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The relationship between health expenditures, environmental pollution and economic growth: An empirical application on Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 538 - 549, 31.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1001458

Abstract

The relationship between health expenditures, environmental pollution and economic growth has recently become the focus of the literatüre. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of environmental pollution and economic growth on health expenditures, taking into account the annual data for the period of 2000-2018 in Turkey. In this study, health expenditure per capita as an indicator of health expenditures, CO2 emissions as an indicator of environmental pollution and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita as an indicator of economic growth are accepted. Empirical findings of this study, According to the Phillips-Peron unit root test, it is examined that the series are stationary at the first difference. The relationship between CO2, economic growth and health expenditure was analyzed using the ARDL bounds test approach. According to the results of the boundary test, it is concluded that there is a cointegration at the significance levels of 1%, 5% and 10%. In addition, according to the long-term parameter estimation, a 1% increase in economic growth in the model on which health expenditures are dependent increases health expenditures by 1.355%. In addition, a 1% change in CO2 emissions results in a 3.598% decrease in health expenditures. CUSUM test was used to analyze whether the coefficients showed structural break in the long term. According to the results of the CUSUM test, it is seen that the coefficients do not contain structural breaks. With the CUSUM test, it was examined that you remained within the 95% confidence limits. The short-term error correction model (ECM) value was obtained as -0.330 from the test results. As a result, the ECM meets expectations and is statistically significant.

References

  • Referans1 Akel, V., & Gazel, S. (2015). Döviz Kurları İle Bıst Sanayi Endeksi Arasındaki Eşbütünleşme İlişkisi: Bir Ardl Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 0(44), 23-41.
  • Referans2 Arouri, M. E. H., Youssef, A. B., M'henni, H., & Rault, C. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Middle East and North African countries. Energy policy, 45, 342-349.
  • Referans3 Atuahene, S.A., Yusheng, K., & Bentum-Micah, G. (2020). Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: China vs. India. Preprints: 2020090384 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202009.0384.v1).
  • Referans4 Bilgili, F., Kuşkaya, S., Khan, M., Awan, A., & Türker, O. (2021). The roles of economic growth and health expenditure on CO 2 emissions in selected Asian countries: a quantile regression model approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 1-24.
  • Referans5 Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149-163.
  • Referans6 Brunekreef, B., & Holgate, S. T. (2002). Air pollution and health. The lancet, 360(9341), 1233-1242.
  • Referans7 Chaabouni, S., & Saidi, K. (2017). The dynamic links between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, health spending and GDP growth: A case study for 51 countries. Environmental research, 158, 137-144.
  • Referans8 Dumrul, Y . (2019). Sağlık Harcamaları ve Çevre Kirliliği: Asean-5 Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Panel Veri Analizi . IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, October 2019 Special Issue, 396-407.
  • Referans9 Engle, R.F., & Granger, C.W. (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Refrans10 Ghorashi, N., & Alavi Rad, A. (2017). CO2 Emissions, Health Expenditures and Economic Growth in Iran: Apply Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models. Journal of Community Health Research, 6(2), 109-116.
  • Referans11 Gövdeli, T. (2019). Health Expendıture, Economıc Growth, And Co2 Emıssıons: Evıdence From The Oecd Countrıes . Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (31), 488-516.
  • Referans12 Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(2), 353-377.
  • Referans13 Gülmez, A. (2015). Türkiye'de Dış Finansman Kaynakları Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2): 139-152.
  • Referans14 Ibukun, C. O., & Osinubi, T. T. (2020). Environmental quality, economic growth, and health expenditure: empirical evidence from a panel of African countries. African Journal of Economic Review, 8(2), 119-140.
  • Referans15 Janke, K., Propper, C., & Henderson, J. (2009). Do current levels of air pollution kill? The impact of air pollution on population mortality in England. Health economics, 18(9), 1031-1055.
  • Referans16 Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2), 231-254.
  • Referans17 Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration— with Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Referans18 Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Khanalizadeh, B. (2017). Air pollution, economic growth and health care expenditure. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 30(1), 1181-1190.
  • Referans19 Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., Zahra, T., & Nikos, M. (2014). Public healthcare expenditure and environmental quality in Iran. Recent Advances in Applied Economics, 1, 126-134.
  • Referans20 Narayan, P. K., & Narayan, S. (2008). Does environmental quality influence health expenditures? Empirical evidence from a panel of selected OECD countries. Ecological economics, 65(2), 367-374.
  • Referans21 Pao, H. T., & Tsai, C. M. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in BRIC countries. Energy policy, 38(12), 7850-7860.
  • Referans22 Pesaran, M. H., Shin Y., & Smith R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to The Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Referans23 Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Referans24 Polat, M. A., & Ergun, S. (2018). Yapısal Kırılma Altında Türkiye'de Ekonomik Büyüme, CO2 Emisyonu ve Sağlık Harcamaları İlişkisi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(3), 481-498.
  • Referans25 Sancar, C., & Polat, M. A. Co2 Emisyonları, Ekonomik Büyüme Ve Sağlık Harcamaları İlişkisi: Türkiye Ve Seçilmiş Ülke Örnekleri İçin Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 236-252.
  • Referans26 Şahin, D., & Durmuş, S. (2019). OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevre Kirliliğinin Sağlık Harcamaları Üzerine Etkisinin Analizi. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 56(647), 185-201.
  • Referans27 Usman, M., Ma, Z., Wasif Zafar, M., Haseeb, A., & Ashraf, R. U. (2019). Are air pollution, economic and non-economic factors associated with per capita health expenditures? Evidence from emerging economies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(11), 1967.
  • Referans28 Zaidi, S., & Saidi, K. (2018). Environmental pollution, health expenditure and economic growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa countries: Panel ARDL approach. Sustainable cities and society, 41, 833-840.
  • Referans29 Zeeshan, M., Han, J., Alam Rehman, I. U., & Afridi, F. E. A. (2021). Exploring Asymmetric Nexus Between CO2 Emissions, Environmental Pollution and Household Health Expenditure in China. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 527-539.
  • Referans30 Wang, C. M., Hsueh, H. P., Li, F., & Wu, C. F. (2019). Bootstrap ARDL on health expenditure, CO2 emissions, and GDP growth relationship for 18 OECD countries. Frontiers in public health, 7, 324.

