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İşletme Sermayesinin Makroekonomik Belirleyicileri: BİST’te Sektörler Arası Bir Karşılaştırma

Year 2016, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 39 - 70, 04.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.272245

Abstract








Bu çalışmanın amacı, temel makroekonomik
göstergelerin metal, gıda, kimya, tekstil ve teknoloji sektörlerinin işletme
sermayesi üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmek ve sektörler arasında bir
karşılaştırma yapmaktır. Bu kapsamda, gayrisafi yurtiçi hâsıla, sanayi üretim
endeksi, tüketici fiyat endeksi, döviz kuru, faiz oranı ve para arzının
sektörlerin işletme sermayesi unsurlarını (cari aktifler/aktif toplamı, alacak
devir hızı, stok devir hızı, nakit dönüşüm süresi ve cari oran) hangi düzeyde
etkilediği 2003-2013 dönemi için panel veri yöntemleriyle (panel birim kök,
panel eşbütünleşme ve uzun dönem katsayı tahmini) analiz edilmiştir. Elde
edilen bulgular, makroekonomik göstergeler ile kurgulanan modellerden nakit
dönüşüm modeli hariç diğer modellerde uzun dönem eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin
olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bulgular, makroekonomik göstergelerin işletme
sermayesi düzeyini etkilediğini göstermektedir.




