İmleç İzleme Yöntemiyle Otel Web sitesi Ziyaretçilerinin Görsel İlgisinin Analizi
Year 2020,
Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 41 - 58, 03.07.2020
Eniser Atabay
,
Beykan Cizel
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı mouse (fare) imleciyle oluşturulan tıklamaları inceleyerek, konaklama işletmelerinin web sitelerini ziyaret edenlerin davranışlarını analiz etmektir. Bünyesinde 13 oteli barındıran ulusal bir otel grubuna ait web sitesinin ana sayfasını bir sene boyunca ziyaret eden ziyaretçilerin verileri değerlendirilmiş-tir. Böylelikle konaklama işletmeleri, web sitelerini ziyaret edenlerin davranışlarından anlamlı ve ilişkilendirilebilir enformas-yon elde ederek hizmet üretim ve pazarlama süreçlerinde kullanabileceklerdir. İncelemeye dâhil edilen örneklem sayısı toplam 97891 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Bu durum çalışmasında veriler Yandex.Metrica aracılığıyla toplanmış ve oluşturulan tıklama haritaları segmentlere (ülke ve cinsiyet) ayrılmıştır. Böylece site ziyaretçilerinin segmentlere göre hangi davranışları sergilediği incelenmiştir. Türkçe ve Rusça ana sayfayı ziyaret edenlerin davranışlarının diğer dillere ait sayfaları ziyaret edenler-den daha çok birbirine benzerlik gösterdiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Kullanıcı verileri üzerinden hareket edilerek yapılan bu saptama, turistik ürün ve hizmet üreten turizm arz unsurları açısından önemlidir. Araştırma sonuçları uygulamacılara ve araştırmacılara turist davranışı ile ilgili bazı ipuçları sunmaktadır.
References
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Chıu, L. H. (1972). A cross-cultural comparison of cognitive styles in Chinese and American children. International Journal of Psychology, 7(4), 235-242.
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Dattolo, A., Luccıo, F. Ve Pırone, E. (2016). Webpage accessibility and usability for autistic users: a case study on a tourism website. In ACHI 2016: The 9th Int. Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions (pp. 145-152).
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- Hijikata, Y. (2004, January). Implicit user profiling for on demand relevance feedback. In Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces (pp. 198-205).
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- Kıtayama, S., Duffy, S., Kawamura, T. Ve Larsen, J. T. (2003). Perceiving an object and its context in different cultures: A cultural look at new look. Psychological Science, 14(3), 201-206.
- Kotval, X. P. Ve Goldberg, J. H. (1998, October). Eye movements and interface component grouping: An evaluation method. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 486-490). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
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- Marchıorı, E. Ve Cantonı, L. (2015). Studying online contents navigation: A comparison between Eye-tracking technique and self-reported investigation. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2015 (pp. 349-359). Springer, Cham.
- Marcos, M. C., Garcıa-Gavılanes, R. O., Bataıneh, E. Ve Pasarın, L. (2013, May). Cultural differences on seeking information: An eye tracking study. In: CIH'13: Workshop Many People, Many Eyes.
- Masuda, T., Gonzalez, R., Kwan, L. Ve Nısbett, R. E. (2008). Culture and aesthetic preference: Comparing the attention to context of East Asians and Americans. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(9), 1260-1275.
- Masuda, T. Ve Nısbett, R. E. (2001). Attending holistically versus analytically: comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 922–934.
- Masuda, T., Wang, H., Ishıı, K. Ve Ito, K. (2012). Do surrounding figures' emotions affect judgment of the target figure's emotion? Comparing the eye-movement patterns of European Canadians, Asian Canadians, Asian international students, and Japanese. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, 72-80.
- Merrıam, S. B. Ve Tısdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
- Mıchaılıdou, E. (2005). Metrics of Visual Complexity. Master Thesis. School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Montero, S., Díaz, P. Ve Aedo, I. (2003, May). Formalization of web design patterns using ontologies. In International Atlantic Web Intelligence Conference (pp. 179-188). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
- Morrıs, M. W. Ve Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 949.
- Nısbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choı, I. Ve Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic vs. Analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291–310.
Nısbett, R. E. Ve Mıyamoto, Y. (2005). The influence of culture: holistic versus analytic perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 467-473.
- Olevınskıy, М. А. (2015). Веб аналитика. Сравнение систем веб аналитики. In Situ, (4), 2-3.
- Outıng, S. (2004). Eyetrack III: What news websites look like through readers’ eyes. Poynter Institute, 1 Aralık 2019 tarihinde. https://www.poynter.org/news/eyetrack-iii-what-news-websites-look-through-readers-eyes adresinden alındı.
- Pan, B., Hembrooke, H. A., Gay, G. K., Granka, L. A., Feusner, M. K. Ve Newman, J. K. (2004, March). The determinants of web page viewing behavior: an eye-tracking study. In Proceedings of the 2004 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications (pp. 147-154).
- Pan, B., Zhang, L. Ve Smıth, K. (2011). A mixed-method study of user behavior and usability on an online travel agency. Information Technology & Tourism, 13(4), 353-364.
Pan, B., Zhang, L. Ve Law, R. (2013). The complex matter of online hotel choice. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(1), 74-83.
- Papavlasopoulou, S., Sharma, K. Ve Gıannakos, M. N. (2020). Coding activities for children: Coupling eye-tracking with qualitative data to investigate gender differences. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 105939.
- Raptıs, G. E., Fıdas, C. Ve Avourıs, N. (2018). Effects of mixed-reality on players’ behaviour and immersion in a cultural tourism game: A cognitive processing perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 114, 69-79.
- Rayner, K., Lı, X., Wıllıams, C. C., Cave, K. R. Ve Well, A. D. (2007). Eye movements during information processing tasks: Individual differences and cultural effects. Vision Research, 47(21), 2714-2726.
- Rodden, K. Ve Fu, X. (2007, July). Exploring how mouse movements relate to eye movements on web search results pages. In SIGIR Workshop on Web Information Seeking and Interaction.
- Rodden, K., Fu, X., Aula, A. Ve Spiro, I. (2008, April). Eye-mouse coordination patterns on web search results pages. In CHI'08 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 2997-3002).
- Rodıgın, L. A. (2017). Онлайн-модели для бизнес-тренингов в туризме и гостеприимстве: анализ интересов посетителей сайта. Вестник РМАТ, (1), 104-109.
- Sağocak, M. D. (2005). Ergonomik tasarımda renk. Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 77-83.
- Sarıcheva, А. А. (2016). Особенности и возможности рекламной коммуникации в контекстно-медийных сетях. Master Thesis., St Petersburg University. St. Petersburg, Rusya.
- Scott, N., Zhang, R., Le, D. Ve Moyle, B. (2019). A review of eye-tracking research in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(10), 1244-1261.
- Thorlacıus, L. (2009). Visual communication in web design–analyzing visual communication in web design. In International handbook of internet research (pp. 455-476). Springer, Dordrecht.
- Torres, L. A. L. Ve Hern, R. V. (2007). (smt) Real time mouse tracking registration and visualization tool for usability evaluation. in Proceedings of IADIS WWW/Internet. (pp. 187-192).
- Wang, Y. Ve Sparks, B. (2016). An Eye-Tracking Study of Tourism Photo Stimuli: Image Characteristics and Ethnicity. Journal of Travel Research,55(5), 588–602.
- Weıchbroth, P., Redlarskı, K. Ve Garnık, I. (2016), September). Eye-tracking web usability research. In 2016 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS) (pp. 1681-1684). IEEE.
- Xu, X., Scott, N. Ve Gao, J. (2017). Cultural influences on viewing tourism advertising: An eye-tracking study comparing Chinese and Australian tourists. Journal of Tourism & Services, 8(14).
