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Big Impact at a Young Age: The Effect of Digital Addiction on Reading Behavior

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 165 - 181, 31.12.2025

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between digital addiction levels and reading behaviors of second-grade primary school students. The study was conducted using a relational survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, and included 144 second-grade students studying in Konya. Data were collected through the "Digital Addiction Scale for Children" and the "Reading Behavior Scale," and analyzed using Pearson correlation and independent samples t-test. The findings indicated that students’ digital addiction levels were moderate, and their reading behaviors were similarly at a moderate level. A low but significant negative relationship was found between digital addiction and reading behavior. No significant differences were observed in terms of gender, course participation, and Turkish report card grades; however, owning a tablet, computer, or smartphone was identified as a factor that increases digital addiction. The results suggest that digital addiction may negatively affect children’s reading time and motivation, highlighting the importance of conscious digital media use at an early age. This study contributes to the limited number of studies addressing the impact of digital addiction on literacy development during early childhood.

References

  • Akar, S. G. M., & Özer, M. (2025). Digital Game Addiction in Elementary Students: The Impact of Digital Literacy, Parental Styles, and Background Variables. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 9(1), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202531537
  • Alakuşu, E., & Elkatmış, M. (2022). İlkokul 4. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Problemli İnternet Kullanım Düzeyleri İle Okuma Motivasyonları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Euroasıa Journal of Socıal Scıences and Humanıtıes, 9(29), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7497192
  • Al-Menayes, J. (2015). Social media use, engagement and addiction as predictors of academic performance. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 7(4), 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v7n4p86
  • Barr, R., & Linebarger, D. N. (Ed.). (2017). Media exposure during infancy and early childhood: The effect of content and context on learning and development. Springer
  • Bayraktar, U., & Fırat, M. (2020). Primary school students’ attitudes towards reading. Higher Education Studies, 10(4), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n4p77
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz Ş., & Demirel, F. (2021). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (30. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Clinton, V. (2019). Reading from paper compared to screens: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Research in Reading, 42(2), 288-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12269
  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
  • Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., & Salmerón, L. (2018). Don't throw away your printed books: A meta- analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension. Educational Research Review, 25, 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.003
  • Dilci, T., Arslan, A., & Ersoy, M. (2019). 0-12 yaş aralığındaki çocukların dijital bağımlılık düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre belirlenmesi (Sivas ili örneklemi). Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 12(38), 122-142. http://doi.org/10.14225/Joh1514
  • Ding, P., Jensen, F. S., Carstensen, T. A., & Jørgensen, G. (2023). Exploring adults’ passive experience of children playing in cities: Case study of five urban public open spaces in Copenhagen, Denmark. Cities, 136, Makale 104250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104250
  • Dou, D., & Shek, D. T. L. (2021). Predictive Effect of Internet Addiction and Academic Values on Satisfaction With Academic Performance Among High School Students in Mainland China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 797906. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.797906
  • Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029
  • Dwairej, D., Alfarajat, E., & Dwairej, L. (2025) Predictors of Screen Media Use among Children Aged 3 - 13. Open Journal of Nursing, 15, 78-91. http://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2025.151009
  • Fazla, S., Akcan, M., Sümer, O. N., & Gezgin, D. M. (2019). Lise Öğrencilerinin Okuma Alışkanlıkları İle Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi, 7. Uluslararası Öğretim Teknolojileri ve Öğretmen Eğitimi Sempozyumu, Antalya.
  • Fisher, S., & Rosella, L. C. (2022). Priorities for successful use of artificial intelligence by public health organizations: a literature review. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 2146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14422-z
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (10th ed.). Pearson
  • Gerez Taşgın, F., & Taşgın, A. (2023). The relationship between technology addiction and attitude toward reading: An investigation on pre-service teachers. Behavioral Sciences, 13(9), 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090775
  • Göksel, A. G., Caz, Ç., Zorba, E., & Gümüşdağ, H. (2016). Kitap Okuma Alişkanliği: Bireysel Ve Takim Sporu İle İlgilenen Üniversite Öğrencileri Örneği. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (55), 195-206.
