Hegemonik Siyonist Düşünceden Parçalı Etnik Kimliğe: İsrail’in Politik Demografisi

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 1 , 208 - 231 , 01.04.2026

Menderes Kurt

https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1767497

https://izlik.org/JA89GH66FG

Abstract

Bu çalışma, İsrail’in ideolojik ve kimliksel dönüşümünü, demografik değişimlerin etnik ve dini grupların siyaset ve toplum üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Demografinin devlet kimliği oluşumundaki rolü, devlet otoritesi arayışına etkisi ve nüfus değişimlerinin siyasi sonuçları analiz edilmektedir. İsrail gibi etnik ve dini olarak parçalı toplumlarda küçük demografik değişimlerin siyaseti yönlendirmede belirleyici olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Çalışma, Seküler-Siyonist/İsraillilik hegemonyasının düşüşü, sağ-revizyonist düşüncenin yükselişi ve günümüz parçalı yapısında nüfus ilkesinin kritik rol oynadığını ortaya koymakta; Harediler, İsrailli Araplar ve Rus Yahudiler örnekleriyle demografinin siyaset üzerindeki önemini göstermektedir. 

Keywords

İsrail , Politik Demografi , Etnik Mobilizasyon , Haradi , Rus Yahudi , İsrailli Araplar

From Hegemonic Zionist Thought to Fragmented Ethnic Identity: The Political Demography of Israel

https://izlik.org/JA89GH66FG

Abstract

This study examines Israel’s ideological and identity transformation and the impact of demographic changes on ethnic and religious groups in politics and society. It analyzes the role of demographics in shaping state identity, influencing state authority, and the political consequences of population changes. In ethnically and religiously fragmented societies like Israel, even small demographic shifts play a decisive role in political dynamics. The study highlights that demographics were crucial in the decline of the secular-Zionist/Israeli hegemony, the rise of right-revisionist thought, and the current fragmented structure, illustrated through the example of Haredi, Israeli Arab, and Russian Jewish groups.

Keywords

Israel , Political Demography , Ethnic Mobilization , Haredim , Russian Jews , Israeli Arabs