- Yandex.Metrıca, (2019). Ziyaretçi Davranış Analizi 14.10.2018 tarihinde Yandex sitesi: https://metrica.yandex.com.tr/about/info/behavior#clickheatmaps adresinden alındı.
- Yıldırım, A. Ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (11.Baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Zhang, B. Ve Seo, H. S. (2015). Visual attention toward food-item images can vary as a function of background saliency and culture: An eye-tracking study. Food Quality and Preference, 41, 172-179.
Year 2020,
Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 41 - 58, 03.07.2020
Eniser Atabay
,
Beykan Cizel
References
- Arroyo, E., Selker, T. Ve Wei, W. (2006, April). Usability tool for analysis of web designs using mouse tracks. In CHI'06 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 484-489).
- Aronson, E., Wilson, T. Ve Akert, R. (2005). Social Psychology, New Jersey, NY.
- Atterer, R., Wnuk, M. Ve Schmıdt, A. (2006, May). Knowing the user's every move: user activity tracking for website usability evaluation and implicit interaction. In Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 203-212).
- Aytaçlı, B. (2012). Durum çalışmasına ayrıntılı bir bakış. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 1-9.
- Baccıno, T. & Colombı, T. (2000). L’analyse des mouvements des yeux sur le Web, Revue d’Intelligence Artificielle, 14(1-2), 127-148.
- Banović, M., Chrysochou, P., Grunert, K. G., Rosa, P. J. Ve Gamıto, P. (2016). The effect of fat content on visual attention and choice of red meat and differences across gender. Food Quality and Preference, 52, 42-51.
- Boduroğlu, A., Shah, P. Ve Nısbett, R. E. (2009). Cultural differences in allocation of attention in visual information processing. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(3), 349-360.
- Chen, M. C., Anderson, J. R. Ve Sohn, M. H. (2001, March). What can a mouse cursor tell us more? Correlation of eye/mouse movements on web browsing. In CHI'01 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 281-282).
Chıu, L. H. (1972). A cross-cultural comparison of cognitive styles in Chinese and American children. International Journal of Psychology, 7(4), 235-242.
- Chua, H. F., Boland, J. E. Ve Nısbett, R. E. (2005). Cultural variation in eye movements during scene perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(35), 12629-12633.
- Claypool, M., Le, P., Wased, M. Ve Brown, D. (2001, January). Implicit interest indicators. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces (pp. 33-40).
- Cooke, L. (2006, May). Is the Mouse a" Poor Man's Eye Tracker"?. In Annual Conference-Society for Technical Communication (Vol. 53, p. 252).
Dattolo, A., Luccıo, F. Ve Pırone, E. (2016). Webpage accessibility and usability for autistic users: a case study on a tourism website. In ACHI 2016: The 9th Int. Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions (pp. 145-152).
- Duchowskı, A. T. (2002). A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments ve Computers, 34(4), 455-470.
- Duchowskı, A. T. (2007). Eye tracking methodology: Theory & practice. London: Springer-Verlag.
- Ehmke, C. Ve Wilson, S. (2007, September). Identifying web usability problems from eye-tracking data. In Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI... but not as we know it-Volume 1 (pp. 119-128). British Computer Society.
- Eraslan S., Yesılada Y. Ve Harper S. (2015). Eye tracking scanpath analysis techniques on web pages: A survey, evaluation and comparison. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 9, (1), 1–19.
- Evans, K., Rotello, C. M., Lı, X. Ve Rayner, K. (2009). Scene perception and memory revealed by eye movements and receiver-operating characteristic analyses: Does a cultural difference truly exist?. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(2), 276-285.
- Goecks, J. Ve Shavlık, J. (2000, January). Learning users' interests by unobtrusively observing their normal behavior. In Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces (pp. 129-132).