References

  • Afza, T. ve M. S. Nazir (2008), “Working Capital Approaches and Firm’s Returns in Pakistan”, Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, 25-36.
  • Aygün, M. (2012), “Firma Performansı Üzerinde Çalışma Sermayesinin Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sektörü Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 12(2), 215-223.
  • Brigham, F. E. ve J. F. Houston (2007), Fundamentals of Financial Management, 11th Ed., USA: Thomson South-Western.
  • Büyükşalvarcı A. ve H. Abdioğlu (2010), “Kriz Öncesi ve Kriz Dönemlerinde İşletmelerde Çalışma Sermayesi Gereksiniminin Belirleyicileri: İMKB İmalat Sanayi Şirketleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Uygulama”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 47-71.
  • Caballero, S. B., P. J. G. Teruel ve P. M. Solano (2010), “Working Capital Management in SMEs”, Accounting and Finance, 50, 511–527.
  • Chiou, J-R., L. Cheng ve H-W. Wu (2006), “The Determinants of Working Capital Management”, The Journal of American of Business, 10(1), 149-156.
  • Çakır, M, H. ve İ. Küçükkaplan (2012), “İşletme Sermayesi Unsurlarının Firma Değeri ve Kârlılığı Üzerindeki Etkisinin İMKB’de İşlem Gören Üretim Firmalarında 2000-2009 Dönemi İçin Analiz”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 53, 69-86.
  • Çakır, M, H. (2013), “Nakit Döngüsünün Firma Kârlılığına Etkisini Sektörel Analizi”, Journal of Yaşar University, 30(8), 4948-4965.
  • Coşkun, E. ve D. Kök (2011), “Çalışma Sermayesi Politikalarının Kârlılık Üzerine Etkisi: Dinamik Panel Uygulaması”, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 11, 75-85.
  • Deloof, M. (2003), “Does Working Capital Management Affect Profitability of Belgian Firms?”, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 30(3/4), 573-587.
  • Dursun, A. ve Y. Ayrıçay (2012), “Çalışma Sermayesi-Kârlılık İlişkisinin İMKB Örneğinde 1996-2005 Dönemi Analizi”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(3-4), 199-215.
  • Eljelly, A. M. (2004), “Liquidity – Profitability Tradeoff an Empirical Investigation in an Emerging Market”, International Journal of Commerce and Management, 14(2), 48-61.
  • Fazzari, M.,S ve B. C. Petersen (1993), “Working Capital and Fixed Investment: New Evidence on Financing Constraints”, The RAND Journal of Economics, 24(3), 328-342.
  • Filbeck, G. ve T. M. Krueger (2005), “An Analysis of Working Capital Management Results across Industries”, Mid-American Journal of Business, 20 (2), 11-18.
  • Gill, A. (2011), “Factors That Influence Working Capital Requirements in Canada”, Economics and Finance Review, 1(3), 30-40.
  • Gill, A., N. Biger ve N. Mathur (2010), “The Relationship between Working Capital Management and Profitability: Evidence from The United States”, Business and Economics Journal, 10, 1-9.
  • Hill, M. D., G. W. Kelly ve M. J. Highfield (2010), “Net Operating Working Capital Behavior: A First Look”, Financial Management, 39(2), 783-805.
  • Im, Pesaran ve Shin (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
  • Işık, E. ve M. Kiracı (2012), “2008 Küresel Finansal Krizin İşletmelerin Çalışma Sermayeleri Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Oranlar Aracılığıyla Tespiti: İMKB’de Bir Araştırma”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 54, 157-174.
  • Jose, M. L., C. Lancaster ve J. L. Stevens (1996), “Corporate Returns and Cash Conversion Cycles”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 20(1), 33-46.
  • Karaduman, H. A., H. E. Akbaş, A. Özsözgün ve S. Durer (2010), “Effects of Working Capital Management on Profitability: The Case For Selected Companies in The İstanbul Stock Exchange (2005-2008)”, International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 2(2), 47-54.
  • Kolb, B. ve R. F. DeMong (1988), Principles of Financial Management, 2nd Ed., Texas: Business Publications, Inc.
  • Kök, D., E. Coşkun ve M. S. İspir (2013), “Çalışma Sermayesi Politikalarında Sektörel Farklılaşma ve Ortalamaya Dönme Eğilimi”, Business and Economics Research Journal, 4(4), 49-70.
  • Lazaridis, I. ve D. Tryfonidis (2006), “Relationship between Working Capital Management and Profitability of Listed Companies in the Athens Stock Exchange”, Journal of Financial Management and Analysis, 19(1), 26–35.
  • Levin, Lin ve Chu (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1–24.
  • Maddala G.S., S. Wu (1999), “A Comparative Study of Panel Data Unit Root Tests and a Simple Alternative”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-652.
  • Manoori, E. ve J. Muhammad (2012), “Determinants of Working Capital Management: Case of Singapore Firms”, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(11), 15-24.
