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Gümrük Birliği Anlaşması Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliğine Yakınsamasını Sağladı mı?

Year 2018, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 106 - 128, 18.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.369975

Abstract

Yakınsama Solow (1956)
tarafından öngörülerek, düşük gelirli ülkelerin yüksek gelirli ülkelerden daha
hızlı büyüyerek, düşük gelirli ülkelerin yüksek gelirli ülkelerin kişi başına
düşen gelir düzeylerini uzun dönemde yakalayacağını iddia etmektedir.
Bu
çalışma Türkiye’nin gümrük birliğine katılımıyla Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkelerine
yakınsama gösterip göstermediğini test etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.   Bu amaç doğrultusunda
1923-2008 yıllık verileri kullanılarak, gümrük birliğine
katılım öncesi, sonrası ve tüm dönemi kapsayan üç alt döneme ayrılan örneklem
için “Görünüşte İlişkisiz Regresyon Genişletilmiş Dickey Fuller-SURADF” birim
kök testi ve “Kesit Açısından Genişletilmiş Dickey Fuller-CADF” birim kök testi
ile yakınsama analizi yapılmıştır. CADF birim kök testi her üç alt dönem için
Türkiye’nin AB’ye yakınsadığını ispatlamaktadır.

References

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  • Akalin, G. & Uzgören, E. (2016), Reel Döviz Kuru Hareketlerinin Firma Performansına Etkisi: Türk Firmaları Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 1, ss. 449-469.
  • Akıncı, M. & Yılmaz, Ö. (2012), Türkiye ile AB Arasındaki Kişi Başına Gelir Yakınsaması: Farklardaki Fark Analizi, Finans, Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar. Cilt: 49, Sayı: 567, ss. 15-27.
  • Bai, J. & Serena N. (2004), A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration, Econometrica, Vol. 72.4, pp. 1127-1177.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2014), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John Wiley& Sons Ltd., Fifth Edition, Chichester.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991), Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 106. 2. pp. 407-443.
  • Barro, R. J. & Sala-I-Martin, X. (1992), Convergence, Journal of political Economy, Vol. 100.2, pp. 223-251.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1986), Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show, The American Economic Review, pp. 1072-1085.
  • Berber, M.; Yamak, R. & Artan, S. (2000), Türkiye’de Yakınlaşma Hipotezinin Bölgeler Bazında Geçerliliği Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma: 1975-1997, 9. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi ve Bölge Planlama Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, ss. 51-59.
  • Bernard, A. B. & Durlauf, S. N. (1995), Convergence in International Output. Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 10.2, pp. 97-108.
  • Bernard, A. B. & Durlauf, S. N. (1996), Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis, Journal of econometrics, Vol. 71.1, pp. 161-173.
  • Breitung, J. (2001), The Local Power of Some Unit Root Tests for Panel Data, In: Advances in Econometrics, Vol. 15, pp. 161-177.
  • Breuer, J. B.; Mcnown, R. & Wallace, M. S. (2001), Misleading Inferences from Panel Unit‐Root Tests with an Illustration from Purchasing Power Parity, Review of International Economics, Vol. 9.3, pp. 482-493.
  • Breuer, J. B.; Mcnown, R. & Wallace, M. S. (2002), Series‐Specific Unit Root Tests with Panel Data, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 64.5, pp. 527-546.
  • Breusch, T. S. & Pagan, A. R. (1980), The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 47.1, pp. 239-253.
  • Carlino, G. A. & Mills, L. O. (1993), Are US Regional Incomes Converging?: A Time Series Analysis, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 32.2, pp. 335-346.
  • Choi, I. (2001), Unit Root Tests for Panel Data, Journal of international money and Finance, Vol. 20.2, pp. 249-272.
  • De La Fuente, A. (1997), The Empirics of Growth and Convergence: A Selective Review, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 21.1, pp. 23-73.
  • Dogan, N. & Saracoglu, B. (2007) Income Convergence of European Union and Candidate Countries: Are they All the Same?, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol.12, pp. 160-164.
  • Enders, W. (2015), Applied Econometric Time Series, Fourth Edition, John Wiley Sons Inc. New York.
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  • Erlat, H. (2012), Türkiye'de Bölgesel Yakınsama Sorununa Zaman Dizisi Yaklaşımı, Turkish Economic Association Discussion Paper No. 2012/64
  • Ersungur, Ş. M. & Özgür P. (2006), Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arasında Yakınsama Analizi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, ss. 335-343.
  • Evans, P. & Karras, G. (1996), Convergence Revisited, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 37.2, pp. 249-265.
  • Evans, P. (1996), Using Cross-Country Variances to Evaluate Growth Theories, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, pp. 1027-1049.
  • Filiztekin, A. (1998), Convergence Across Industries and Provinces in Turkey, http://myweb.sabanciuniv.edu/alpayf/files/2010/04/turkconv981.pdf Erişim Tarihi (08.06.2016).
