Putin’in dikey iktidar stratejisi ve Rusya’da potansiyel federalizmin sonu

Year 2023, , 163 - 179, 31.01.2023

Mustafa Cem Oğuz

https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1108084

Abstract

Rusya’da federalizm ve demokrasi ilişkisini ele alan bu çalışmada 1991-1998 arasındaki dönemin Rusya federalizmi açısından bir kırılma anı olduğu iddia edilecek ve her türlü kusuruna rağmen bu dönemdeki gelişmelerin özel olarak federalizmin, genel olarak demokratikleşme için çok önemli fırsatlar yarattığı savunulacaktır. Yine bu hat üzerinden 1990ların “potansiyel federalizminin”, 2000lerin başında Putin’in “Dikey İktidar” stratejisi ile henüz gelişemeden yok edildiği iddia edilecektir. Çalışmanın bulguları ise şu şekildedir; 1998 ekonomik krizinin ardından iktidarın yeniden merkezde toplanması ve böylece istikrara kavuşulması Rusya elitleri arasında yaygın bir kabul görmüştür. Bu talep üzerinden iktidara gelen Putin başkanlığının ilk dört yılında federalizmi boğmuş ve otoriter bir rejim inşa etmiştir. Bunu yaparken de farklı politikalara ve kurumlara başvurmuştur. Öncelikle federe birimleri 7 coğrafi bölgeye ayırarak her bir bölgenin başına kendisinin atadığı süper valileri getirmiş, böylece merkezin, özellikle cumhuriyetler üzerindeki vesayetini artırmıştır. Valilerin doğal üyesi olduğu Federasyon Konseyi’nin yapısını değiştirerek, onları konseyden çıkarmış ve Moskova siyaseti üzerindeki tesirlerini yok etmiştir. Ayrıca özerk Cumhuriyetlerin anayasalarının, Federal yasa ve anayasaya uygun olmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. 2004 yılında ise valilik seçimlerini kaldırmış ve doğrudan atama usulüne geçmiştir. Son olarak tüm federe birimlerde örgütlü olan hegemonik bir parti inşa ederek, bölgesel yasama organlarını da kontrolü altına almıştır.

Keywords

Dikey İktidar, Federalizm, Ulusaltı Siyaset, Süper Valiler, Seçimli Otoriterlik, Power Vertical, Federalism, Subnational Politics, Super-governors, Electoral Authoritarianism

Putin's power vertical and the end of potential federalism

Abstract

In this study, which deals with the relationship between federalism and democracy in Russia, it will be argued that the period between 1991 and 1998 was a breaking moment for Russian federalism, and despite all its flaws, it will be argued that the developments in this period, created very important opportunities for federalism and democratization in general. Along this line, it will be claimed that the "potential federalism" of the 1990s was destroyed before it could develop by Putin's "Power Vertical" strategy in the early 2000s. The findings of the study are as follows; After the 1998 economic crisis, the re-centralization of power and thus stabilization was widely accepted among the Russian elite. Putin, who came to power over this demand, stifled federalism in the first four years of his presidency and built an authoritarian regime. While doing this he applied to different policies and institutions. First, he divided the federated units into 7 geographical regions and brought the super governors appointed by him to the head of each region, thus increasing the tutelage of the center, especially over the republics. By changing the structure of the Federation Council, of which the governors are natural members, he removed them from the council and thus destroyed their influence on Moscow politics. He also made it mandatory for the constitutions of the autonomous republics to be in accordance with the Federal law and the constitution. In 2004, he abolished the gubernatorial elections and switched to the direct appointment procedure. Finally, by building a hegemonic party organized in all federated units, he also took the regional legislatures under his control.

Keywords

Power Vertical, Federalism, Subnational Politics, Super-governors, Electoral Authoritarianism

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