  • Mathuva, D. M. (2010), “The Influence of Working Capital Management Components on Corporate Profitability: A Survey on Kenyan Listed Firms”, Research Journal of Business Management, 4(1), 1-11.
  • Nazir, M. S. ve T. Afza (2009), “Impact of Aggressive Working Capital Management Policy on Firms' Profitability”, The IUP Journal of Applied Finance, 15(8), 19-30.
  • Omağ, A. (2009), “Gıda Sektöründe Nakit Dönüşüm Süresi Analizi: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Örneği”, Maliye Finans Yazıları, 23(83), 45-58.
  • Öz, Y. ve B. Güngör. (2007), “Çalışma Sermayesi Yönetiminin Firma Karlılığı Üzerine Etkisi: İmalat Sektörüne Yönelik Panel Veri Analizi”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 319-332.
  • Öztürk, M. B. ve K. Demirgüneş (2008), “İşletme Sermayesi Gereksinimini Etkileyen Değişkenler Üzerine İMKB'de Bir Uygulama”. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 45(516), 47-56.
  • Padachi, K. (2006), “Trends in Working Capital Management and Its Impact on Firms’ Performance: An Analysis of Mauritian Small Manufacturing Firms”, International Review of Business Research Papers, 2(2), 45-58.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegrating Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1), 653-570.
  • Pedroni, P. (2000), “Fully Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels”, Department of Economics Working Papers, No: 2000-03, Department of Economics, Williams College.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001), “Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Panels”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 727-931.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004), “Panel Cointegration, Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis”, Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597-625.
  • Raheman, A. ve M. Nasr (2007), “Working Capital Management and Profitability – Case of Pakistani Firms”, International Review of Business Research Papers, 3(1), 279–300.
  • Ramachandran, A. ve M. Janakiraman (2009), “The Relationship between Working Capital Management Efficiency and EBIT”, Managing Global Transitions, 7(1), 61-74.
  • Shin, H. H. ve L. Soenen (1998), “Effciency of Working Capital Management and Corporate Profitability”, Financial Practice and Education, 8(2), 37-45.
  • Şamiloğlu, F. ve K. Demirgüneş (2008), “The Effect of Working Capital Management on Firm Profitability: Evidence from Turkey”, The International Journal of Applied Economics and Finance, 2(1), 44-50.
  • Şen, M. ve E. Oruç (2009), “Relationship between Efficiency Level of Working Capital Management Return on Total Assets in ISE”, International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), 109-114.
  • Şen, M. F. M. Baştürk ve E. Oruç (2009), “İMKB’de Faaliyet Gösteren Firmalarda 1992-2007 Dönemi İçin İşletme Sermayesinde Yönetim Etkinliğinin Ölçümü ve Genel Değerlendirme” 13. Ulusal Finans Sempozyumu, 21-24 Ekim 2009, Ayfonkarahisar, 137-148.
  • Teruel P. G. ve P. M. Solano (2007), “Effects of Working Capital Management on SME Profitability”, International Journal of Managerial Finance, 3(2), 164-177.
  • Tomak, S. (2013), Çalışma Sermayesi Yönetimi (Türkiye İmalat Sektöründe Çalışma Sermayesi Uygulamaları ve Firma Performansına Etkisi), Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Ukaegbu, B. (2014), “The Significance of Working Capital Management in Determining Firm Profitability: Evidence from Developing Economies in Africa”, Research in International Business and Finance, 31, 1-16.
  • Uyar, A. (2009), “The Relationship of Cash Conversion Cycle with Firm Size and Profitability: An Empirical Investigation in Turkey”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 24, 186-193.
  • Vural, G., A. G. Sökmen ve E. H. Çetenak (2012), “Affects of Working Capital Management on Firm’s Performance: Evidence from Turkey”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(4), 488-495.
  • Yücel, T. ve G. Kurt (2002), “Nakit Dönüş Süresi, Nakit Yönetimi ve Kârlılık: İMKB Şirketleri Üzerinde Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, İMKB Dergisi, 6(22), 1-15.
  • Weinraub H.J. ve S. Vjsscher (1998), “Industry Practice Relating to Aggressive Conservative Working Capital Policies”, Journal of Financial and Strategic Decision, 11(2), 11-18.
  • Wu, C. ve S. J. K. Ho (1997), “Financial Ratio Adjustment: Industry-Wide Effects or Strategic Management”, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 9(1), 71-88.
  • Zariyawati, M. A., H. Taufiq, M. N. Annuar ve A. Sazali (2010), “Determinants of Working Capital Management: Evidence from Malaysia”, 2010 International Conference on Financial Theory and Engineering, 190-194.

