product Involvement, Product Knowledge and Impulsive Buying Behavior”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, 325–330.
72. Lu, L.; Chi, C. G.; Liu, Y. (2015), “Authenticity, Involvement, and Image: Evaluating Tourist Experiences at Historic Districts”, Tourism Management, 50, 85–96.
73. Ma, H.; Chiu, Y.; Tian, T.; Zhang, J.; Guo, Q. (2020), “Safety or Travel: Which Is More Important? The Impact of Disaster Events on Tourism”, Sustainability, 12(7), 1-12.
74. Mahasuweerachai, P.; Que, H. (2011), “The Impact of Destination Image on Value, Satisfaction, and Loyalty: Moderating Effects of Tourists’ Characteristics and Involvement”, Graduate Student Research Conference in Hospitality and Tourism.
75. Mazurek, M. (2020), “The Innovative Approach to Risk Management As Apart of Destination Competitiveness and Reputation” Communıcations, 22 (1), 119-127.
76. McDonald, K.; Lynette M.; Sparks, A.; Beverley, C.; Glendon, I. (2007), For better or worse: Consumer perceptions of factors impacting company crisis outcome. Crisis management in tourism. Edited by Eric Laws, Bruce Prideaux, and Kaye Chon. Cambridge, USA: CABI.110-128.
77. Nofal, M. I.; Al-Adwan, A. S.; Yaseen, H.; Alsheikh, G. A. A. (2020), “Digital Marketing Effect To İntention To Domestic Tourism During COVID-19 İn Jordan”, Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences(PEN), 8(4), 2471-2483.
78. Oğuz, Y.E.; Timur, B.; Seçilmiş, C. (2021), Factor Analysis. R.P.S. Kaurav, D. Gursoy ve N. Chowdhary (Ed.). An SPSS Guide for Tourism, Hospitality and Events Researchers. London: Routledge.
79. Olsen, S. O. (2007), “Repurchase Loyalty: The Role of Involvement and Satisfaction”, Psychology and Marketing, 24(4), 315–341.
80. Page, S.; Song, H.; Wu, D. C. (2012), “Assessing the impacts of the global economic crisis and swine flu on inbound tourism demand in the United Kingdom”, Journal of Travel Research, 51(2), 142-153.
81. Prayag, G.; Ryan, C. (2012), “Antecedents Of Tourists’ Loyalty To Mauritius: The Role And İnfluence Of Destination İmage, Place Attachment, Personal İnvolvement, And Satisfaction”, Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342-356.
82. Prebensen, N.; Woo, E.; Chen, J.; Uysal, M. (2013), “Motivation and Involvement as Antecedents of the Perceived Value of the Destination Experience”, Journal of Travel Research,52(2), 253-264.
83. Richardson, S.; March, R.; Lewis, J.; Radel, K. (2015), Analysing the impact of the 2011 natural disasters on the Central Queensland tourism industry. In B. W. Ritchie and K. Campiranon (Eds.), Tourism crisis and disaster management in the asia-pacific. Boston: CAB International.
84. Rodrigues, V.; Carneiro, M.; Eusebio, C.; Madaleno, M.; Robaina, M.; Gama, C.; Oliveira, K.; Relvas, H.; Lopes, M.; Monteiro, A. (2021), “How important is air quality in travel decision-making?”, Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 35, 1-15.
85. Roman, M.; Niedziółka, A.; Krasnodębski, A. (2020), “Respondents’ İnvolvement İn Tourist Activities At The Time Of The COVID-19 Pandemic”, Sustainability, 12(22), 2-21.
86. Romagosa, F. (2020), “The COVID-19 Crisis: Opportunities For Sustainable And Proximity Tourism”, Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 690-694.
87. Scarpi, D.; Mason, M.; Raggiotto, F. (2019), “To Rome with Love: A Moderated Mediation Model İn Roman Heritage Consumption”, Tourism Management, 71, 389-401.