Sağlık harcamaları, çevre kirliliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir uygulama

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 538 - 549, 31.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1001458

Abstract

Sağlık harcamaları, çevre kirliliği ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki son dönemlerde alanyazında odak noktası haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de çevre kirliliğinin ve ekonomik büyümenin, sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki etkilerini 2000-2018 dönemi yıllık verileri dikkate alınarak incelemektir. Sağlık harcamalarının göstergesi olarak kişi başına sağlık harcaması, çevre kirliliğinin göstergesi olarak CO2 emisyonu ve ekonomik büyümenin göstergesi olarak ise kişi başına gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla olarak alınmıştır. Bu çalışmanın ampirik bulguları, Phillips-Peron birim kök testi sonuçlarına göre serilerin birinci farkta durağan olduğu incelenmektedir. CO2, ekonomik büyüme ve sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişki ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Sınır testine göre %1,%5, %10 anlamlılık seviyelerinde eşbütünleşme olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır. Uzun dönem parametre tahminine göre sağlık harcamalarının bağımlı olduğu modelde ekonomik büyümede meydana gelen %1’lik bir artış sağlık harcamalarını %1.355 oranında artırmaktadır. CO2 emisyonunda meydana gelen %1’lik bir değişme sağlık harcamalarında %3.598’lik bir azalış meydana gelmektedir. Uzun dönemde katsayıların yapısal kırılma içerip içermediğini CUSUM testi ile analiz edilmiştir. CUSUM testine göre katsayıların yapısal kırılma içermediği görülmektedir. CUSUM testi ile %95 güven sınırları içerisinde kaldığın incelenmiştir. Kısa dönem hata düzeltme modeli ECM değeri -0.330 olarak test sonuçlarından elde edilmiştir. Hata düzeltme modeli bekleneni karşılamaktadır. İstatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır.