  • Fleissig, A. & Strauss, J. (2001), Panel Unit‐Root Tests of OECD Stochastic Convergence, Review of International Economics, Vol. 9.1, pp. 153-162.
  • Gögül, P. K. & Korap, L. (2014), Ekonomik Yakınsama Olgusunun Sınanması Üzerine Yeni Bulgular: OECD Örneği, Kastamonu University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences Faculty, ss. 60-73.
  • Guloglu, B. & İvrendı, M. (2008), Output Fluctuations: Transitory or Permanent? The Case of Latin America, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 17.4,pp. 381-386.
  • Güriş, S. (2015), STATA ile Panel Veri Modelleri, Der Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Hadrı, K. (2000), Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data, The Econometrics Journal, Vol. 3.2, pp. 148-161.
  • Im, K. S.; Pesaran M. H. & Shın Y. (2003), Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels, Journal of econometrics, Vol. 115.1, pp. 53-74.
  • Islam, N. (1995), Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. 1127-1170.
  • Islam, N. (2003), What Have We Learnt From the Convergence Debate?, Journal of economic surveys, Vol. 17.3, pp. 309-362.
  • Jepma, C.; JAGGER, H. & KAMPHUIS, E. (1996), Introduction to International Economics, Addison Wesley Longman, New York.
  • Karaca, O. (2004), Türkiye’de Bölgelerarası Gelir Farklılıkları: Yakınsama Var mı?, Turkish Economic Association Discussion Paper, No. 2004/7.
  • Kasman, A.; Kirbas-Kasman, S. & Turgutlu, E. (2005), Nominal and Real Convergence Between the CEE Countries and the EU: A Fractional Cointegration Analysis, Applied Economics, Vol. 37:21, pp. 2487-2500.
  • Kaynak, M. (2011), Büyüme Teorileri Giriş, 2. Baskı, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Korap, L. (2010), OECD Ülkeleri için Ekonomik Yakınsama Öngörüsünün Zaman Serisi Panel Birim Kök Yöntemleri ile Sınanması, Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, ss.189-206.
  • Levin, A.; Lin, C. F. & Chu, C. S. J. (2002), Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 108, pp. 1-24.
  • Li, Q. & Papell, D. (1999), Convergence of International Output Time Series Evidence for 16 OECD Countries, International review of economics & finance, Vol. 8.3, pp. 267-280.
  • Loewy, M. B. & Papell, D. H. (1996), Are US Regional İncomes Converging? Some Further Evidence, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 38.3, pp. 587-598.
  • Lopcu, K. and Ateş, S. (2009), Income Convergence Between Turkey and EU Regions: A Panel Unit Root Approach, In: Anadolu International Conference in Economics, Eskişehir.
  • Lucas R. E. (1988), On the Mechanics of Economic Development, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 22:1, pp. 3-42.
  • Maddala, G. S. & Wu, S. (1999), A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, Vol. 61.1, pp. 631-652.
  • Maddıson, A. (2008), Historical Data, http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm Erişim Tarihi (15.05.2016).
  • Mankiw, N. G.; Romer, D. & Weil, D. N. (1992), A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 107.2, pp. 407-437.
  • Moon, H. R. & Perron, B. (2004), Testing for a Unit Root in Panels With Dynamic Factors, Journal of econometrics, Vol. 122.1, pp. 81-126.
  • Nazlıoglu, S.; Lebe, F. & Kayhan, S. (2011), Nuclear Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: Cross-Sectionally Dependent Heterogeneous Panel Causality Analysis, Energy Policy, Vol. 39.10, pp. 6615-6621.
  • Özturk, L.; AY, S. & Keser, H. Y. (2013), Turkey’s Convergence to the Eu: Catching up or Falling Behind?, Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific Conference, Paris.
  • Özturk, L. (2013), Turkiye Avrupa Birligi’ne Yakinsiyor Mu? Bir Zaman Serisi Analizi, 1950-2008, Ege Academic Review, Cilt: 13.4, ss. 527-538.
  • Öztürk, L. (2004), Ekonomik Liberalizasyonun Bölgesel Eşitsizliğe Etkisi Bölgeler, Alt Bölgeler ve İller Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004), General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240, pp. 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007a), A Pair-Wise Approach to Testing for Output and Growth Convergence, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 138.1, pp. 312-355.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007b), A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 22.2, pp. 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H.; Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008), A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence, The Econometrics Journal, Vol. 11.1, pp. 105-127.
  • Quah, D. T. (1996), Empirics for Economic Growth and Convergence, European economic review, Vol. 40.6, pp. 1353-1375.
  • Quah, D. (1993), Empirical Cross-Section Dynamics in Economic Growth, European Economic Review, Vol. 37.2-3, pp. 426-434.
  • Romer, P. (1986), Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth, Journal of Political Economy, pp. 1002-1036.
  • Sala-I-Martın, X. X. (1996), The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis, The economic journal, pp. 1019-1036.
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Has Customs Union Agreement Had Turkey Converge To The European Union?