  • Gür, E. D., & Demı̇r, Y. (2016). İlkokul 4. sınıf öğrencilerinin okumaya yönelik tutumlarının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 85-96.
  • Hawi, N. S., Samaha, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). The digital addiction scale for children: Development and validation. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(12), 771–778.
  • Hinkley, T. Verbestel, V., Ahrens, W., Lissner, L., Molnár, D., Moreno, L. A., … De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2014). Early childhood electronic media use as a predictor of poorer well-being: A prospective cohort study. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(5), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.94
  • Kaçmaz, C., Cumurcu, B., & Çelik, O. T. (2023). Çocuklar için dijital bağımlılık ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlilik analizi. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 24(4), 495–506. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1261063
  • Kaman, Ş., & Bulut, A. (2025). The relationship between digital game addiction, reading motivation and students’ comprehension levels. E-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 12(2), 362-380. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1538393
  • Katrancı, M. (2015). İlkokul dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin kitap okuma motivasyonlarının incelenmesi. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 3(2), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.41165
  • Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030311
  • Leylek, D. (2018). İlkokul üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin okuma becerilerinin gelişiminde ve okumaya yönelik tutumlarında dijital hikâyelerin etkisi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi.
  • Madigan, S., Browne, D., Racine, N., Mori, C., & Tough, S. (2019). Association between screen time and children’s performance on a developmental screening test. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(3), 244-250. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056
  • McArthur, B. A., Browne, D., McDonald, S., Tough, S., & Madigan, S. (2021). Longitudinal associations between screen use and reading in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics, 147(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-011429
  • Merga, M. K., & Roni, S. M. (2017). The influence of access to eReaders, computers and mobile phones on children’s book reading frequency. Computers and Education, 109, 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.02.016
  • Neumann, M. M. (2015). Young children and screen time: Creating a mindful approach to digital technology. Australian Educational Computing, 30(2). http://journal.acce.edu.au/index.php/AEC/article/view/67/pdf
  • Neumann, M. M. (2018). Using tablets and apps to enhance emergent literacy skills in young children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 42, 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.10.006
  • Nıklová, M., Ševčík, J., & Šımšíková, A. (2022). Internet addiction among primary school pupils. Ad Alta: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 12(2).
  • OECD. (2021). 21st-century readers: developing literacy skills in a digital world. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/a83d84cb-en
  • OECD. (2025). How’s life for children in the digital age? OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/how-s-life-for-children-in-the-digital-age_0854b900-en/
  • Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.
  • Radesky, J. S., Weeks, H. M., Schaller, A., Robb, M. B., Mann, S., & Lenhart, A. (2023). Constant companion: A week in the life of a young person’s smartphone Use (p. 64). Common Sense Media. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/2023-cs-smartphone-researchreport_final-for-web.pdf
  • Schwab, K. (2024). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond. Handbook of research on strategic leadership in the fourth ındustrial revolution (ss. 29-34). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Singer, L. M., & Alexander, P. A. (2017). Reading on paper and digitally: What the past decades of empirical research reveal. Review of Educational Research, 87(6), 1007-1041. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654317722961
  • Suarez-Perdomo, A., Ruiz-Alfonso, Z., & Garcés-Delgado, Y. (2022). Profiles of undergraduates’ networks addiction: Difference in academic procrastination and performance. Computers and Education, 181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104459
  • Tsai, S. M., Wang, Y. Y., & Weng, C. M. (2020). A Study on Digital Games Internet Addiction, Peer Relationships and Learning Attitude of Senior Grade of Children in Elementary School of Chiayi County. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(3), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n3p13
  • Turgut, H., & Baykul, Y. (2012). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme (13. basım). Pegem Akademi.
  • Türegün, E., & Kaya, A. (2019). Marmara ve İstanbul Üniversiteleri spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin kitap okuma alışkanlığına yönelik bakış açılarının değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.537434
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Küçük Yaşta Büyük Etkiler: Dijital Bağımlılığın Okuma Davranışlarına Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 165 - 181, 31.12.2025

