Research Article
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21. Yüzyılda Diplomasinin Yeni Şekli: Bilim Diplomasisi

Year 2012, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 1 - 14, 01.06.2012

Güliz Sütçü

Abstract

Uluslararası ilişkilerin hızının ve kapsamının artması devletlerin uluslararası ilişkilerini yürütmek için değişik araçlar arayışına girmesine sebep oldu. Uluslararası ilişkilerin doğasının değişmesiyle devletlerin güvenilirlik ihtiyacı arttı ve bu durum, yumuşak güç kavramının daha büyük önem kazanmasına sebep oldu. Yumuşak gücün önem kazanması sonucu devletler kamu diplomasisi yürütmeye başladı ve bilimsel topluluklar ve devletlerin birbirleriyle birçok yoldan ilişki kurabilmesi bilim yoluyla mümkün olduğu için bilim, kamu diplomasisinin en etkili araçlarından biri olarak düşünülmeye başladı. Aynı şekilde, bilim ve teknolojinin sınırlar ötesi değişimi farklı milletler arasında kalıcı ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi için birçok fırsat sunduğundan bilim diplomasisi devletlerarasında işbirliğine dayalı ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi için önemli bir yol olarak ortaya çıktı

Keywords

Yumuşak Güç Uluslararası İlişkiler Güvenilirlik Kamu Diplomasisi Bilim Diplomasisi

References

  • Brown, R. E. (2010). “The Convergence of Public Relations and Public Diplomacy”, Vital Speeches of the Day, 76 (7), 297-301.
  • Brown, R. (2004). “Information Technology and the Transformation of Diplomacy”, Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, 18 (2), 14-29.
  • Chitty, N. (2008). “Broadening Public Diplomacy”, The International Journal of the Humanities, 6 (5), 47-55.
  • Cull, N. J. (2010). “Public diplomacy: Seven Lessons for Its Future from Its Past”, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6 (1), 11-17.
  • Cull, N. J. (2009). “Public Diplomacy Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase’. In”, N. Snow and P. M. Taylor (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (p. 19-23), New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.
  • De Lima Jr, A. (2007). “The Role of International Educational Exchanges in Public Diplomacy”, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 3 (3), 234-251.
  • Fedoroff, N. V. (2009). “Science Diplomacy in the 21st Century”, Cell, 136 (1), 9-11.
  • Flink, T. & Schreiterer, U. (2010), “Science Diplomacy at the Intersection of S&T Policies and Foreign Affairs: Toward a Typology of National Approaches”, Science and Public Policy, 37 (9), 665-677.
  • Kelley, J. R. (2009). “Between Take-offs and Crash Landings: Situational Aspects of Public Diplomacy’. In”, N. Snow and P. M. Taylor (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (p. 72-85), New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.
  • Keohane, R. O. & Grant, W. R. (2005). “Accountability and Abuses of Power in World Politics”, American Political Science Review, 99 (1), 29-44.
  • Kirova, I. (2009). “New Developments in Public Diplomacy: A Roundup of the Latest Trends and Events of Significance to the Evolution of Public Diplomacy”, Public Diplomacy Magazine, 1, Retrieved from http://www.publicdiplomacymagazine.org
  • Koenig, R. (2009). “U.S. Takes Steps to Use Science To Improve Ties to Muslim World”, Science, 326, Retrieved from http://www.publicdiplomacymagazine.org
  • Leonard, M., Stead, C., & Smewing, C. (2002). Public Diplomacy, London: Foreign Policy Centre..
  • Lijesevic, J. (2010). “Science Diplomacy at the Heart of International Relations”, E-International Relations, Retrieved from http://www.e-ir.info/?p=3704
  • Manzione, J. (2010). “Amusing and Amazing and Practical and Military: The Legacy of Scientific Internationalism in American Foreign Policy, 1945-1963”, Diplomatic History, 24 (1), 21-55.
  • Melissen, J. (2005). “The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In”, J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (pp. 3-27). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Noya, J. (2005). “The Symbolic Power of Nations”, Place Branding, 2 (1), 53-67.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. (2008). “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616 (1), 94-109.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. & Keohane, R. O. (1998). “Power and Interdependence in the Information Age”, Foreign Affairs, 77 (5), 81–94.
  • Pratkanis, A. (2009). “Public Diplomacy in International Conflicts: A Social Influence Analysis. In”, N. Snow and P. M. Taylor (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (pp. 111-153), New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.
  • Sharp, P. (2005). Revolutionary States, Outlaw Regimes and the Techniques of Public Diplomacy. In J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (pp. 106- 123). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Stein, J. A. (2002). “Science, Technology, and European Foreign Policy: European integration, global interaction”, Science and Public Policy, 29 (6), 463-477.
  • The Brookings Institution. (2005). Science and Technology in U.S. Policy Towards the Islamic World, Peter, W. Singer.
  • The Royal Society. (2010). New Frontiers in Science Diplomacy: Navigating the Changing Balance of Power, London: Royal Society.
  • Sütçü, G. (2013). “Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Underdevelopment with Science and Technology: The Case of Least Developed Countries”, Alternatives Special Issue (forthcoming).
  • Van Ham, P. (2005). “Power, Public Diplomacy, and the Pax Americana. In”, J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (pp. 47-66), New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Zewail, A. H. (2010). “Science in Diplomacy”, Cell, 141 (2), 204-207.