References

• Al-Haj, M.I. (2004). Immigration and ethnic formation in a deeply divided society: The case of the 1990s immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel. Brill.
• Bar-Haim, E. & Semyonov, M. (2015). Ethnic stratification in Israel. İçinde R. Sáenz, D. G. Embrick & N. P. Rodríguez (Ed.), The international handbook of the demography of race and ethnicity (Cilt 4, ss. 323-336). Springer.
• Belder, F. (2019). Toplumsal güvenlik yaklaşımı açısından İsrail’de ultra-Ortodoks (Haredi) siyasal partilerin analizi [Doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi].
• Belder, F. (2021). Decoding the crisis of the legitimate circle of coalition building in Israel: A critical analysis of the puzzling election trio of 2019–20. Middle Eastern Studies, 57(4), 625-639. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2020.1870449
• Ben-David, D. (2019, Mayıs). Two wars and demography-A long run view of Israel’s recent elections (Policy Brief). Shoresh Institution for Socioeconomic Research.
• Ben-Dor, C., Johnson, A., & Nurding, S. (2019). Fathoming the Israeli elections 2019. A Fathom Publication.
• Besalel, Y. (2020, 26 Şubat). Hasidizm ve İsrail’de Haredilerin istihdam ve eğitim sorunu, Şalom. https://www.salom.com.tr/arsiv/haber/113709/hasidizm-ve-israilde-haredilerin-istihdam-ve-egitim-sorunu-
• Britannica. (2025, 19 Mayıs). January 6 U.S. Capitol attack riot, Washington, D.C., U.S. https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack
• Cohen-Almagor, R. (1995). Cultural pluralism and the Israeli nation-building ideology. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 27(4), 461-484.
• Coldwell, J.C. (1996). Demography and social science. Population Studies, 50(3), 305-33.
• Cox, P. R. (1976). Demography. Cambridge University Press.
• Dorling, D., & Gietel-Basten, S. (2018). Why demography matters. Cambridge University Press.
• Elazar, D. J. (1990). Israel as a Jewish state. Jewish Political Studies Review, 2(3/4), 3-54.
• Emmons, S. (1997). Russian Jewish immigration and its effect on the State of Israel. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 5(1), 341-355.
• Ersoy Ceylan, T. & Kardaş, T. (2020). Kimlik-güvenlik ilişkisini anlamak: Toplumsal kimlik, sosyal psikoloji ve toplumlar-arası güvenlik ikilemi. Bilig, 94, 189-215. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9409
• Ersoy, T. (2018). İsrailli olmak: Kollektif bir kimlik geliştirmenin zorlukları. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 73-100. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.411201
• Galili, L. (2020). The other tribe: Israel’s Russian speaking community and how it is changing the country. Governance.
• Ganim, A. (2010). Ethnic politics in Israel: The margin and the Ashkenazi center. Routledge.
• Gest, J. (2020). Demographic change and backlash: Identity politics in historical perspective. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(4), 679-691.
• Goldscheider, C. (1998). Creating a new society: Immigration, nation-building, and ethnicity in Israel. Harvard International Review, 20(2), 64-69.
• Goldstone, J. A. & Diamond, L. (2020). Demography and the future of democracy. Perspective on Politics, 18(3), 867-880.
• Goldstone, J. A. (1991). Revolution and rebellion in the early modern world. University of California Press.
• Goldstone, J. A. & Turchin, P. (2020, 10 Eylül). Welcome to the ‘turbulent twenties.’ NOEMA, https://www.noemamag.com/welcome-to-the-turbulent-twenties/
• Goldstone, J. A., Kaufmann, E. P., & Toft, M. D. (2012). Political demography: How population changes are reshaping international security and national politics. Oxford University Press.
• Haaretz (2019, 13 Kasım). Time is running out to fight for Haredi jobs and education. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2019-11-13/ty-article-opinion/.premium/time-is-running-out-to-fight-for-haredi-jobs-and-education/0000017f-df36-d3a5-af7f-ffbe36bd0000
• Harper, S. (2018). Demography: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
• Hauser, P.M. & Duncan, O.D. (1959). The study of population: An inventory and appraisal. Chicago University Press.
• Horowitz, T. (2005). The integration of immigrants from the former Soviet Union. Israel Affairs, 11(1), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/1353712042000324481
• Howson, L. (2014). The role of ultra-Orthodox political parties in Israeli democracy. [Doktora tezi, University of Liverpool].
• İ24 News. (2021, 23 Mart). Israel election: Arab community turnout reported at a low 37%. https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/politics/1616528743-israel-election-arab-community-turnout-reported-at-a-low-37
• ICG Middle East Report. (2004, 4 Mart). Identity crisis: Israel and its Arab citizens. N.25.
• IPU Parline. (2019). Israel election results, 2019. https://data.ipu.org/parliament/IL/IL-LC01/election/IL-LC01-E20190917/
• Isaac, R. J. (1976). Israel divided: Ideological politics in the Jewish state. The John Hopkings University Press.
• Jacobson, A. & Naor, M. (2016). Oriental neighbors: Middle Eastern Jews and Arabs in Mandatory Palestine. Brandeis University Press.
• Kaufmann, E. (2010). Shall the religious inherit the earth demography and politics in the twenty-first century. Profile Books.