88. Seabra, C.; Silva, C.; Abrantes, J.L.; Vicente, M.; Ram, H. (2016), “The İnfluence Of Motivations İn Tourists’ İnvolvement”, Anatolia, 27:1, 4-15.
89. Seabra, C.; Abrantes, J.; Kastenholz, E. (2014), “The influence of terrorism risk perception on purchase involvement and safety concern of international travellers”, Journal of Marketing Management, 30(9–10), 874–903.
90. San Martin, H.; Collado, J.; Rodriguez del Bosque, I. (2013), “An Exploration of the Effects of past Experience and Tourist Involvement on Destination Loyalty Formation”, Current Issues in Tourism, 16(4), 327–342.
91. Setiawan, H.; Marwa, T.; Wahab, Z.; Shıhab. M. (2021), “The Strength Of Tourist Involvement İn Mediating The Relationship Between Experience Value, Destination Image And Tourist Loyalty: An Empirical Study İn Indonesia”, Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(6), 1079–1090.
92. Shen, S.; Guo, J.; Wu, Y. (2014), “Investigating The Structural Relationships Among Authenticity, Loyalty, İnvolvement, And Attitude Toward World Cultural Heritage Sites: An Empirical Study Of Nanjing Xiaoling Tomb, China”, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(1), 103–121.
93. Smith, W. W.; Pan, B. (2009), “Purchase İnvolvement Of Travel Products And Segmentation Of Travellers”, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20(2), 331-343.
94. Song, H.; Lin, S. (2010), “Impacts of the Financial and Economic Crisis on Tourism in Asia”, Journal of Travel Research, 49(1), 16-30.
95. Spears, D.; Josiam, B. M.; Virojphan, P.; Ooi, A. (2019), “Malaysian Tourists’ Motivation, Involvement, Perceptions of Southeast Asia: A Case Study of Singapore and Bangkok”, Optimization: Journal of Research in Management, 11(2), 1-12.
96. Swarbrooke, J.; Horner, S. (1999), Consumer Behavior in Tourism. (First Edition). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, Uk.
97. Teng., C.; Lu, C. (2016), “Organic food consumption in Taiwan: Motives, involvement, and purchase intention under the moderating role of uncertainty”, Appetite,105,95-105.
98. Türkiye istatistik kurumu (Tuik). (2021), https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=37210, (Erişim: 10.08.2021).
99. Xu, S.; Kim, H. J.; Liang, M.; Ryu, K. (2018), “Interrelationships Between Tourist İnvolvement, Tourist Experience, And Environmentally Responsible Behavior: A Case Study Of Nansha Wetland Park, China”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35:7, 856-868.
100. Wang, Y. (2009), “The impact of crisis events and macroeconomic activity on Taiwan’s international inbound tourism demand”, Tourism Management, 30(1), 75-82.
101. Wen, J.; Wang, W.; Kozak, M.; Liu, X.; Hou, H. (2021), “Many Brains Are Better Than One: The İmportance Of İnterdisciplinary Studies On COVID-19 İn And Beyond Tourism”, Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 310-313.
102. Wu, W.; Lee, Y. (2012), “The Effect Of Blog Trustworthiness, Product Attitude, And Blog Involvement On Purchase Intention”, International Journal of Management and Information Systems, 16(3), 265-276.
103. Yazıcıoğlu, Y.; Erdoğan, S. (2004), SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
104. Yeh, S. S. (2021), “Tourism Recovery Strategy Against COVID-19 Pandemic”, Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 188-194.
105. Yılmaz, V. (2004), “Lisrel ile Yapısal Esitlik Modelleri: Tüketici Sikayetlerine Uygulanması”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 77-90.
106. Zhang, H.; Lu, L. (2010), “Impacts of Tourist Involvement on Destination Image: Comparison between Inbound and Domestic Tourists”, Acta Geographica Sinica, 65(12), 1613-1623.