New Mode of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Science Diplomacy

Year 2012, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 1 - 14, 01.06.2012

Güliz Sütçü

Abstract

The increase in the velocity and scope of international relations led the states to seek for a variety of instruments to carry out their relations. This change in the nature of international relations increased states’ need for credibility and hence, increased soft power’s importance. States have started to perform public diplomacy and science has been considered as one of its the most influential tools given the abundance of ways to establish relationship between the scientific communities and the states. Accordingly, because the exchange of science and technology across borders has offered many opportunities for the development of enduring relationships among people from different nations, science diplomacy came out as an important way of developing collaborative relationships between states.

Keywords

Soft Power International Relations Credibility Public Diplomacy Science Diplomacy

References

  • Brown, R. E. (2010). “The Convergence of Public Relations and Public Diplomacy”, Vital Speeches of the Day, 76 (7), 297-301.
  • Brown, R. (2004). “Information Technology and the Transformation of Diplomacy”, Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, 18 (2), 14-29.
  • Chitty, N. (2008). “Broadening Public Diplomacy”, The International Journal of the Humanities, 6 (5), 47-55.
  • Cull, N. J. (2010). “Public diplomacy: Seven Lessons for Its Future from Its Past”, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6 (1), 11-17.
  • Cull, N. J. (2009). “Public Diplomacy Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase’. In”, N. Snow and P. M. Taylor (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (p. 19-23), New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.
  • De Lima Jr, A. (2007). “The Role of International Educational Exchanges in Public Diplomacy”, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 3 (3), 234-251.
  • Fedoroff, N. V. (2009). “Science Diplomacy in the 21st Century”, Cell, 136 (1), 9-11.
  • Flink, T. & Schreiterer, U. (2010), “Science Diplomacy at the Intersection of S&T Policies and Foreign Affairs: Toward a Typology of National Approaches”, Science and Public Policy, 37 (9), 665-677.
  • Kelley, J. R. (2009). “Between Take-offs and Crash Landings: Situational Aspects of Public Diplomacy’. In”, N. Snow and P. M. Taylor (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (p. 72-85), New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.
  • Keohane, R. O. & Grant, W. R. (2005). “Accountability and Abuses of Power in World Politics”, American Political Science Review, 99 (1), 29-44.
  • Kirova, I. (2009). “New Developments in Public Diplomacy: A Roundup of the Latest Trends and Events of Significance to the Evolution of Public Diplomacy”, Public Diplomacy Magazine, 1, Retrieved from http://www.publicdiplomacymagazine.org
  • Koenig, R. (2009). “U.S. Takes Steps to Use Science To Improve Ties to Muslim World”, Science, 326, Retrieved from http://www.publicdiplomacymagazine.org
  • Leonard, M., Stead, C., & Smewing, C. (2002). Public Diplomacy, London: Foreign Policy Centre..
  • Lijesevic, J. (2010). “Science Diplomacy at the Heart of International Relations”, E-International Relations, Retrieved from http://www.e-ir.info/?p=3704
  • Manzione, J. (2010). “Amusing and Amazing and Practical and Military: The Legacy of Scientific Internationalism in American Foreign Policy, 1945-1963”, Diplomatic History, 24 (1), 21-55.
  • Melissen, J. (2005). “The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In”, J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (pp. 3-27). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Noya, J. (2005). “The Symbolic Power of Nations”, Place Branding, 2 (1), 53-67.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. (2008). “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616 (1), 94-109.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. & Keohane, R. O. (1998). “Power and Interdependence in the Information Age”, Foreign Affairs, 77 (5), 81–94.
  • Pratkanis, A. (2009). “Public Diplomacy in International Conflicts: A Social Influence Analysis. In”, N. Snow and P. M. Taylor (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (pp. 111-153), New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.
  • Sharp, P. (2005). Revolutionary States, Outlaw Regimes and the Techniques of Public Diplomacy. In J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (pp. 106- 123). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Stein, J. A. (2002). “Science, Technology, and European Foreign Policy: European integration, global interaction”, Science and Public Policy, 29 (6), 463-477.
  • The Brookings Institution. (2005). Science and Technology in U.S. Policy Towards the Islamic World, Peter, W. Singer.
  • The Royal Society. (2010). New Frontiers in Science Diplomacy: Navigating the Changing Balance of Power, London: Royal Society.
  • Sütçü, G. (2013). “Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Underdevelopment with Science and Technology: The Case of Least Developed Countries”, Alternatives Special Issue (forthcoming).
  • Van Ham, P. (2005). “Power, Public Diplomacy, and the Pax Americana. In”, J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (pp. 47-66), New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Zewail, A. H. (2010). “Science in Diplomacy”, Cell, 141 (2), 204-207.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Güliz Sütçü This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2012
Submission Date December 12, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sütçü, G. (2012). New Mode of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Science Diplomacy. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 1-14.
AMA Sütçü G. New Mode of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Science Diplomacy. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. June 2012;13(2):1-14.
Chicago Sütçü, Güliz. “New Mode of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Science Diplomacy”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 13, no. 2 (June 2012): 1-14.
EndNote Sütçü G (June 1, 2012) New Mode of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Science Diplomacy. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 13 2 1–14.
IEEE G. Sütçü, “New Mode of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Science Diplomacy”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1–14, 2012.
ISNAD Sütçü, Güliz. “New Mode of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Science Diplomacy”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 13/2 (June 2012), 1-14.
JAMA Sütçü G. New Mode of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Science Diplomacy. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2012;13:1–14.
MLA Sütçü, Güliz. “New Mode of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Science Diplomacy”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 2, 2012, pp. 1-14.
Vancouver Sütçü G. New Mode of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Science Diplomacy. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2012;13(2):1-14.