• Keleşoğlu, E. (2008). İsrail yurttaşı Filistinliler: Yurttaşlık, kimlik, siyaset 1948-2000. [Doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi].
• Kimmerling, B. (2001). The invention and decline of Israelines: State, society, and the military. University of California Press.
• Kimmerling, B. (2008). Clash of identities. Columbia University Press.
• Korotayev, A. & Zinkina, J. (2022). Egypt’s 2011 revolution: A demographic structural analysis. İçinde J.A. Goldstone, A. Korotayev, & L Grinin (Eds.), Handbook of revolutions in the 21st century (ss. 651-83). Springer.
• Kurt, M. (2021). Yahudi nüfus problemi ve İsrail Devleti’nin Yahudi karakteri. Mukaddime, 12(1), 194-219. https://doi.org/10.19059/mukaddime.820999
• Leibler, A. E. (2014). Disciplining ethnicity: Social sorting intersects with political demography in Israel’s pre-state period. Social Studies of Science, 44(2), 271-292.
• Leuprecht, C. (2015). Security policies: Demographic trends and international security. İçinde D. Bearfield, E. A. Berman, & M. Dubnick (Eds.), The encyclopaedia of public administration and public policy (3rd ed., ss. 2983–2992). Taylor & Francis.
• Leuprecht, C. (2020). Political demography as an indicator of the future of security. Fletcher Security Review, 7(1), 74-76.
• Leuprecht, C. & Goldstone, J.A. (2013). Political Demography. E-International Relations.
• Lu, Y. (2024). Political demography: The political consequences of structural population change. Annual Review of Sociology, 50, 603-625. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-030222-024414
• Lustick, I. S. (2011). Israel’s migration balance: Demography politics, and ideology. Israel Studies Review, 26(1), 33-65.
• Malthus, T. R. (2017). Nüfus ilkesi (Ç. Taşkın, Çev.). Pinhan Yayıncılık.
• Marshall, T. (2018). Coğrafya mahkumları: Dünyanın kaderini değiştiren on harita (M. Doğruer, Çev.). Epsilon Yayınevi.
• Mazin, A. (2006). Russian immigrants in Israeli politics: The past, the recent elections and the near future. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
• Mintz, A. (Ed.). (2010). The relationship of Orthodox Jews with believing Jews of other religious ideologies and non-believing Jews. KTAV Publishing House.
• Muminov, N. (2014). İsrail’de demokrasi ve kimlik krizi. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(34), 277-286.
• Neuman, S. (1999). Aliyah to Israel: Immigration under conditions of adversity. IZA DP No. 89.
• Orr, A. (1994). Israel: Politics, myths and identity crises. Pluto Press.
• Pew Research Center, (2016, 8 Mart). Israel’s religiously divided society: Deep gulfs among Jews, as between Jews and Arabs, over political values and religion’s role in public life. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/
• Poston, D. L. Jr. & Bouvier, L. F. (2010). Population And society: An introduction to demography. Cambridge University Press.
• President Reuven Rivlin Address to the 15th Annual Herzliya Conference. (2015, 7 Haziran). Israeli hope: Towards a new Israeli order.
• RANE, (2018, 23 Nisan). Israel confronts its changing demographics. https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/israel-confronts-its-changing-demographics
• Rouhana, N. & Ghanem, A. (1998). The crisis of minorities in ethnic states: The case of Palestinian citizens in Israel. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 30(3), 321-346.
• Saenz, R. (2015). Introduction: A framework for understanding the race and ethnic transition.” İçinde R. Saenz, D. G. Embrick, & N. P. Rodríguez (Eds.), International handbook of the demography of race and ethnicity. (ss. 3-22), Springer.
• Sciubba, J. D. (2021). A research agenda for political demography. Edward Elgar.
• Shafir, G. (1996). Land, labor and the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 1882-1914. University of California Press.
• Shapira, A. (2012), Israel: A history, Brandeis University Press.
• Shlaim, A. (2025). Üç dünya: Bir Arap-Yahudi’nin anıları (Z. T. Kor, Çev.). Küre Yayınları.
• Shvadron, D. & Abramzon, S. (2017, Ağustos). Regional population scenarios for the State of Israel 2015-2040. Prime Minister Office.
• Stern, Y. Z. (2017). Religion, state and Jewish identity crisis in Israel. Brookings.
• Stypıńska, J. (2007). Jewish majority and Arab minority in Israel-Demographic struggle. Polish Sociological Review, 157, 105-120.
• The Guardian. (2020, 20 Nisan). Netanyahu and Gantz agree to form unity Israeli government. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/20/netanyahu-and-gantz-agree-to-form-unity-israeli-government
• The Guardian. (2020, 3 Mart). Israel election 2020: Latest results. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/03/israel-election-2020-latest-results
• The Washington Post. (2021, 15 Ocak). Identifying far-right symbols that appeared at the U.S. Capitol riot. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/far-right-symbols-capitol-riot/
• Turchin P. (2017). Ages of discord: A structural-demographic analysis of American history. Beresta.
• Turchin, P. & Nefedov, S.A. (2009). Secular cycles. Princeton University Press.
• Weiner, M. & Teitelbaum, M.S. (2001). Political demography, demographic engineering. Berghahn.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (1948, 14 Mayıs). The declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel. https://www.gov.il/en/pages/declaration-of-establishment-state-of-israel