Year 2018, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 106 - 128, 18.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.369975

Abstract

The convergence hypothesis
proposed
by Solow (1956), indicates that low-income countries will catch up high-income
countries in terms of per capita income, growing faster than high-income
countries in the long run. This study aims to investigate whether or not Turkey
converges to European Union (EU) with the participation of Customs Union. In
accordance with this purpose, using annual data 1923-2008 and the sample period
divided into three sub-periods which are prior to participation of Customs
Union, after participation of Customs Union and covering for both, convergence
analysis was performed by using “Seemingly Unrelated Regression Augmented
Dickey Fuller-SURADF” unit root test and “Cross-Section Augmented Dickey
Fuller-CADF” unit root test. CADF unit root test proves that Turkey converges
to EU for each three sub-periods.

References

  • Abdioğlu, Z. & Uysal T. (2013), Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Yakınsama: Panel Birim Kök Analizi, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 27.3, ss. 125-143.
  • Akalin, G. & Uzgören, E. (2016), Reel Döviz Kuru Hareketlerinin Firma Performansına Etkisi: Türk Firmaları Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 1, ss. 449-469.
  • Akıncı, M. & Yılmaz, Ö. (2012), Türkiye ile AB Arasındaki Kişi Başına Gelir Yakınsaması: Farklardaki Fark Analizi, Finans, Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar. Cilt: 49, Sayı: 567, ss. 15-27.
  • Bai, J. & Serena N. (2004), A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration, Econometrica, Vol. 72.4, pp. 1127-1177.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2014), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John Wiley& Sons Ltd., Fifth Edition, Chichester.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991), Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 106. 2. pp. 407-443.
  • Barro, R. J. & Sala-I-Martin, X. (1992), Convergence, Journal of political Economy, Vol. 100.2, pp. 223-251.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1986), Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show, The American Economic Review, pp. 1072-1085.
  • Berber, M.; Yamak, R. & Artan, S. (2000), Türkiye’de Yakınlaşma Hipotezinin Bölgeler Bazında Geçerliliği Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma: 1975-1997, 9. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi ve Bölge Planlama Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, ss. 51-59.
  • Bernard, A. B. & Durlauf, S. N. (1995), Convergence in International Output. Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 10.2, pp. 97-108.
  • Bernard, A. B. & Durlauf, S. N. (1996), Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis, Journal of econometrics, Vol. 71.1, pp. 161-173.
  • Breitung, J. (2001), The Local Power of Some Unit Root Tests for Panel Data, In: Advances in Econometrics, Vol. 15, pp. 161-177.
  • Breuer, J. B.; Mcnown, R. & Wallace, M. S. (2001), Misleading Inferences from Panel Unit‐Root Tests with an Illustration from Purchasing Power Parity, Review of International Economics, Vol. 9.3, pp. 482-493.
  • Breuer, J. B.; Mcnown, R. & Wallace, M. S. (2002), Series‐Specific Unit Root Tests with Panel Data, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 64.5, pp. 527-546.
  • Breusch, T. S. & Pagan, A. R. (1980), The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 47.1, pp. 239-253.
  • Carlino, G. A. & Mills, L. O. (1993), Are US Regional Incomes Converging?: A Time Series Analysis, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 32.2, pp. 335-346.