- Goldberg, J. H., Stımson, M. J., Lewensteın, M., Scott, N. Ve Wıchansky, A. M. (2002, March). Eye tracking in web search tasks: design implications. In Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications (pp. 51-58).
- Grage, T., Schoemann, M., Kıeslıch, P. J. Ve Scherbaum, S. (2019). Lost to translation: How design factors of the mouse-tracking procedure impact the inference from action to cognition. Attention, Perception ve Psychophysics, 81(7), 2538-2557.
- Green, B. C., Murray, N. Ve Warner, S. (2011). Understanding website useability: An eye-tracking study of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games website. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 10(3-4), 257-271.
- Guo, Q. Ve Agıchteın, E. (2010). Towards predicting web searcher gaze position from mouse movements. In CHI'10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3601-3606).
- Hao, J. X., Tang, R., Yu, Y., Lı, N. Ve Law, R. (2015). Visual appeal of hotel websites: An exploratory eye tracking study on Chinese generation Y. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2015 (pp. 607-620). Springer, Cham.
- Hwang, Y. M. Ve Lee, K. C. (2018). Using an eye-tracking approach to explore gender differences in visual attention and shopping attitudes in an online shopping environment. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 34(1), 15-24.
- Hernandez-Mendez, J. Ve Munoz-Leıva, F. (2015). What type of online advertising is most effective for eTourism 2.0? An eye tracking study based on the characteristics of tourists. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 618-625.
- Hijikata, Y. (2004, January). Implicit user profiling for on demand relevance feedback. In Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces (pp. 198-205).
- Jakobson, R. (1960). " Linguistics and Poetics" in Style in Language. Mit Press.
- Josephson, S. Ve Holmes, M. E. (2002, March). Visual attention to repeated internet images: testing the scanpath theory on the world wide web. In Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications (pp. 43-49).
- Kıtayama, S., Duffy, S., Kawamura, T. Ve Larsen, J. T. (2003). Perceiving an object and its context in different cultures: A cultural look at new look. Psychological Science, 14(3), 201-206.
- Kotval, X. P. Ve Goldberg, J. H. (1998, October). Eye movements and interface component grouping: An evaluation method. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 486-490). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
- Lewıs, R. S., Goto, S. G. Ve Kong, L. L. (2008). Culture and context: East Asian American and European American differences in P3 event-related potentials and self-construal. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(5), 623-634.
- Marchıorı, E. Ve Cantonı, L. (2015). Studying online contents navigation: A comparison between Eye-tracking technique and self-reported investigation. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2015 (pp. 349-359). Springer, Cham.
- Marcos, M. C., Garcıa-Gavılanes, R. O., Bataıneh, E. Ve Pasarın, L. (2013, May). Cultural differences on seeking information: An eye tracking study. In: CIH'13: Workshop Many People, Many Eyes.
- Masuda, T., Gonzalez, R., Kwan, L. Ve Nısbett, R. E. (2008). Culture and aesthetic preference: Comparing the attention to context of East Asians and Americans. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(9), 1260-1275.
- Masuda, T. Ve Nısbett, R. E. (2001). Attending holistically versus analytically: comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 922–934.
- Masuda, T., Wang, H., Ishıı, K. Ve Ito, K. (2012). Do surrounding figures' emotions affect judgment of the target figure's emotion? Comparing the eye-movement patterns of European Canadians, Asian Canadians, Asian international students, and Japanese. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, 72-80.
- Merrıam, S. B. Ve Tısdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
- Mıchaılıdou, E. (2005). Metrics of Visual Complexity. Master Thesis. School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Montero, S., Díaz, P. Ve Aedo, I. (2003, May). Formalization of web design patterns using ontologies. In International Atlantic Web Intelligence Conference (pp. 179-188). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
- Morrıs, M. W. Ve Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 949.
- Nısbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choı, I. Ve Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic vs. Analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291–310.
Nısbett, R. E. Ve Mıyamoto, Y. (2005). The influence of culture: holistic versus analytic perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 467-473.