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, ilkokul ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinin dijital bağımlılık düzeyleri ile okuma davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeliyle yürütülen çalışmaya, Konya ilinde öğrenim gören 144 ikinci sınıf öğrencisi katılmıştır. Veriler, “Çocuklar İçin Dijital Bağımlılık Ölçeği” ve “Okuma Davranışı Ölçeği” aracılığıyla toplanmış; analizlerde Pearson korelasyon ve bağımsız gruplar t-testi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, öğrencilerin dijital bağımlılık düzeylerinin orta düzeyde olduğunu ve okuma davranışlarının da benzer biçimde orta düzeyde seyrettiğini göstermiştir. Dijital bağımlılık ile okuma davranışı arasında düşük düzeyde ancak anlamlı bir negatif ilişki saptanmıştır. Cinsiyet, kursa katılım ve Türkçe karne notu değişkenleri açısından anlamlı fark bulunmazken; tablet, bilgisayar veya akıllı telefon sahibi olma dijital bağımlılığı artıran bir değişken olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, dijital bağımlılığın çocukların okuma sürelerini ve motivasyonlarını olumsuz etkileyebileceğini göstermekte; erken yaşta bilinçli dijital medya kullanımının önemine dikkat çekmektedir. Çalışma, erken çocukluk döneminde dijital bağımlılığın okuryazarlık gelişimine etkisini ele alan sınırlı sayıdaki araştırmalara katkı sağlamaktadır.