  • Choi, I. (2001), Unit Root Tests for Panel Data, Journal of international money and Finance, Vol. 20.2, pp. 249-272.
  • De La Fuente, A. (1997), The Empirics of Growth and Convergence: A Selective Review, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 21.1, pp. 23-73.
  • Dogan, N. & Saracoglu, B. (2007) Income Convergence of European Union and Candidate Countries: Are they All the Same?, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol.12, pp. 160-164.
  • Enders, W. (2015), Applied Econometric Time Series, Fourth Edition, John Wiley Sons Inc. New York.
  • Erk, N.; Ates, S. & Direkçi, T. (2000), Convergence and Growth within GAP Region (South Eastern Anatolia Project) and Overall Turkey’s Regions, IV. ODTÜ Uluslararası Ekonomi Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Erlat, H. (2012), Türkiye'de Bölgesel Yakınsama Sorununa Zaman Dizisi Yaklaşımı, Turkish Economic Association Discussion Paper No. 2012/64
  • Ersungur, Ş. M. & Özgür P. (2006), Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arasında Yakınsama Analizi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, ss. 335-343.
  • Evans, P. & Karras, G. (1996), Convergence Revisited, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 37.2, pp. 249-265.
  • Evans, P. (1996), Using Cross-Country Variances to Evaluate Growth Theories, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, pp. 1027-1049.
  • Filiztekin, A. (1998), Convergence Across Industries and Provinces in Turkey, http://myweb.sabanciuniv.edu/alpayf/files/2010/04/turkconv981.pdf Erişim Tarihi (08.06.2016).
  • Fleissig, A. & Strauss, J. (2001), Panel Unit‐Root Tests of OECD Stochastic Convergence, Review of International Economics, Vol. 9.1, pp. 153-162.
  • Gögül, P. K. & Korap, L. (2014), Ekonomik Yakınsama Olgusunun Sınanması Üzerine Yeni Bulgular: OECD Örneği, Kastamonu University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences Faculty, ss. 60-73.
  • Guloglu, B. & İvrendı, M. (2008), Output Fluctuations: Transitory or Permanent? The Case of Latin America, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 17.4,pp. 381-386.
  • Güriş, S. (2015), STATA ile Panel Veri Modelleri, Der Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Hadrı, K. (2000), Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data, The Econometrics Journal, Vol. 3.2, pp. 148-161.
  • Im, K. S.; Pesaran M. H. & Shın Y. (2003), Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels, Journal of econometrics, Vol. 115.1, pp. 53-74.
  • Islam, N. (1995), Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. 1127-1170.
  • Islam, N. (2003), What Have We Learnt From the Convergence Debate?, Journal of economic surveys, Vol. 17.3, pp. 309-362.
  • Jepma, C.; JAGGER, H. & KAMPHUIS, E. (1996), Introduction to International Economics, Addison Wesley Longman, New York.
  • Karaca, O. (2004), Türkiye’de Bölgelerarası Gelir Farklılıkları: Yakınsama Var mı?, Turkish Economic Association Discussion Paper, No. 2004/7.
  • Kasman, A.; Kirbas-Kasman, S. & Turgutlu, E. (2005), Nominal and Real Convergence Between the CEE Countries and the EU: A Fractional Cointegration Analysis, Applied Economics, Vol. 37:21, pp. 2487-2500.
  • Kaynak, M. (2011), Büyüme Teorileri Giriş, 2. Baskı, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Korap, L. (2010), OECD Ülkeleri için Ekonomik Yakınsama Öngörüsünün Zaman Serisi Panel Birim Kök Yöntemleri ile Sınanması, Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, ss.189-206.
  • Levin, A.; Lin, C. F. & Chu, C. S. J. (2002), Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 108, pp. 1-24.