Macroeconomic Determinants of Working Capital: A Comparison between Industries in Borsa Istanbul (BIST)

Year 2016, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 39 - 70, 04.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.272245

Abstract








This
paper aims to analyze the effects of macroeconomic indicators on working
capitals of main metal commodities, food, chemistry, textile, and technology
sectors and make a comparison between those sectors. Within this scope, at
what level gross domestic product, industrial production index, consumer
price index, exchange rates, interest rate and supply of money affected the
working capital elements of sectors (current assets/total assets, accounts
receivable turnover, inventory turnover, cash conversion cycle and current ratio)
in the 2003-2013 term was analyzed by using the methods of panel data (panel
unit root, panel cointegration and estimation of long-term coefficients).
Results indicate a relation for long-term cointegration between macroeconomic
indicators and the designed models, except the cash conversion cycle model.
Our findings show that macroeconomic indicators have an effect on levels of
working capital.




References

  • Afza, T. ve M. S. Nazir (2008), “Working Capital Approaches and Firm’s Returns in Pakistan”, Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, 25-36.
  • Aygün, M. (2012), “Firma Performansı Üzerinde Çalışma Sermayesinin Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sektörü Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 12(2), 215-223.
  • Brigham, F. E. ve J. F. Houston (2007), Fundamentals of Financial Management, 11th Ed., USA: Thomson South-Western.
  • Büyükşalvarcı A. ve H. Abdioğlu (2010), “Kriz Öncesi ve Kriz Dönemlerinde İşletmelerde Çalışma Sermayesi Gereksiniminin Belirleyicileri: İMKB İmalat Sanayi Şirketleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Uygulama”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 47-71.
  • Caballero, S. B., P. J. G. Teruel ve P. M. Solano (2010), “Working Capital Management in SMEs”, Accounting and Finance, 50, 511–527.
  • Chiou, J-R., L. Cheng ve H-W. Wu (2006), “The Determinants of Working Capital Management”, The Journal of American of Business, 10(1), 149-156.
  • Çakır, M, H. ve İ. Küçükkaplan (2012), “İşletme Sermayesi Unsurlarının Firma Değeri ve Kârlılığı Üzerindeki Etkisinin İMKB’de İşlem Gören Üretim Firmalarında 2000-2009 Dönemi İçin Analiz”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 53, 69-86.
  • Çakır, M, H. (2013), “Nakit Döngüsünün Firma Kârlılığına Etkisini Sektörel Analizi”, Journal of Yaşar University, 30(8), 4948-4965.
  • Coşkun, E. ve D. Kök (2011), “Çalışma Sermayesi Politikalarının Kârlılık Üzerine Etkisi: Dinamik Panel Uygulaması”, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 11, 75-85.
  • Deloof, M. (2003), “Does Working Capital Management Affect Profitability of Belgian Firms?”, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 30(3/4), 573-587.
  • Dursun, A. ve Y. Ayrıçay (2012), “Çalışma Sermayesi-Kârlılık İlişkisinin İMKB Örneğinde 1996-2005 Dönemi Analizi”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(3-4), 199-215.
  • Eljelly, A. M. (2004), “Liquidity – Profitability Tradeoff an Empirical Investigation in an Emerging Market”, International Journal of Commerce and Management, 14(2), 48-61.
  • Fazzari, M.,S ve B. C. Petersen (1993), “Working Capital and Fixed Investment: New Evidence on Financing Constraints”, The RAND Journal of Economics, 24(3), 328-342.
  • Filbeck, G. ve T. M. Krueger (2005), “An Analysis of Working Capital Management Results across Industries”, Mid-American Journal of Business, 20 (2), 11-18.
  • Gill, A. (2011), “Factors That Influence Working Capital Requirements in Canada”, Economics and Finance Review, 1(3), 30-40.
  • Gill, A., N. Biger ve N. Mathur (2010), “The Relationship between Working Capital Management and Profitability: Evidence from The United States”, Business and Economics Journal, 10, 1-9.
  • Hill, M. D., G. W. Kelly ve M. J. Highfield (2010), “Net Operating Working Capital Behavior: A First Look”, Financial Management, 39(2), 783-805.
  • Im, Pesaran ve Shin (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
  • Işık, E. ve M. Kiracı (2012), “2008 Küresel Finansal Krizin İşletmelerin Çalışma Sermayeleri Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Oranlar Aracılığıyla Tespiti: İMKB’de Bir Araştırma”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 54, 157-174.
  • Jose, M. L., C. Lancaster ve J. L. Stevens (1996), “Corporate Returns and Cash Conversion Cycles”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 20(1), 33-46.
  • Karaduman, H. A., H. E. Akbaş, A. Özsözgün ve S. Durer (2010), “Effects of Working Capital Management on Profitability: The Case For Selected Companies in The İstanbul Stock Exchange (2005-2008)”, International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 2(2), 47-54.
  • Kolb, B. ve R. F. DeMong (1988), Principles of Financial Management, 2nd Ed., Texas: Business Publications, Inc.
  • Kök, D., E. Coşkun ve M. S. İspir (2013), “Çalışma Sermayesi Politikalarında Sektörel Farklılaşma ve Ortalamaya Dönme Eğilimi”, Business and Economics Research Journal, 4(4), 49-70.
  • Lazaridis, I. ve D. Tryfonidis (2006), “Relationship between Working Capital Management and Profitability of Listed Companies in the Athens Stock Exchange”, Journal of Financial Management and Analysis, 19(1), 26–35.
  • Levin, Lin ve Chu (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1–24.