- Olevınskıy, М. А. (2015). Веб аналитика. Сравнение систем веб аналитики. In Situ, (4), 2-3.
- Outıng, S. (2004). Eyetrack III: What news websites look like through readers’ eyes. Poynter Institute, 1 Aralık 2019 tarihinde. https://www.poynter.org/news/eyetrack-iii-what-news-websites-look-through-readers-eyes adresinden alındı.
- Pan, B., Hembrooke, H. A., Gay, G. K., Granka, L. A., Feusner, M. K. Ve Newman, J. K. (2004, March). The determinants of web page viewing behavior: an eye-tracking study. In Proceedings of the 2004 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications (pp. 147-154).
- Pan, B., Zhang, L. Ve Smıth, K. (2011). A mixed-method study of user behavior and usability on an online travel agency. Information Technology & Tourism, 13(4), 353-364.
Pan, B., Zhang, L. Ve Law, R. (2013). The complex matter of online hotel choice. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(1), 74-83.
- Papavlasopoulou, S., Sharma, K. Ve Gıannakos, M. N. (2020). Coding activities for children: Coupling eye-tracking with qualitative data to investigate gender differences. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 105939.
- Raptıs, G. E., Fıdas, C. Ve Avourıs, N. (2018). Effects of mixed-reality on players’ behaviour and immersion in a cultural tourism game: A cognitive processing perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 114, 69-79.
- Rayner, K., Lı, X., Wıllıams, C. C., Cave, K. R. Ve Well, A. D. (2007). Eye movements during information processing tasks: Individual differences and cultural effects. Vision Research, 47(21), 2714-2726.
- Rodden, K. Ve Fu, X. (2007, July). Exploring how mouse movements relate to eye movements on web search results pages. In SIGIR Workshop on Web Information Seeking and Interaction.
- Rodden, K., Fu, X., Aula, A. Ve Spiro, I. (2008, April). Eye-mouse coordination patterns on web search results pages. In CHI'08 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 2997-3002).
- Rodıgın, L. A. (2017). Онлайн-модели для бизнес-тренингов в туризме и гостеприимстве: анализ интересов посетителей сайта. Вестник РМАТ, (1), 104-109.
- Sağocak, M. D. (2005). Ergonomik tasarımda renk. Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 77-83.
- Sarıcheva, А. А. (2016). Особенности и возможности рекламной коммуникации в контекстно-медийных сетях. Master Thesis., St Petersburg University. St. Petersburg, Rusya.
- Scott, N., Zhang, R., Le, D. Ve Moyle, B. (2019). A review of eye-tracking research in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(10), 1244-1261.
- Thorlacıus, L. (2009). Visual communication in web design–analyzing visual communication in web design. In International handbook of internet research (pp. 455-476). Springer, Dordrecht.
- Torres, L. A. L. Ve Hern, R. V. (2007). (smt) Real time mouse tracking registration and visualization tool for usability evaluation. in Proceedings of IADIS WWW/Internet. (pp. 187-192).
- Wang, Y. Ve Sparks, B. (2016). An Eye-Tracking Study of Tourism Photo Stimuli: Image Characteristics and Ethnicity. Journal of Travel Research,55(5), 588–602.
- Weıchbroth, P., Redlarskı, K. Ve Garnık, I. (2016), September). Eye-tracking web usability research. In 2016 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS) (pp. 1681-1684). IEEE.
- Xu, X., Scott, N. Ve Gao, J. (2017). Cultural influences on viewing tourism advertising: An eye-tracking study comparing Chinese and Australian tourists. Journal of Tourism & Services, 8(14).
- Yandex.Metrıca, (2019). Ziyaretçi Davranış Analizi 14.10.2018 tarihinde Yandex sitesi: https://metrica.yandex.com.tr/about/info/behavior#clickheatmaps adresinden alındı.
- Yıldırım, A. Ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (11.Baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
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