  • Li, Q. & Papell, D. (1999), Convergence of International Output Time Series Evidence for 16 OECD Countries, International review of economics & finance, Vol. 8.3, pp. 267-280.
  • Loewy, M. B. & Papell, D. H. (1996), Are US Regional İncomes Converging? Some Further Evidence, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 38.3, pp. 587-598.
  • Lopcu, K. and Ateş, S. (2009), Income Convergence Between Turkey and EU Regions: A Panel Unit Root Approach, In: Anadolu International Conference in Economics, Eskişehir.
  • Lucas R. E. (1988), On the Mechanics of Economic Development, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 22:1, pp. 3-42.
  • Maddala, G. S. & Wu, S. (1999), A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, Vol. 61.1, pp. 631-652.
  • Maddıson, A. (2008), Historical Data, http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm Erişim Tarihi (15.05.2016).
  • Mankiw, N. G.; Romer, D. & Weil, D. N. (1992), A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 107.2, pp. 407-437.
  • Moon, H. R. & Perron, B. (2004), Testing for a Unit Root in Panels With Dynamic Factors, Journal of econometrics, Vol. 122.1, pp. 81-126.
  • Nazlıoglu, S.; Lebe, F. & Kayhan, S. (2011), Nuclear Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: Cross-Sectionally Dependent Heterogeneous Panel Causality Analysis, Energy Policy, Vol. 39.10, pp. 6615-6621.
  • Özturk, L.; AY, S. & Keser, H. Y. (2013), Turkey’s Convergence to the Eu: Catching up or Falling Behind?, Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific Conference, Paris.
  • Özturk, L. (2013), Turkiye Avrupa Birligi’ne Yakinsiyor Mu? Bir Zaman Serisi Analizi, 1950-2008, Ege Academic Review, Cilt: 13.4, ss. 527-538.
  • Öztürk, L. (2004), Ekonomik Liberalizasyonun Bölgesel Eşitsizliğe Etkisi Bölgeler, Alt Bölgeler ve İller Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004), General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240, pp. 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007a), A Pair-Wise Approach to Testing for Output and Growth Convergence, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 138.1, pp. 312-355.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007b), A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 22.2, pp. 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H.; Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008), A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence, The Econometrics Journal, Vol. 11.1, pp. 105-127.
  • Quah, D. T. (1996), Empirics for Economic Growth and Convergence, European economic review, Vol. 40.6, pp. 1353-1375.
  • Quah, D. (1993), Empirical Cross-Section Dynamics in Economic Growth, European Economic Review, Vol. 37.2-3, pp. 426-434.
  • Romer, P. (1986), Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth, Journal of Political Economy, pp. 1002-1036.
  • Sala-I-Martın, X. X. (1996), The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis, The economic journal, pp. 1019-1036.
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There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İsmail Çifçi 0000-0002-8853-030X

Ergin Uzgören 0000-0001-9031-9768

Rabia İnci Özbek 0000-0003-3224-3333

Publication Date October 18, 2018
Submission Date December 22, 2017
Acceptance Date October 5, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 11 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çifçi, İ., Uzgören, E., & Özbek, R. İ. (2018). Gümrük Birliği Anlaşması Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliğine Yakınsamasını Sağladı mı?. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(4), 106-128. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.369975

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