  • Maddala G.S., S. Wu (1999), “A Comparative Study of Panel Data Unit Root Tests and a Simple Alternative”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-652.
  • Manoori, E. ve J. Muhammad (2012), “Determinants of Working Capital Management: Case of Singapore Firms”, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(11), 15-24.
  • Mathuva, D. M. (2010), “The Influence of Working Capital Management Components on Corporate Profitability: A Survey on Kenyan Listed Firms”, Research Journal of Business Management, 4(1), 1-11.
  • Nazir, M. S. ve T. Afza (2009), “Impact of Aggressive Working Capital Management Policy on Firms' Profitability”, The IUP Journal of Applied Finance, 15(8), 19-30.
  • Omağ, A. (2009), “Gıda Sektöründe Nakit Dönüşüm Süresi Analizi: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Örneği”, Maliye Finans Yazıları, 23(83), 45-58.
  • Öz, Y. ve B. Güngör. (2007), “Çalışma Sermayesi Yönetiminin Firma Karlılığı Üzerine Etkisi: İmalat Sektörüne Yönelik Panel Veri Analizi”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 319-332.
  • Öztürk, M. B. ve K. Demirgüneş (2008), “İşletme Sermayesi Gereksinimini Etkileyen Değişkenler Üzerine İMKB'de Bir Uygulama”. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 45(516), 47-56.
  • Padachi, K. (2006), “Trends in Working Capital Management and Its Impact on Firms’ Performance: An Analysis of Mauritian Small Manufacturing Firms”, International Review of Business Research Papers, 2(2), 45-58.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegrating Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1), 653-570.
  • Pedroni, P. (2000), “Fully Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels”, Department of Economics Working Papers, No: 2000-03, Department of Economics, Williams College.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001), “Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Panels”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 727-931.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004), “Panel Cointegration, Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis”, Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597-625.
  • Raheman, A. ve M. Nasr (2007), “Working Capital Management and Profitability – Case of Pakistani Firms”, International Review of Business Research Papers, 3(1), 279–300.
  • Ramachandran, A. ve M. Janakiraman (2009), “The Relationship between Working Capital Management Efficiency and EBIT”, Managing Global Transitions, 7(1), 61-74.
  • Shin, H. H. ve L. Soenen (1998), “Effciency of Working Capital Management and Corporate Profitability”, Financial Practice and Education, 8(2), 37-45.
  • Şamiloğlu, F. ve K. Demirgüneş (2008), “The Effect of Working Capital Management on Firm Profitability: Evidence from Turkey”, The International Journal of Applied Economics and Finance, 2(1), 44-50.
  • Şen, M. ve E. Oruç (2009), “Relationship between Efficiency Level of Working Capital Management Return on Total Assets in ISE”, International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), 109-114.
  • Şen, M. F. M. Baştürk ve E. Oruç (2009), “İMKB’de Faaliyet Gösteren Firmalarda 1992-2007 Dönemi İçin İşletme Sermayesinde Yönetim Etkinliğinin Ölçümü ve Genel Değerlendirme” 13. Ulusal Finans Sempozyumu, 21-24 Ekim 2009, Ayfonkarahisar, 137-148.
  • Teruel P. G. ve P. M. Solano (2007), “Effects of Working Capital Management on SME Profitability”, International Journal of Managerial Finance, 3(2), 164-177.
  • Tomak, S. (2013), Çalışma Sermayesi Yönetimi (Türkiye İmalat Sektöründe Çalışma Sermayesi Uygulamaları ve Firma Performansına Etkisi), Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Ukaegbu, B. (2014), “The Significance of Working Capital Management in Determining Firm Profitability: Evidence from Developing Economies in Africa”, Research in International Business and Finance, 31, 1-16.
  • Uyar, A. (2009), “The Relationship of Cash Conversion Cycle with Firm Size and Profitability: An Empirical Investigation in Turkey”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 24, 186-193.
  • Vural, G., A. G. Sökmen ve E. H. Çetenak (2012), “Affects of Working Capital Management on Firm’s Performance: Evidence from Turkey”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(4), 488-495.
  • Yücel, T. ve G. Kurt (2002), “Nakit Dönüş Süresi, Nakit Yönetimi ve Kârlılık: İMKB Şirketleri Üzerinde Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, İMKB Dergisi, 6(22), 1-15.
  • Weinraub H.J. ve S. Vjsscher (1998), “Industry Practice Relating to Aggressive Conservative Working Capital Policies”, Journal of Financial and Strategic Decision, 11(2), 11-18.
  • Wu, C. ve S. J. K. Ho (1997), “Financial Ratio Adjustment: Industry-Wide Effects or Strategic Management”, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 9(1), 71-88.
  • Zariyawati, M. A., H. Taufiq, M. N. Annuar ve A. Sazali (2010), “Determinants of Working Capital Management: Evidence from Malaysia”, 2010 International Conference on Financial Theory and Engineering, 190-194.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Veli Akel

Yüksel İltaş

Publication Date December 4, 2016
Submission Date December 4, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Akel, V., & İltaş, Y. (2016). İşletme Sermayesinin Makroekonomik Belirleyicileri: BİST’te Sektörler Arası Bir Karşılaştırma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11(3), 39-70. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.272245