References

  • Referans1 Akel, V., & Gazel, S. (2015). Döviz Kurları İle Bıst Sanayi Endeksi Arasındaki Eşbütünleşme İlişkisi: Bir Ardl Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 0(44), 23-41.
  • Referans2 Arouri, M. E. H., Youssef, A. B., M'henni, H., & Rault, C. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Middle East and North African countries. Energy policy, 45, 342-349.
  • Referans3 Atuahene, S.A., Yusheng, K., & Bentum-Micah, G. (2020). Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: China vs. India. Preprints: 2020090384 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202009.0384.v1).
  • Referans4 Bilgili, F., Kuşkaya, S., Khan, M., Awan, A., & Türker, O. (2021). The roles of economic growth and health expenditure on CO 2 emissions in selected Asian countries: a quantile regression model approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 1-24.
  • Referans5 Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149-163.
  • Referans6 Brunekreef, B., & Holgate, S. T. (2002). Air pollution and health. The lancet, 360(9341), 1233-1242.
  • Referans7 Chaabouni, S., & Saidi, K. (2017). The dynamic links between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, health spending and GDP growth: A case study for 51 countries. Environmental research, 158, 137-144.
  • Referans8 Dumrul, Y . (2019). Sağlık Harcamaları ve Çevre Kirliliği: Asean-5 Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Panel Veri Analizi . IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, October 2019 Special Issue, 396-407.
  • Referans9 Engle, R.F., & Granger, C.W. (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Refrans10 Ghorashi, N., & Alavi Rad, A. (2017). CO2 Emissions, Health Expenditures and Economic Growth in Iran: Apply Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models. Journal of Community Health Research, 6(2), 109-116.
  • Referans11 Gövdeli, T. (2019). Health Expendıture, Economıc Growth, And Co2 Emıssıons: Evıdence From The Oecd Countrıes . Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (31), 488-516.
  • Referans12 Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(2), 353-377.
  • Referans13 Gülmez, A. (2015). Türkiye'de Dış Finansman Kaynakları Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2): 139-152.
  • Referans14 Ibukun, C. O., & Osinubi, T. T. (2020). Environmental quality, economic growth, and health expenditure: empirical evidence from a panel of African countries. African Journal of Economic Review, 8(2), 119-140.
  • Referans15 Janke, K., Propper, C., & Henderson, J. (2009). Do current levels of air pollution kill? The impact of air pollution on population mortality in England. Health economics, 18(9), 1031-1055.
  • Referans16 Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2), 231-254.
  • Referans17 Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration— with Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Referans18 Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Khanalizadeh, B. (2017). Air pollution, economic growth and health care expenditure. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 30(1), 1181-1190.
  • Referans19 Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., Zahra, T., & Nikos, M. (2014). Public healthcare expenditure and environmental quality in Iran. Recent Advances in Applied Economics, 1, 126-134.
  • Referans20 Narayan, P. K., & Narayan, S. (2008). Does environmental quality influence health expenditures? Empirical evidence from a panel of selected OECD countries. Ecological economics, 65(2), 367-374.
  • Referans21 Pao, H. T., & Tsai, C. M. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in BRIC countries. Energy policy, 38(12), 7850-7860.
  • Referans22 Pesaran, M. H., Shin Y., & Smith R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to The Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Referans23 Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Referans24 Polat, M. A., & Ergun, S. (2018). Yapısal Kırılma Altında Türkiye'de Ekonomik Büyüme, CO2 Emisyonu ve Sağlık Harcamaları İlişkisi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(3), 481-498.
  • Referans25 Sancar, C., & Polat, M. A. Co2 Emisyonları, Ekonomik Büyüme Ve Sağlık Harcamaları İlişkisi: Türkiye Ve Seçilmiş Ülke Örnekleri İçin Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 236-252.
  • Referans26 Şahin, D., & Durmuş, S. (2019). OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevre Kirliliğinin Sağlık Harcamaları Üzerine Etkisinin Analizi. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 56(647), 185-201.
  • Referans27 Usman, M., Ma, Z., Wasif Zafar, M., Haseeb, A., & Ashraf, R. U. (2019). Are air pollution, economic and non-economic factors associated with per capita health expenditures? Evidence from emerging economies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(11), 1967.
  • Referans28 Zaidi, S., & Saidi, K. (2018). Environmental pollution, health expenditure and economic growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa countries: Panel ARDL approach. Sustainable cities and society, 41, 833-840.
  • Referans29 Zeeshan, M., Han, J., Alam Rehman, I. U., & Afridi, F. E. A. (2021). Exploring Asymmetric Nexus Between CO2 Emissions, Environmental Pollution and Household Health Expenditure in China. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 527-539.
  • Referans30 Wang, C. M., Hsueh, H. P., Li, F., & Wu, C. F. (2019). Bootstrap ARDL on health expenditure, CO2 emissions, and GDP growth relationship for 18 OECD countries. Frontiers in public health, 7, 324.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Derviş Boztosun 0000-0002-2656-2701

Fatih Adlı 0000-0003-2904-0463

Publication Date July 31, 2022
Submission Date September 27, 2021
Acceptance Date June 7, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Boztosun, D., & Adlı, F. (2022). Sağlık harcamaları, çevre kirliliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir uygulama. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3), 538-549. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1001458

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