Ukrayna-Rusya krizi ve DTÖ hukuku: Güvenlik istisnalarının yükselişi mi?

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 381 - 406, 30.04.2023

Mustafa Göker

https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1176633

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Ticarive ticaret–dışı çıkarlar ayrımı;uluslararası ilişkilerinköklü tartışmalarından olan siyasal ve siyasal olmayan konular arasındaki önceliğe dair tartışmanınbir yansıması olup, siyaset ve ekonomi arasındaki açığı temsil etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, güvenlik,ticaret–dışı değerlerin en önemlisidir denilebilir. GATT,ticari konuları disipline ederken âkid tarafların ticaret–dışı çıkarlarını da dikkate almıştır. Bu kapsamda, GATT kurallarına aykırı tedbirleri almaya imkân veren çeşitli istisna düzenlemelerine yer verilmiştir. Bunlar arasında ulusal güvenlik istisnaları da yer almaktadır. Güvenlik istisnaları gerek GATT gereksede DTÖ döneminde uzunca bir süre devletlerin başvurmakta ihtiyatla yaklaştıkları bir araçolmuştur. Ancak son yıllarda, uluslararası ilişkilerde artan gerginlik ortamına bağlı olarak,devletleringüvenlik istisnalarınıticaret kısıtlayıcı ulusal önlemlerin meşruiyet dayanağı olarak daha sık öne sürmeye başladıkları gözlenmektedir. Güvenlik istisnaları yakın zamanda iki DTÖ panelinde uygulama alanı bulmuştur. Bunu yenilerinin takip etmesi muhtemeldir. Özellikle, Ukrayna’da 2014 yılında başlayan siyasal gelişmeler ile ABD’de Trump Yönetiminin başta Çin olmak üzere çeşitli ülkelere karşı temelde siyasal gerekçelerle uygulamaya koyduğu ticaret kısıtlayıcı önlemler güvenlik istisnalarını ön plana taşımıştır.Çalışma, DTÖ hukukundaki güvenlik istisnalarının uygulanma koşullarınıve Ukrayna-Rusya Kirizi bağlamında gündeme gelme potansiyelini incelemekte; yöntemolarak, ağırlıkla,yasal metin analizi ve içtihad kararlarına başvurmayı benimsemektedir.

Keywords

Ukrayna-Rusya Krizi, Ticari Yaptırımlar, DTÖ Hukuku, Güvenlik İstisnaları

Ukraine-Russia crisis and the WTO law: Rise of security exceptions?

Abstract

The distinction between trade and non–trade interests is a reflection of the debate on the priority between political and non-political issues and represents the gap between politics and economy. In this context, it can be said that security is the most important non–trade value.While disciplining trade matters, GATT also took into account the non–trade concerns of the contracting parties. As a result, various exceptions that allow taking measures contrary to the GATT rules are provided. Those include national security exceptions in addition to others.Security exceptions have been an instrumentwhich states have been cautious, for a long time, to apply both in the GATT and WTO periods. However, due to the increasing tension in international relations in recent years, it has been observed that states have begun to employsecurityexceptions more frequently as the legitimacy basis of their national trade-restrictive measures. Theyhave recently found application in two WTO panels. It is likely that new ones will follow. The political developments in Ukraine that started in 2014 and revived in 2022 and the trade restrictive measures implemented by the Trump Administration of the USAagainst various countries, especially China, onpolitical grounds, have brought security exceptions to the fore.This study examines the conditions for the application of security exceptions in the WTO law and its potential to be invoked in the context ofthe Ukraine-Russia Crisis. As a method, it mainly employs legal text analysis and reference to case-law decisions.

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