References

  • Akar, S. G. M., & Özer, M. (2025). Digital Game Addiction in Elementary Students: The Impact of Digital Literacy, Parental Styles, and Background Variables. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 9(1), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202531537
  • Alakuşu, E., & Elkatmış, M. (2022). İlkokul 4. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Problemli İnternet Kullanım Düzeyleri İle Okuma Motivasyonları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Euroasıa Journal of Socıal Scıences and Humanıtıes, 9(29), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7497192
  • Al-Menayes, J. (2015). Social media use, engagement and addiction as predictors of academic performance. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 7(4), 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v7n4p86
  • Barr, R., & Linebarger, D. N. (Ed.). (2017). Media exposure during infancy and early childhood: The effect of content and context on learning and development. Springer
  • Bayraktar, U., & Fırat, M. (2020). Primary school students’ attitudes towards reading. Higher Education Studies, 10(4), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n4p77
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz Ş., & Demirel, F. (2021). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (30. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Clinton, V. (2019). Reading from paper compared to screens: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Research in Reading, 42(2), 288-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12269
  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
  • Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., & Salmerón, L. (2018). Don't throw away your printed books: A meta- analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension. Educational Research Review, 25, 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.003
  • Dilci, T., Arslan, A., & Ersoy, M. (2019). 0-12 yaş aralığındaki çocukların dijital bağımlılık düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre belirlenmesi (Sivas ili örneklemi). Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 12(38), 122-142. http://doi.org/10.14225/Joh1514
  • Ding, P., Jensen, F. S., Carstensen, T. A., & Jørgensen, G. (2023). Exploring adults’ passive experience of children playing in cities: Case study of five urban public open spaces in Copenhagen, Denmark. Cities, 136, Makale 104250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104250
  • Dou, D., & Shek, D. T. L. (2021). Predictive Effect of Internet Addiction and Academic Values on Satisfaction With Academic Performance Among High School Students in Mainland China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 797906. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.797906
  • Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029
  • Dwairej, D., Alfarajat, E., & Dwairej, L. (2025) Predictors of Screen Media Use among Children Aged 3 - 13. Open Journal of Nursing, 15, 78-91. http://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2025.151009
  • Fazla, S., Akcan, M., Sümer, O. N., & Gezgin, D. M. (2019). Lise Öğrencilerinin Okuma Alışkanlıkları İle Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi, 7. Uluslararası Öğretim Teknolojileri ve Öğretmen Eğitimi Sempozyumu, Antalya.
  • Fisher, S., & Rosella, L. C. (2022). Priorities for successful use of artificial intelligence by public health organizations: a literature review. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 2146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14422-z
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (10th ed.). Pearson
  • Gerez Taşgın, F., & Taşgın, A. (2023). The relationship between technology addiction and attitude toward reading: An investigation on pre-service teachers. Behavioral Sciences, 13(9), 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090775
  • Göksel, A. G., Caz, Ç., Zorba, E., & Gümüşdağ, H. (2016). Kitap Okuma Alişkanliği: Bireysel Ve Takim Sporu İle İlgilenen Üniversite Öğrencileri Örneği. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (55), 195-206.
  • Gür, E. D., & Demı̇r, Y. (2016). İlkokul 4. sınıf öğrencilerinin okumaya yönelik tutumlarının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 85-96.
  • Hawi, N. S., Samaha, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). The digital addiction scale for children: Development and validation. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(12), 771–778.
  • Hinkley, T. Verbestel, V., Ahrens, W., Lissner, L., Molnár, D., Moreno, L. A., … De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2014). Early childhood electronic media use as a predictor of poorer well-being: A prospective cohort study. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(5), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.94
  • Kaçmaz, C., Cumurcu, B., & Çelik, O. T. (2023). Çocuklar için dijital bağımlılık ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlilik analizi. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 24(4), 495–506. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1261063
  • Kaman, Ş., & Bulut, A. (2025). The relationship between digital game addiction, reading motivation and students’ comprehension levels. E-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 12(2), 362-380. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1538393
  • Katrancı, M. (2015). İlkokul dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin kitap okuma motivasyonlarının incelenmesi. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 3(2), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.41165
  • Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030311
  • Leylek, D. (2018). İlkokul üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin okuma becerilerinin gelişiminde ve okumaya yönelik tutumlarında dijital hikâyelerin etkisi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi.
  • Madigan, S., Browne, D., Racine, N., Mori, C., & Tough, S. (2019). Association between screen time and children’s performance on a developmental screening test. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(3), 244-250. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056
  • McArthur, B. A., Browne, D., McDonald, S., Tough, S., & Madigan, S. (2021). Longitudinal associations between screen use and reading in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics, 147(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-011429
  • Merga, M. K., & Roni, S. M. (2017). The influence of access to eReaders, computers and mobile phones on children’s book reading frequency. Computers and Education, 109, 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.02.016
  • Neumann, M. M. (2015). Young children and screen time: Creating a mindful approach to digital technology. Australian Educational Computing, 30(2). http://journal.acce.edu.au/index.php/AEC/article/view/67/pdf
  • Neumann, M. M. (2018). Using tablets and apps to enhance emergent literacy skills in young children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 42, 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.10.006
  • Nıklová, M., Ševčík, J., & Šımšíková, A. (2022). Internet addiction among primary school pupils. Ad Alta: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 12(2).
  • OECD. (2021). 21st-century readers: developing literacy skills in a digital world. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/a83d84cb-en
  • OECD. (2025). How’s life for children in the digital age? OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/how-s-life-for-children-in-the-digital-age_0854b900-en/
  • Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.
  • Radesky, J. S., Weeks, H. M., Schaller, A., Robb, M. B., Mann, S., & Lenhart, A. (2023). Constant companion: A week in the life of a young person’s smartphone Use (p. 64). Common Sense Media. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/2023-cs-smartphone-researchreport_final-for-web.pdf
  • Schwab, K. (2024). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond. Handbook of research on strategic leadership in the fourth ındustrial revolution (ss. 29-34). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Singer, L. M., & Alexander, P. A. (2017). Reading on paper and digitally: What the past decades of empirical research reveal. Review of Educational Research, 87(6), 1007-1041. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654317722961
  • Suarez-Perdomo, A., Ruiz-Alfonso, Z., & Garcés-Delgado, Y. (2022). Profiles of undergraduates’ networks addiction: Difference in academic procrastination and performance. Computers and Education, 181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104459
  • Tsai, S. M., Wang, Y. Y., & Weng, C. M. (2020). A Study on Digital Games Internet Addiction, Peer Relationships and Learning Attitude of Senior Grade of Children in Elementary School of Chiayi County. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(3), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n3p13
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There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Classroom Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Selva Bakkaloglu 0000-0002-2025-4169

Submission Date October 30, 2025
Acceptance Date December 7, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bakkaloglu, S. (2025). Küçük Yaşta Büyük Etkiler: Dijital Bağımlılığın Okuma Davranışlarına Etkisi. Ordu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 165-181.